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Xu C, Wu J, Ye J, Si Y, Zhang J, Wu B, Pan L, Fu J, Ren Q, Xie S, Tang B, Xiao Y, Hong T. Multiomics integration-based immunological characterizations of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma in relation to keratinization. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:439. [PMID: 38906852 PMCID: PMC11192745 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Although adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is a tumour with low histological malignancy, there are very few therapeutic options other than surgery. ACP has high histological complexity, and the unique features of the immunological microenvironment within ACP remain elusive. Further elucidation of the tumour microenvironment is particularly important to expand our knowledge of potential therapeutic targets. Here, we performed integrative analysis of 58,081 nuclei through single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics on ACP specimens to characterize the features and intercellular network within the microenvironment. The ACP environment is highly immunosuppressive with low levels of T-cell infiltration/cytotoxicity. Moreover, tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), which originate from distinct sources, highly infiltrate the microenvironment. Using spatial transcriptomic data, we observed one kind of non-microglial derived TAM that highly expressed GPNMB close to the terminally differentiated epithelial cell characterized by RHCG, and this colocalization was verified by asmFISH. We also found the positive correlation of infiltration between these two cell types in datasets with larger cohort. According to intercellular communication analysis, we report a regulatory network that could facilitate the keratinization of RHCG+ epithelial cells, eventually causing tumour progression. Our findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the ACP immune microenvironment and reveal a potential therapeutic strategy base on interfering with these two types of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiye Ye
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuancheng Si
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The School of Economics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinshi Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bowen Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Laisheng Pan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Quan Ren
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shenhao Xie
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yingqun Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Yu M, Huo D, Yu K, Zhou K, Xu F, Meng Q, Cai Y, Chen X. Crosstalk of different cell-death patterns predicts prognosis and drug sensitivity in glioma. Comput Biol Med 2024; 175:108532. [PMID: 38703547 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is a malignant brain tumor originating from glial cells, and there still a challenge to accurately predict the prognosis. Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a key role in tumorigenesis and immune response. However, the crosstalk and potential role of various PCDs in prognosis and tumor microenvironment remains unknown. Therefore, we comprehensively discussed the relationship between different models of PCD and the prognosis of glioma and provided new ideas for the optimal targeted therapy of glioma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared and analyzed the role of 14 PCD patterns on the prognosis from different levels. We constructed the cell death risk score (CDRS) index and conducted a comprehensive analysis of CDRS and TME characteristics, clinical characteristics, and drug response. RESULTS Effects of different PCDs at the genomic, functional, and immune microenvironment levels were discussed. CDRS index containing 6 gene signatures and a nomogram were established. High CDRS is associated with a worse prognosis. Through transcriptome and single-cell data, we found that patients with high CDRS showed stronger immunosuppressive characteristics. Moreover, the high-CDRS group was resistant to the traditional glioma chemotherapy drug Vincristine, but more sensitive to the Temozolomide and the clinical experimental drug Bortezomib. In addition, we identified 19 key potential therapeutic targets during malignant differentiation of tumor cells. CONCLUSION Overall, we provide the first systematic description of the role of 14 PCDs in glioma. A new CDRS model was built to predict the prognosis and to provide a new idea for the targeted therapy of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meini Yu
- Department of pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Diwei Huo
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Kexin Yu
- Department of pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qingkang Meng
- Department of pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yiyang Cai
- Department of pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiujie Chen
