Personalised, image-guided, noninvasive brain stimulation in gliomas: Rationale, challenges and opportunities

Glioblastoma and brain connectivity: the need for a paradigm shift

Despite substantial advances in cancer treatment, for patients with glioblastoma prognosis remains bleak. The emerging field of cancer neuroscience reveals intricate functional interplays between glioblastoma and the cellular architecture of the brain, encompassing neurons, glia, and vessels. New findings underscore the role of structural and functional connections within hierarchical networks, known as the connectome. These connections contribute to the location, spread, and recurrence of a glioblastoma, and a patient's overall survival, revealing a complex interplay between the tumour and the CNS. This mounting evidence prompts a paradigm shift, challenging the perception of glioblastomas as mere foreign bodies within the brain. Instead, these tumours are intricately woven into the structural and functional fabric of the brain. This radical change in thinking holds profound implications for the understanding and treatment of glioblastomas, which could unveil new prognostic factors and surgical strategies and optimise radiotherapy. Additionally, a connectivity approach suggests that non-invasive brain stimulation could disrupt pathological neuron-glioma interactions within specific networks.

Temporally interfering electric fields brain stimulation in primary motor cortex of mice promotes motor skill through enhancing neuroplasticity

Temporal interference (TI) electric field brain stimulation is a novel neuromodulation technique that enables the non-invasive modulation of deep brain regions, but few advances about TI stimulation effectiveness and mechanisms have been reported. Conventional transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can enhance motor skills, whether TI stimulation has an effect on motor skills in mice has not been elucidated. In the present study, TI stimulation was proved to stimulating noninvasively primary motor cortex (M1) of mice, and that TI stimulation with an envelope wave frequency of 20 Hz (Δ f = 20 Hz) once a day for 20 min for 7 consecutive days significantly improved the motor skills of mice. The mechanism of action may be related to regulating of neurotransmitter metabolism, increasing the expression of synapse-related proteins, promoting neurotransmitter release, increasing dendritic spine density, enhancing the number of synaptic vesicles and the thickness of postsynaptic dense material, and ultimately enhance neuronal excitability and plasticity. It is the first report about TI stimulation promoting motor skills of mice and describing its mechanisms.

Non-invasive brain stimulation for patients and healthy subjects: Current challenges and future perspectives

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have a rich historical background, yet their utilization has witnessed significant growth only recently. These techniques encompass transcranial electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation, which were initially employed in neuroscience to explore the intricate relationship between the brain and behaviour. However, they are increasingly finding application in research contexts as a means to address various neurological, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. This article aims to fulfill two primary objectives. Firstly, it seeks to showcase the current state of the art in the clinical application of NIBS, highlighting how it can improve and complement existing treatments. Secondly, it provides a comprehensive overview of the utilization of NIBS in augmenting the brain function of healthy individuals, thereby enhancing their performance. Furthermore, the article delves into the points of convergence and divergence between these two techniques. It also addresses the existing challenges and future prospects associated with NIBS from ethical and research standpoints.

Ar-turmerone inhibits the proliferation and mobility of glioma by downregulating cathepsin B

Ar-turmerone, a compound isolated from turmeric seeds, has exhibited anti-malignant, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we assessed the effects of ar-turmerone on glioma cells. U251, U87 and LN229 glioma cell lines were treated with different concentrations of ar-turmerone (0, 50, 100 and 200 μM), and their viability and mobility were evaluated using Cell Counting Kit 8, colony formation, wound healing and Transwell assays. The effects of ar-turmerone on U251 glioma cell proliferation were also assessed using a subcutaneous implantation tumor model. High-throughput sequencing, bioinformatic analyses and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to identify the key signaling pathways and targets of ar-turmerone. Ar-turmerone reduced the proliferation rate and mobility of glioma cells in vitro and arrested cell division at G1/S phase. Cathepsin B was identified as a key target of ar-turmerone in glioma cells. Ar-turmerone treatment reduced cathepsin B expression and inhibited the cleavage of its target protein P27 in glioma cells. On the other hand, cathepsin B overexpression reversed the inhibitory effects of ar-turmerone on glioma cell proliferation, mobility progression in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, ar-turmerone suppressed cathepsin B expression and P27 cleavage, thereby inhibiting the proliferation and mobility of glioma cells.