- Department of pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, 150081, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Lin H, Liu C, Hu A, Zhang D, Yang H, Mao Y. Understanding the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma: mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:31. [PMID: 38720342 PMCID: PMC11077829 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the predominant and primary malignant intracranial tumor, poses a formidable challenge due to its immunosuppressive microenvironment, thereby confounding conventional therapeutic interventions. Despite the established treatment regimen comprising surgical intervention, radiotherapy, temozolomide administration, and the exploration of emerging modalities such as immunotherapy and integration of medicine and engineering technology therapy, the efficacy of these approaches remains constrained, resulting in suboptimal prognostic outcomes. In recent years, intensive scrutiny of the inhibitory and immunosuppressive milieu within GBM has underscored the significance of cellular constituents of the GBM microenvironment and their interactions with malignant cells and neurons. Novel immune and targeted therapy strategies have emerged, offering promising avenues for advancing GBM treatment. One pivotal mechanism orchestrating immunosuppression in GBM involves the aggregation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), glioma-associated macrophage/microglia (GAM), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Among these, MDSCs, though constituting a minority (4-8%) of CD45+ cells in GBM, play a central component in fostering immune evasion and propelling tumor progression, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. MDSCs deploy intricate immunosuppressive mechanisms that adapt to the dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME). Understanding the interplay between GBM and MDSCs provides a compelling basis for therapeutic interventions. This review seeks to elucidate the immune regulatory mechanisms inherent in the GBM microenvironment, explore existing therapeutic targets, and consolidate recent insights into MDSC induction and their contribution to GBM immunosuppression. Additionally, the review comprehensively surveys ongoing clinical trials and potential treatment strategies, envisioning a future where targeting MDSCs could reshape the immune landscape of GBM. Through the synergistic integration of immunotherapy with other therapeutic modalities, this approach can establish a multidisciplinary, multi-target paradigm, ultimately improving the prognosis and quality of life in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaxian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ankang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Duanwu Zhang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Johnson AL, Lopez-Bertoni H. Cellular diversity through space and time: adding new dimensions to GBM therapeutic development. Front Genet 2024; 15:1356611. [PMID: 38774283 PMCID: PMC11106394 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1356611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The current median survival for glioblastoma (GBM) patients is only about 16 months, with many patients succumbing to the disease in just a matter of months, making it the most common and aggressive primary brain cancer in adults. This poor outcome is, in part, due to the lack of new treatment options with only one FDA-approved treatment in the last decade. Advances in sequencing techniques and transcriptomic analyses have revealed a vast degree of heterogeneity in GBM, from inter-patient diversity to intra-tumoral cellular variability. These cutting-edge approaches are providing new molecular insights highlighting a critical role for the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a driver of cellular plasticity and phenotypic heterogeneity. With this expanded molecular toolbox, the influence of TME factors, including endogenous (e.g., oxygen and nutrient availability and interactions with non-malignant cells) and iatrogenically induced (e.g., post-therapeutic intervention) stimuli, on tumor cell states can be explored to a greater depth. There exists a critical need for interrogating the temporal and spatial aspects of patient tumors at a high, cell-level resolution to identify therapeutically targetable states, interactions and mechanisms. In this review, we discuss advancements in our understanding of spatiotemporal diversity in GBM with an emphasis on the influence of hypoxia and immune cell interactions on tumor cell heterogeneity. Additionally, we describe specific high-resolution spatially resolved methodologies and their potential to expand the impact of pre-clinical GBM studies. Finally, we highlight clinical attempts at targeting hypoxia- and immune-related mechanisms of malignancy and the potential therapeutic opportunities afforded by single-cell and spatial exploration of GBM patient specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Johnson
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hernando Lopez-Bertoni
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Oncology, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Tang J, Ming L, Qin F, Qin Y, Wang D, Huang L, Cao Y, Huang Z, Yin Y. The heterogeneity of tumour-associated macrophages contributes to the clinical outcomes and indications for immune checkpoint blockade in colorectal cancer patients. Immunobiology 2024; 229:152805. [PMID: 38669865 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2024.152805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), one of the major immune cell types in colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor microenvironment (TME), play indispensable roles in immune responses against tumor progression. In this study, we aimed to know whether the extensive inter and intra heterogeneity of TAMs contributes to the clinical outcomes and indications for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in CRC. We used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data from 60 CRC patients and charactrized TAMs based on anatomic locations, tumor regions, stages, grades, metastatic status, MSS/MSI classification and pseudotemporal differentiation status. We then defined a catalog of 21 gene modules that determine macrophage status, and identified 7 of them as relevant to clinical outcomes and 11 as indications for ICB therapy. On this basis, we constructed a unique TAM subgroup profile, aiming to find features that may be highly responsive to immunotherapy for the CRC with poor prognosis under conventional treatment. This TAM subpopulation is enriched in tumors and is associated with poor prognosis, but exhibits a high immunotherapy response signature (HIM TAM). Further spatial transcriptome analysis and ligand-receptor interaction analysis confirmed that HIM TAM is involved in shaping TIME, especially the regulation of T cells. Our study provides insights into different TAM subtypes, highlights the importance of TAM heterogeneity in relation to patient prognosis and immunotherapy response, and reveals potential immunotherapy strategies based on TAM characteristics for CRC that does not respond well to conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Tang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Liang Ming
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Feiyu Qin
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062 China
| | - Duo Wang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Liuying Huang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yulin Cao
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Yang D, Dang S, Wang Z, Xie M, Li X, Ding X. Vessel co-option: a unique vascular-immune niche in liver cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1386772. [PMID: 38737903 PMCID: PMC11082301 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1386772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor vasculature is pivotal in regulating tumor perfusion, immune cell infiltration, metastasis, and invasion. The vascular status of the tumor is intricately linked to its immune landscape and response to immunotherapy. Vessel co-option means that tumor tissue adeptly exploits pre-existing blood vessels in the para-carcinoma region to foster its growth rather than inducing angiogenesis. It emerges as a significant mechanism contributing to anti-angiogenic therapy resistance. Different from angiogenic tumors, vessel co-option presents a distinctive vascular-immune niche characterized by varying states and distribution of immune cells, including T-cells, tumor-associated macrophages, neutrophils, and hepatic stellate cells. This unique composition contributes to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that is crucial in modulating the response to cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we systematically reviewed the evidence and molecular mechanisms of vessel co-option in liver cancer, while also exploring its implications for anti-angiogenic drug resistance and the immune microenvironment, to provide new ideas and clues for screening patients with liver cancer who are effective in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiangming Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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蔡 祥, 王 仁, 王 世, 任 梓, 于 秋, 李 冬. [Dynamic trajectory and cell communication of different cell clusters in malignant progression of glioblastoma]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2024; 56:199-206. [PMID: 38595234 PMCID: PMC11004966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delve deeply into the dynamic trajectories of cell subpopulations and the communication network among immune cell subgroups during the malignant progression of glioblastoma (GBM), and to endeavor to unearth key risk biomarkers in the GBM malignancy progression, so as to provide a more profound understanding for the treatment and prognosis of this disease by integrating transcriptomic data and clinical information of the GBM patients. METHODS Utilizing single-cell sequencing data analysis, we constructed a cell subgroup atlas during the malignant progression of GBM. The Monocle2 tool was employed to build dynamic progression trajectories of the tumor cell subgroups in GBM. Through gene enrichment analysis, we explored the biological processes enriched in genes that significantly changed with the malignancy progression of GBM tumor cell subpopulations. CellChat was used to identify the communication network between the different immune cell subgroups. Survival analysis helped in identifying risk molecular markers that impacted the patient prognosis during the malignant progression of GBM. This method ological approach offered a comprehensive and detailed examination of the cellular and molecular dynamics within GBM, providing a robust framework for understanding the disease' s progression and potential therapeutic targets. RESULTS The analysis of single-cell sequencing data identified 6 different cell types, including lymphocytes, pericytes, oligodendrocytes, macrophages, glioma cells, and microglia. The 27 151 cells in the single-cell dataset included 3 881 cells from the patients with low-grade glioma (LGG), 10 166 cells from the patients with newly diagnosed GBM, and 13 104 cells from the patients with recurrent glioma (rGBM). The pseudo-time analysis of the glioma cell subgroups indicated significant cellular heterogeneity during malignant progression. The cell interaction analysis of immune cell subgroups revealed the communication network among the different immune subgroups in GBM malignancy, identifying 22 biologically significant ligand-receptor pairs across 12 key biological pathways. Survival analysis had identified 8 genes related to the prognosis of the GBM patients, among which SERPINE1, COL6A1, SPP1, LTF, C1S, AEBP1, and SAA1L were high-risk genes in the GBM patients, and ABCC8 was low-risk genes in the GBM patients. These findings not only provided new theoretical bases for the treatment of GBM, but also offered fresh insights for the prognosis assessment and treatment decision-making for the GBM patients. CONCLUSION This research comprehensively and profoundly reveals the dynamic changes in glioma cell subpopulations and the communication patterns among the immune cell subgroups during the malignant progression of GBM. These findings are of significant importance for understanding the complex biological processes of GBM, providing crucial new insights for precision medicine and treatment decisions in GBM. Through these studies, we hope to provide more effective treatment options and more accurate prognostic assessments for the patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- 祥 蔡
- 首都医科大学生物医学工程学院智能医学工程学学系,北京 100069Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - 仁东 王
- 首都医科大学生物医学工程学院智能医学工程学学系,北京 100069Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - 世佳 王
- 首都医科大学生物医学工程学院智能医学工程学学系,北京 100069Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - 梓齐 任
- 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院高压氧科,北京 100070Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - 秋红 于
- 首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院高压氧科,北京 100070Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - 冬果 李
- 首都医科大学生物医学工程学院智能医学工程学学系,北京 100069Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Rakina M, Larionova I, Kzhyshkowska J. Macrophage diversity in human cancers: New insight provided by single-cell resolution and spatial context. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28332. [PMID: 38571605 PMCID: PMC10988020 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
M1/M2 paradigm of macrophage plasticity has existed for decades. Now it becomes clear that this dichotomy doesn't adequately reflect the diversity of macrophage phenotypes in tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major population of innate immune cells in the TME that promotes tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, invasion and metastatic niche formation, as well as response to anti-tumor therapy. However, the fundamental restriction in therapeutic TAM targeting is the limited knowledge about the specific TAM states in distinct human cancer types. Here we summarized the results of the most recent studies that use advanced technologies (e.g. single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics) allowing to decipher novel functional subsets of TAMs in numerous human cancers. The transcriptomic profiles of these TAM subsets and their clinical significance were described. We emphasized the characteristics of specific TAM subpopulations - TREM2+, SPP1+, MARCO+, FOLR2+, SIGLEC1+, APOC1+, C1QC+, and others, which have been most extensively characterized in several cancers, and are associated with cancer prognosis. Spatial transcriptomics technologies defined specific spatial interactions between TAMs and other cell types, especially fibroblasts, in tumors. Spatial transcriptomics methods were also applied to identify markers of immunotherapy response, which are expressed by macrophages or in the macrophage-abundant regions. We highlighted the perspectives for novel techniques that utilize spatial and single cell resolution in investigating new ligand-receptor interactions for effective immunotherapy based on TAM-targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Militsa Rakina
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy of Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Russia
| | - Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy of Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Mannheim, 68167, Germany
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Yalcin F, Haneke H, Efe IE, Kuhrt LD, Motta E, Nickl B, Flüh C, Synowitz M, Dzaye O, Bader M, Kettenmann H. Tumor associated microglia/macrophages utilize GPNMB to promote tumor growth and alter immune cell infiltration in glioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:50. [PMID: 38566120 PMCID: PMC10985997 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated microglia and blood-derived macrophages (TAMs) play a central role in modulating the immune suppressive microenvironment in glioma. Here, we show that GPNMB is predominantly expressed by TAMs in human glioblastoma multiforme and the murine RCAS-PDGFb high grade glioma model. Loss of GPNMB in the in vivo tumor microenvironment results in significantly smaller tumor volumes and generates a pro-inflammatory innate and adaptive immune cell microenvironment. The impact of host-derived GPNMB on tumor growth was confirmed in two distinct murine glioma cell lines in organotypic brain slices from GPNMB-KO and control mice. Using published data bases of human glioma, the elevated levels in TAMs could be confirmed and the GPNMB expression correlated with a poorer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Yalcin
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hannah Haneke
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ibrahim E Efe
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard D Kuhrt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edyta Motta
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernadette Nickl
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Flüh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Omar Dzaye
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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Gillett DA, Neighbarger NK, Cole C, Wallings RL, Tansey MG. Investigating the Role and Regulation of GPNMB in Progranulin-deficient Macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.12.584649. [PMID: 38558966 PMCID: PMC10980078 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.12.584649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Progranulin is a holoprotein that is critical for successful aging, and insufficient levels of progranulin are associated with increased risk for developing age-related neurodegenerative diseases like AD, PD, and FTD. Symptoms can vary widely, but a uniting feature among these different neurodegenerative diseases is prodromal peripheral immune cell phenotypes. However, there remains considerable gaps in the understanding of the function(s) of progranulin in immune cells, and recent work has identified a novel target candidate called GPNMB. We addressed this gap by investigating the peritoneal macrophages of 5-6-month-old Grn KO mice, and we discovered that GPNMB is actively increased as a result of insufficient progranulin and that MITF, a transcription factor, is also dysregulated in progranulin-deficient macrophages. These findings highlight the importance of early-stage disease mechanism(s) in peripheral cell populations that may lead to viable treatment strategies to delay disease progression at an early, prodromal timepoint and extend therapeutic windows.
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11
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An W, Yang Q, Xi Y, Pan H, Huang H, Chen Q, Wang Y, Hua D, Shi C, Wang Q, Sun C, Luo W, Li X, Yu S, Zhou X. Identification of SRSF10 as a promising prognostic biomarker with functional significance among SRSFs for glioma. Life Sci 2024; 338:122392. [PMID: 38160788 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The serine/arginine-rich splicing factor (SRSF) protein family members are essential mediators of the alternative splicing (AS) regulatory network, which is tightly implicated in cancer progression. However, the expression, clinical correlation, immune infiltration, and prognostic value of SRSFs in gliomas remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Glioma samples were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) datasets. Several databases, such as HPA, DAVID, UALCAN were used to comprehensively explore the roles of SRSFs. In addition, experimental validation of SRSF10 was also conducted. KEY FINDINGS Here, we found the expression alterations of the SRSF family in glioma samples using data from the TCGA and CGGA_325 datasets. Among the 12 genes, most were found to be closely associated with glioma clinical features, which linked to poor prognosis in glioma patients. Interestingly, survival analysis identified only SRSF10 as a potential independent risk prognostic biomarker for glioma patients. Immune analysis indicated that glioma patients with high SRSF10 expression may respond well to immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoint (ICP) genes. Finally, knocking down SRSF10 reduced glioma cell viability, induced G1 cell cycle arrest, and induced the exclusion of bcl-2-associated transcription factor 1 (BCLAF1) exon 5a. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, this study uncovers the oncogenic roles of most SRSF family members in glioma, with the exception of SRSF5, while highlighting SRSF10 as a potential novel independent prognostic biomarker for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe An
- Department of Neuropathology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of the Nervous System, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System of Education Ministry, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Department of Neuropathology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of the Nervous System, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System of Education Ministry, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yunlan Xi
- Department of Neuropathology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of the Nervous System, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System of Education Ministry, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hongli Pan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hua Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Dan Hua
- Department of Neuropathology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of the Nervous System, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System of Education Ministry, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Cuijuan Shi
- Department of Neuropathology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of the Nervous System, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System of Education Ministry, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Neuropathology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of the Nervous System, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System of Education Ministry, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Cuiyun Sun
- Department of Neuropathology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of the Nervous System, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System of Education Ministry, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- Department of Neuropathology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of the Nervous System, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System of Education Ministry, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xuebing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Shizhu Yu
- Department of Neuropathology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of the Nervous System, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System of Education Ministry, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Xuexia Zhou
- Department of Neuropathology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of the Nervous System, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System of Education Ministry, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
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12
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Zhao S, Wang Q, Ni K, Zhang P, Liu Y, Xie J, Ji W, Cheng C, Zhou Q. Combining single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptome sequencing to identify exosome-related features of glioblastoma and constructing a prognostic model to identify BARD1 as a potential therapeutic target for GBM patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1263329. [PMID: 37727789 PMCID: PMC10505933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1263329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant primary brain tumor. This study focused on exploring the exosome-related features of glioblastoma to better understand its cellular composition and molecular characteristics. Methods Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptome RNA sequencing (stRNA-seq) were used to analyze the heterogeneity of glioblastomas. After data integration, cell clustering, and annotation, five algorithms were used to calculate scores for exosome-related genes(ERGs). Cell trajectory analysis and intercellular communication analysis were performed to explore exosome-related communication patterns. Spatial transcriptome sequencing data were analyzed to validate the findings. To further utilize exosome-related features to aid in clinical decision-making, a prognostic model was constructed using GBM's bulk RNA-seq. Results Different cell subpopulations were observed in GBM, with Monocytes/macrophages and malignant cells in tumor samples showing higher exosome-related scores. After identifying differentially expressed ERGs in malignant cells, pseudotime analysis revealed the cellular status of malignant cells during development. Intercellular communication analysis highlighted signaling pathways and ligand-receptor interactions. Spatial transcriptome sequencing confirmed the high expression of exosome-related gene features in the tumor core region. A prognostic model based on six ERGs was shown to be predictive of overall survival and immunotherapy outcome in GBM patients. Finally, based on the results of scRNA-seq and prognostic modeling as well as a series of cell function experiments, BARD1 was identified as a novel target for the treatment of GBM. Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the exosome-related features of GBM in both scRNA-seq and stRNA-seq, with malignant cells with higher exosome-related scores exhibiting stronger communication with Monocytes/macrophages. In terms of spatial data, highly scored malignant cells were also concentrated in the tumor core region. In bulk RNA-seq, patients with a high exosome-related index exhibited an immunosuppressive microenvironment, which was accompanied by a worse prognosis as well as immunotherapy outcomes. Prognostic models constructed using ERGs are expected to be independent prognostic indicators for GBM patients, with potential implications for personalized treatment strategies for GBM. Knockdown of BARD1 in GBM cell lines reduces the invasive and value-added capacity of tumor cells, and thus BARD1-positively expressing malignant cells are a risk factor for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kaixiang Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiaheng Xie
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
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Hu Z, Hua X, Mo X, Chang Y, Chen X, Xu Z, Tao M, Hu G, Song J. Inhibition of NETosis via PAD4 alleviated inflammation in giant cell myocarditis. iScience 2023; 26:107162. [PMID: 37534129 PMCID: PMC10391931 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell myocarditis (GCM) is a rare, usually rapidly progressive, and potentially fatal disease. Detailed inflammatory responses remain unknown, in particular the formation of multinucleate giant cells. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis on 15,714 Cd45+ cells extracted from the hearts of GCM rats and normal rats. NETosis has been found to contribute to the GCM process. An inhibitor of NETosis, GSK484, alleviated GCM inflammation in vivo. MPO (a marker of neutrophils) and H3cit (a marker of NETosis) were expressed at higher levels in patients with GCM than in patients with DCM and healthy controls. Imaging mass cytometry analysis revealed that immune cell types within multinucleate giant cells included CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages but not B cells. We elucidated the role of NETosis in GCM pathogenesis, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiumeng Hua
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiuxue Mo
- School of Statistics and Data Science, LPMC and KLMDASR, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- Department of Pathology Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Mengtao Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gang Hu
- School of Statistics and Data Science, LPMC and KLMDASR, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, Tianjin 300071, China
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