Neuromodulation for Brain Tumors: Myth or Reality? A Narrative Review

In recent years, research on brain cancers has turned towards the study of the interplay between the tumor and its host, the normal brain. Starting from the establishment of a parallelism between neurogenesis and gliomagenesis, the influence of neuronal activity on the development of brain tumors, particularly gliomas, has been partially unveiled. Notably, direct electrochemical synapses between neurons and glioma cells have been identified, paving the way for new approaches for the cure of brain cancers. Since this novel field of study has been defined "cancer neuroscience", anticancer therapeutic approaches exploiting these discoveries can be referred to as "cancer neuromodulation". In the present review, we provide an up-to-date description of the novel findings and of the therapeutic neuromodulation perspectives in cancer neuroscience. We focus both on more traditional oncologic approaches, aimed at modulating the major pathways involved in cancer neuroscience through drugs or genetic engineering techniques, and on electric stimulation proposals; the latter is at the cutting-edge of neuro-oncology.

Rehabilitation interventions for glioma patients: a mini-review

Glioma is a group of tumors that originate from glial cells within the central nervous system and comprise 27% of all tumors and 80% of malignant tumors. With remarkable progress in surgical practices, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, patients with glioma are experiencing greater survival times, which means they need more rehabilitative care. In fact, people with this condition may experience a variety of symptoms that can affect their functions and drastically reduce their quality of life. In fact, patients suffering from glioma has a distinctive symptom complex highlighting the requirement for customized care. Growing evidence shows that rehabilitation therapy can improve the functional prognosis and quality of life of glioma patients. However, there is limited evidence of the success of rehabilitation protocols designed specifically for individuals with glioma. It is essential to determine the most comprehensive rehabilitation programs as well as the sufficient resources, dosage, and duration. The goal of this mini-review was to classify and map rehabilitation interventions used to treat multiple disabling sequalae in individuals affected by glioma. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the rehabilitation protocols used for this population, so that clinicians have a guide to support treatment and an inspiration for further research. This document is intended to be a reference point for professionals involved in the management of adult patients with gliomas. Further exploration is needed to form improved care models for recognizing and addressing functional restrictions in this population.

Fiber Density and Structural Brain Connectome in Glioblastoma Are Correlated With Glioma Cell Infiltration

BACKGROUND

Glioblastoma (GBM) preferred to infiltrate into white matter (WM) beyond the recognizable tumor margin.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether fiber density (FD) and structural brain connectome can provide meaningful information about WM destruction and glioma cell infiltration.

METHODS

GBM cases were collected based on inclusion criteria, and baseline information and preoperative MRI results were obtained. GBM lesions were automatically segmented into necrosis, contrast-enhanced tumor, and edema areas. We obtained the FD map to compute the FD and lnFD values in each subarea and reconstructed the structural brain connectome to obtain the topological metrics in each subarea. We also divided the edema area into a nonenhanced tumor (NET) area and a normal WM area based on the contralesional lnFD value in the edema area, and computed the NET ratio.

RESULTS

Twenty-five GBM cases were included in this retrospective study. The FD/lnFD value and topological metrics (aCp, aLp, aEg, aEloc, and ar) were significantly correlated with GBM subareas, which represented the extent of WM destruction and glioma cell infiltration. The FD/lnFD values and topological parameters were correlated with the NET ratio. In particular, the lnFD value in the edema area was correlated with the NET ratio (coefficient, 0.92). Therefore, a larger lnFD value indicates more severe glioma infiltration in the edema area and suggests an extended resection for better clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSION

The FD and structural brain connectome in this study provide a new insight into glioma infiltration and a different consideration of their clinical application in neuro-oncology.

ß-Adrenoreceptors in Human Cancers

Cancer is the leading cause of death and represents a significant economic burden worldwide. The numbers are constantly growing as a result of increasing life expectancy, toxic environmental factors, and adoption of Western lifestyle. Among lifestyle factors, stress and the related signaling pathways have recently been implicated in the development of tumors. Here we present some epidemiological and preclinical data concerning stress-related activation of the ß-adrenoreceptors (ß-ARs), which contributes to the formation, sequential transformation, and migration of different tumor cell types. We focused our survey on research results for breast and lung cancer, melanoma, and gliomas published in the past five years. Based on the converging evidence, we present a conceptual framework of how cancer cells hijack a physiological mechanism involving ß-ARs toward a positive modulation of their own survival. In addition, we also highlight the potential contribution of ß-AR activation to tumorigenesis and metastasis formation. Finally, we outline the antitumor effects of targeting the ß-adrenergic signaling pathways, methods for which primarily include repurposed ß-blocker drugs. However, we also call attention to the emerging (though as yet largely explorative) method of chemogenetics, which has a great potential in suppressing tumor growth either by selectively modulating neuronal cell groups involved in stress responses affecting cancer cells or by directly manipulating specific (e.g., the ß-AR) receptors on a tumor and its microenvironment.

Involvement of White Matter Language Tracts in Glioma: Clinical Implications, Operative Management, and Functional Recovery After Injury

To achieve optimal survival and quality of life outcomes in patients with glioma, the extent of tumor resection must be maximized without causing injury to eloquent structures. Preservation of language function is of particular importance to patients and requires careful mapping to reveal the locations of cortical language hubs and their structural and functional connections. Within this language network, accurate mapping of eloquent white matter tracts is critical, given the high risk of permanent neurological impairment if they are injured during surgery. In this review, we start by describing the clinical implications of gliomas involving white matter language tracts. Next, we highlight the advantages and limitations of methods commonly used to identify these tracts during surgery including structural imaging techniques, functional imaging, non-invasive stimulation, and finally, awake craniotomy. We provide a rationale for combining these complementary techniques as part of a multimodal mapping paradigm to optimize postoperative language outcomes. Next, we review local and long-range adaptations that take place as the language network undergoes remodeling after tumor growth and surgical resection. We discuss the probable cellular mechanisms underlying this plasticity with emphasis on the white matter, which until recently was thought to have a limited role in adults. Finally, we provide an overview of emerging developments in targeting the glioma-neuronal network interface to achieve better disease control and promote recovery after injury.

Tumor BOLD connectivity profile correlates with glioma patients' survival

BACKGROUND

Presence of residual neurovascular activity within glioma lesions have been recently demonstrated via functional MRI (fMRI) along with active electrical synapses between glioma cells and healthy neurons that influence survival. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether gliomas demonstrate synchronized neurovascular activity with the rest of the brain, by measuring Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signal synchronization, that is, functional connectivity (FC), while also testing whether the strength of such connectivity might predict patients' overall survival (OS).

METHODS

Resting-state fMRI scans of patients who underwent pre-surgical brain mapping were analyzed (total sample, n = 54; newly diagnosed patients, n = 18; recurrent glioma group, n = 36). A seed-to-voxel analysis was conducted to estimate the FC signal profile of the tumor mass. A regression model was then built to investigate the potential correlation between tumor FC and individual OS. Finally, an unsupervised, cross-validated clustering analysis was performed including tumor FC and clinical OS predictors (e.g., Karnofsky Performance Status - KPS - score, tumor volume, and genetic profile) to verify the performance of tumor FC in predicting OS with respect to validated radiological, demographic, genetic and clinical prognostic factors.

RESULTS

In both newly diagnosed and recurrent glioma patients a significant pattern of BOLD synchronization between the solid tumor and distant brain regions was found. Crucially, glioma-brain FC positively correlated with variance in individual survival in both newly diagnosed glioma group (r = 0.90-0.96; P < .001; R ² = 81-92%) and in the recurrent glioma group (r = 0.72; P < .001; R ² = 52%), outperforming standard clinical, radiological and genetic predictors.

CONCLUSIONS

Results suggest glioma's synchronization with distant brain regions should be further explored as a possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarker.