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Christou GA, Pagourelias ED, Deligiannis AP, Kouidi EJ. Exploring the Anthropometric, Cardiorespiratory, and Haematological Determinants of Marathon Performance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:693733. [PMID: 34539429 PMCID: PMC8446630 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.693733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We aimed to investigate the main anthropometric, cardiorespiratory and haematological factors that can determine marathon race performance in marathon runners. Methods Forty-five marathon runners (36 males, age: 42 ± 10 years) were examined during the training period for a marathon race. Assessment of training characteristics, anthropometric measurements, including height, body weight (n = 45) and body fat percentage (BF%) (n = 33), echocardiographic study (n = 45), cardiopulmonary exercise testing using treadmill ergometer (n = 33) and blood test (n = 24) were performed. We evaluated the relationships of these measurements with the personal best marathon race time (MRT) within a time frame of one year before or after the evaluation of each athlete. Results The training age regarding long-distance running was 9 ± 7 years. Training volume was 70 (50-175) km/week. MRT was 4:02:53 ± 00:50:20 h. The MRT was positively associated with BF% (r = 0.587, p = 0.001). Among echocardiographic parameters, MRT correlated negatively with right ventricular end-diastolic area (RVEDA) (r = -0.716, p < 0.001). RVEDA was the only independent echocardiographic predictor of MRT. With regard to respiratory parameters, MRT correlated negatively with maximum minute ventilation indexed to body surface area (VEmax/BSA) (r = -0.509, p = 0.003). Among parameters of blood test, MRT correlated negatively with haemoglobin concentration (r = -0.471, p = 0.027) and estimated haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) (r = -0.680, p = 0.002). After performing multivariate linear regression analysis with MRT as dependent variable and BF% (standardised β = 0.501, p = 0.021), RVEDA (standardised β = -0.633, p = 0.003), VEmax/BSA (standardised β = 0.266, p = 0.303) and Hbmass (standardised β = -0.308, p = 0.066) as independent variables, only BF% and RVEDA were significant independent predictors of MRT (adjusted R2 = 0.796, p < 0.001 for the model). Conclusions The main physiological determinants of better marathon performance appear to be low BF% and RV enlargement. Upregulation of both maximum minute ventilation during exercise and haemoglobin mass may have a weaker effect to enhance marathon performance. Clinical Trial Registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04738877.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A Christou
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Division, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstathios D Pagourelias
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Division, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Asterios P Deligiannis
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Division, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia J Kouidi
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Division, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Christou GA, O'Driscoll JM. The impact of demographic, anthropometric and athletic characteristics on left atrial size in athletes. Clin Cardiol 2020; 43:834-842. [PMID: 32271473 PMCID: PMC7403671 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural adaptations of the “athlete's heart” include left atrial (LA) enlargement. A literature search was performed based on PubMed listings up to November 2, 2019 using “athletes AND left atrium,” “athletes AND LA,” “sports AND left atrium,” “sports AND LA,” “exercise AND left atrium,” and “exercise AND LA” as the search terms. Eligible studies included those reporting the influence of demographic, anthropometric and athletic characteristics on LA size in athletes. A total of 58 studies were included in this review article. Although LA volume has been reported to be greater in males compared to females when indexed for body surface area (BSA), there was no difference between sexes. The positive association between LA size and age in athletes may reflect the increase in body size with maturation in nonadult athletes and the training age of endurance athletic activity in adult athletes. Caucasian and black athletes have been demonstrated to exhibit similar LA enlargement. The positive association of LA size with lean body mass (LBM) possibly accounts for the relationship of LA size with BSA. LA enlargement has been reported only in endurance‐trained, but not in strength‐trained athletes. LA size appears to increase with an increase in both the volume and intensity of endurance training. LA size correlates independently with the training age of endurance athletes. The athlete's characteristics that independently determine LA size include LBM, endurance training, and training age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A Christou
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Division, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,MSc Sports Cardiology, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Jamie M O'Driscoll
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK.,Department of Cardiology, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Legaz-Arrese A, Carranza-García LE, Navarro-Orocio R, Valadez-Lira A, Mayolas-Pi C, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Reverter-Masía J, George K. Cardiac Biomarker Release after Endurance Exercise in Male and Female Adults and Adolescents. J Pediatr 2017; 191:96-102. [PMID: 29173327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the responses of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and NH2-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) after 60 minutes of swimming in male and female adults and adolescents with different pubertal status. STUDY DESIGN Adolescent swimmers (25 male and 25 female) and adult swimmers (7 male and 9 female) participated in a 60-minute maximal swimming test with serial assessment of hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP at rest, immediately postexercise, and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours postexercise. Adolescents were classified according to pubertal status: Tanner stages 3 (n = 14), 4 (n = 22), and 5 (n = 14). RESULTS Exercise resulted in an increase in both biomarkers. hs-cTnT responses to exercise were similar in adolescents with different pubertal status and adults, although there was substantial individual variability in peak hs-cTnT, with the upper reference limit exceeding in 62% of the participants. Postexercise kinetics for hs-cTnT were largely consistent across all groups with a return to near baseline levels 24 hours postexercise. The male participants showed higher values of hs-cTnT at baseline and postexercise. All groups had similar NT-proBNP responses to acute exercise and recovery. One swimmer exceeded the upper reference limit for NT-proBNP. CONCLUSIONS An exercise-associated increase in hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP occurred in response to a 60-minute maximal swimming test that was independent of pubertal status/adolescent vs adults. The present data also suggests that baseline and postexercise hs-cTnT values are higher in male compared with female, with no sex differences in NT-proBNP values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alberto Valadez-Lira
- School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Carmen Mayolas-Pi
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Munguía-Izquierdo
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Keith George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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López-Laval I, Legaz-Arrese A, George K, Serveto-Galindo O, González-Rave JM, Reverter-Masia J, Munguía-Izquierdo D. Cardiac troponin I release after a basketball match in elite, amateur and junior players. Clin Chem Lab Med 2016; 54:333-8. [PMID: 26136302 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Available scientific data related to cardiac troponin I (cTnI) release after intermittent exercise is limited. It is also of interest to determine what personal or environmental factors mediate the exercise-induced release of cTnI. This study had two objectives: 1) to examine the individual release of cTnI to a basketball match; and 2) to establish the influence of athlete status as well as biological age on cTnI release. METHODS Thirty-six basketball players (12 adult elite [PBA]: 27.3±4.1 years, 12 adult amateur [ABA]: 29.6±2.9 years, and 12 junior elite [JBA]: 16.6±0.9 years) participated in a simulated basketball match with serial assessment of cTnI at rest, immediately post- and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h post-exercise. RESULTS The basketball match increased cTnI levels (pre: median [range]; 0.006 [0.001-0.026]; peak post: 0.024 [0.004-0.244] μg/L; p=0.000), with substantial individual variability in peak values. PBA and JBA players showed higher baseline and post-exercise cTnI values than ABA (all p<0.05). Peak cTnI exceeded the upper reference limit (URL) in the 26% of players (3 PBA; 6 JBA). CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest that intermittent exercise can promote the appearance of cTnI and that this is potentially mediated by athlete status.
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Dickson D, Shave R, Rishniw M, Harris J, Patteson M. Reference intervals for transthoracic echocardiography in the English springer spaniel: a prospective, longitudinal study. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:520-528. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Shave
- Cardiff School of Sport; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff CF23 6XD
| | - M. Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network; Davis CA 95616 USA
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Kinoshita N, Katsukawa F, Yamazaki H. Modeling of Longitudinal Changes in Left Ventricular Dimensions among Female Adolescent Runners. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140573. [PMID: 26469336 PMCID: PMC4607476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Left ventricular (LV) enlargement has been linked to sudden cardiac death among young athletes. This study aimed to model the effect of long-term incessant endurance training on LV dimensions in female adolescent runners. METHODS Japanese female adolescent competitive distance runners (n = 36, age: 15 years, height: 158.1 ± 4.6 cm, weight: 44.7 ± 6.1 kg, percent body fat: 17.0 ± 5.2%) underwent echocardiography and underwater weighing every 6 months for 3 years. Since the measurement occasions varied across subjects, multilevel analysis was used for curvilinear modeling of changes in running performance (velocities in 1500 m and 3000 m track race), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), body composition, and LV dimensions. RESULTS Initially, LV end-diastolic dimension (LVEDd) and LV mass were 47.0 ± 3.0 mm and 122.6 ± 15.7 g, respectively. Running performance and VO2max improved along with the training duration. The trends of changes in fat-free mass (FFM) and LVEDd were similarly best described by quadratic polynomials. LVEDd did not change over time in the model including FFM as a covariate. Increases in LV wall thicknesses were minimal and independent of FFM. LV mass increased according to a quadratic polynomial trend even after adjusting for FFM. CONCLUSIONS FFM was an important factor determining changes in LVEDd and LV mass. Although running performance and VO2max were improved by continued endurance training, further LV cavity enlargement hardly occurred beyond FFM gain in these adolescent female runners, who already demonstrated a large LVEDd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Kinoshita
- Faculty of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuminori Katsukawa
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Yamazaki
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Legaz-Arrese A, López-Laval I, George K, Puente-Lanzarote JJ, Moliner-Urdiales D, Ayala-Tajuelo VJ, Mayolas-Pi C, Reverter-Masià J. Individual variability in cardiac biomarker release after 30 min of high-intensity rowing in elite and amateur athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:951-8. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study had two objectives: (i) to examine individual variation in the pattern of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) release in response to high-intensity rowing exercise, and (ii) to establish whether individual heterogeneity in biomarker appearance was influenced by athletic status (elite vs. amateur). We examined cTnI and NT-proBNP in 18 elite and 14 amateur rowers before and 5 min, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after a 30-min maximal rowing test. Compared with pre-exercise levels, peak postexercise cTnI (pre: 0.014 ± 0.030 μg·L–1; peak post: 0.058 ± 0.091 μg·L–1; p = 0.000) and NT-proBNP (pre: 15 ± 11 ng·L–1; peak post: 31 ± 19 ng·L–1; p = 0.000) were elevated. Substantial individual heterogeneity in peak and time-course data was noted for cTnI. Peak cTnI exceeded the upper reference limit (URL) in 9 elite and 3 amateur rowers. No rower exceeded the URL for NT-proBNP. Elite rowers had higher baseline (0.019 ± 0.038 vs. 0.008 ± 0.015 μg·L–1; p = 0.003) and peak postexercise cTnI (0.080 ± 0.115 vs. 0.030 ± 0.029 μg·L–1; p = 0.022) than amateur rowers, but the change with exercise was similar between groups. There were no significant differences in baseline and peak postexercise NT-proBNP between groups. In summary, marked individuality in the cTnI response to a short but high-intensity rowing bout was observed. Athletic status did not seem to affect the change in cardiac biomarkers in response to high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Legaz-Arrese
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Keith George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Diego Moliner-Urdiales
- Department of Education, University Jaume I, Avenida Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Mayolas-Pi
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Reverter-Masià
- Research Group Human Movement, University of Lleida, C/Partida Caparrella s/n, 25192 Lleida, Spain
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Iskandar A, Mujtaba MT, Thompson PD. Left Atrium Size in Elite Athletes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8:753-62. [PMID: 26093921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of the published literature to investigate the relationship of high levels of exercise training to left atrial (LA) size. BACKGROUND The "athlete's heart" is a series of cardiac adaptations to systematic exercise training and may include LA enlargement. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of English-language studies in MEDLINE and Scopus from inception through April 29, 2014, that reported LA size in elite athletes. RESULTS A total of 54 studies comprising 7,189 elite athletes and 1,375 controls were included. Forty-eight of the 54 studies reported absolute LA diameter in 7,018 athletes and 1,044 controls. Nine of the 54 studies (including 992 athletes and 426 controls) presented LA volume corrected for body surface area. The adjusted weighted mean LA diameter was 4.1 mm greater in athletes overall compared with sedentary controls (p < 0.0001), and LA volume index was 7.0 ml/m(2) greater in athletes than controls (p < 0.01). Compared with controls, LA diameter was 4.6 mm greater in endurance-trained athletes (p < 0.0001), 2.9 mm greater in strength-trained athletes (p < 0.03), 3.5 mm greater in combined strength- and endurance-trained athletes (p < 0.0001), and 4.2 mm greater in athletes with unspecified training (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the largest compilation of studies documenting that elite athletes have larger LA dimensions compared with controls when evaluated by either LA diameter or LA volume corrected for body surface area. The largest average LA diameters were reported in endurance athletes. Physicians evaluating athletes should be aware that the LA is increased in both strength- and endurance-trained elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Iskandar
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Paul D Thompson
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut; Division of Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut.
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Legaz-Arrese A, López-Laval I, George K, Puente-Lanzarote JJ, Mayolas-Pi C, Serrano-Ostáriz E, Revilla-Martí P, Moliner-Urdiales D, Reverter-Masià J. Impact of an endurance training program on exercise-induced cardiac biomarker release. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H913-20. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00914.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the influence of a 14-wk endurance running program on the exercise-induced release of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and NH2-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Fifty-eight untrained participants were randomized to supervised endurance exercise (14 wk, 3–4 days/wk, 120–240 min/wk, 65–85% of maximum heart rate) or a control group. At baseline and after the training program, hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP were assessed before and 5 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after a 60-min maximal running test. Before training, hs-cTnT was significantly elevated in both groups with acute exercise ( P < 0.0001) with no between-group differences. There was considerable heterogeneity in peak hs-cTnT concentration with the upper reference limit exceeded in 71% of the exercise tests. After training, both baseline and postexercise hs-cTnT were significantly higher compared with pretraining and the response of the control group ( P = 0.008). Acute exercise led to a small but significant increase in NT-proBNP, but this was not mediated by training ( P = 0.121). In summary, a controlled endurance training intervention resulted in higher pre- and postexercise values of hs-cTnT with no changes in NT-proBNP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Keith George
- Resarch Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carmen Mayolas-Pi
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Waring CD, Henning BJ, Smith AJ, Nadal-Ginard B, Torella D, Ellison GM. Cardiac adaptations from 4 weeks of intensity-controlled vigorous exercise are lost after a similar period of detraining. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/2/e12302. [PMID: 25713328 PMCID: PMC4393210 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensity-controlled (relative to VO2max) treadmill exercise training in adult rats results in the activation and ensuing differentiation of endogenous c-kitpos cardiac stem/progenitor cells (eCSCs) into newly formed cardiomyocytes and capillaries. Whether these training-induced adaptations persist following detraining is undetermined. Twelve male Wistar rats (∼230 g) were exercised at 80–85% of their VO2max for 30 min day−1, 4 days week−1 for 4 weeks (TR;n = 6), followed by 4 weeks of detraining (DTR; n = 6). Twelve untrained rats acted as controls (CTRL). Exercise training significantly enhanced VO2max (11.34 mL kg−1 min−1) and wet heart weight (29%) above CTRL (P < 0.05). Echocardiography revealed that exercise training increased LV mass (∼32%), posterior and septal wall thickness (∼15%), ejection fraction and fractional shortening (∼10%) compared to CTRL (P < 0.05). Cardiomyocyte diameter (17.9 ± 0.1 μm vs. 14.9 ± 0.6 μm), newly formed (BrdUpos/Ki67pos) cardiomyocytes (7.2 ± 1.3%/1.9 ± 0.7% vs. 0.2 ± 0.1%/0.1 ± 0.1%), total cardiomyocyte number (45.6 ± 0.6 × 106 vs. 42.5 ± 0.4 × 106), c-kitpos eCSC number (884 ± 112 per 106 cardiomyocytes vs. 482 ± 132 per 106 cardiomyocytes), and capillary density (4123 ± 227 per mm2 vs. 2117 ± 118 per mm2) were significantly greater in the LV of trained animals (P < 0.05) than CTRL. Detraining removed the stimulus for c-kitpos eCSC activation (640 ± 98 per 106 cardiomyocytes) and resultant cardiomyocyte hyperplasia (0.4 ± 0.3% BrdUpos/0.2 ± 0.2% Ki67pos cardiomyocytes). Capillary density (3673 ± 374 per mm2) and total myocyte number (44.7 ± 0.5 × 106) remained elevated following detraining, but cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (15.0 ± 0.4 μm) was lost, resulting in a reduction of anatomical (wall thickness ∼4%; LV mass ∼10% and cardiac mass ∼8%, above CTRL) and functional (EF & FS ∼2% above CTRL) parameters gained through exercise training. These findings demonstrate that cardiac adaptations, produced by 4 weeks of intensity-controlled exercise training are lost after a similar period of detraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl D Waring
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Unit (BioStem), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Beverley J Henning
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Unit (BioStem), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK Centre of Human & Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Andrew J Smith
- Centre of Human & Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Bernardo Nadal-Ginard
- Centre of Human & Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Daniele Torella
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Georgina M Ellison
- Centre of Human & Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
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BERNHEIM ALAINMARCEL, ATTENHOFER JOST CHRISTINEHELENA, ZUBER MICHEL, PFYFFER MONICA, SEIFERT BURKHARDT, DE PASQUALE GABRIELLA, LINKA ANDRE, FAEH-GUNZ ANJA, MEDEIROS-DOMINGO ARGELIA, KNECHTLE BEAT. Right Ventricle Best Predicts the Race Performance in Amateur Ironman Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1593-9. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31828ba558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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BAGGISH AARONL, YARED KIBAR, WEINER RORYB, WANG FRANCIS, DEMES ROBERT, PICARD MICHAELH, HAGERMAN FREDRICK, WOOD MALISSAJ. Differences in Cardiac Parameters among Elite Rowers and Subelite Rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:1215-20. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c81604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Legaz-Arrese A, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Carranza-García LE, Torres-Dávila CG. Validity of the Wingate anaerobic test for the evaluation of elite runners. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 25:819-24. [PMID: 20512066 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c1fa71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine performance differences, based on the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), between homogeneous groups of elite male and female runners competing at distances ranging from 100 m to the marathon. We also attempted to establish a link between running ability and performance as measured by the WAnT. In total, 116 world-class runners (86 men and 30 woman) volunteered to participate in our study. Subjects were tested for peak power (PP, 5-second output) and mean power (MP, 30-second output) using WAnT procedures. Runners were classified into groups according to their best performances times. For male runners, PP and MP outputs decreased with increasing distance (p < 0.001). This trend was also true for female runners (p < 0.005). However, for both sexes, there were no significant differences in the PP values among 100-, 400-, and 800-m runners, and there were also no differences in the MP values for subjects that ran distances of 100 m compared with the values for subjects that ran distances of 400 and 800 m. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the PP and MP values between subjects that ran distances of 800, 1,500, and 3,000 m. Performance in the WAnT was not significantly associated with running performance in any distance event. The results of this study indicate that the WAnT is not a useful tool for the evaluation of elite runners.
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Nassenstein K, Breuckmann F, Lehmann N, Schmermund A, Hunold P, Broecker-Preuss M, Sandner TA, Halle M, Mann K, Jöckel KH, Heusch G, Budde T, Erbel R, Barkhausen J, Möhlenkamp S. Left ventricular volumes and mass in marathon runners and their association with cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2008; 25:71-9. [PMID: 18677576 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-008-9337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess left ventricular volumes and mass by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in relation to conventional cardiovascular risk factors and coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden in master marathon runners aged > or =50 years. METHODS Cardiac MRI was performed in 105 clinically healthy male marathon runners (mean age 57.3 +/- 5.7 years, range 50-71 years) on a 1.5 T MR system (Avanto, Siemens, Germany). Cine steady state free precession images in standard long and short axes views were acquired to assess left ventricular volumes and mass. Cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, HDL/LDL cholesterol, smoking, body mass index) were assessed and coronary artery calcification (CAC) was quantified by electron beam computed tomography. RESULTS Left ventricular muscle mass (mean LVMM = 140 +/- 27 g; 73 +/- 13 g/m(2)) increased with increasing left ventricular end-diastolic volume (mean LVEDV = 137 +/- 32 ml; 72 +/- 15 ml/m(2)) (r = 0.41, P < 0.0001) and with systolic (r = 0.33, P = 0.005) and diastolic (r = 0.28, P = 0.005) blood pressures. Left ventricular EDV increased up to the age of 55 years, but decreased thereafter. Runners with LVMM > or =150 g had significantly higher CAC scores than runners with LVMM <150 g (median CAC score 110 vs. 25, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Increases in LVMM and LVEDV may not only represent a response to exercise but are dependent on age and blood pressure, also. In addition, a left ventricular hypertrophy without an increase in volume may be an indicator for early subclinical cardiac alterations in response to risk factor exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Nassenstein
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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15
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Baggish AL, Yared K, Wang F, Weiner RB, Hutter AM, Picard MH, Wood MJ. The impact of endurance exercise training on left ventricular systolic mechanics. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H1109-H1116. [PMID: 18621855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00395.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although exercise training-induced changes in left ventricular (LV) structure are well characterized, adaptive functional changes are incompletely understood. Detailed echocardiographic assessment of LV systolic function was performed on 20 competitive rowers (10 males and 10 females) before and after endurance exercise training (EET; 90 days, 10.7 +/- 1.1 h/wk). Structural changes included LV dilation (end-diastolic volume = 128 +/- 25 vs. 144 +/- 28 ml, P < 0.001), right ventricular (RV) dilation (end-diastolic area = 2,850 +/- 550 vs. 3,260 +/- 530 mm2, P < 0.001), and LV hypertrophy (mass = 227 +/- 51 vs. 256 +/- 56 g, P < 0.001). Although LV ejection fraction was unchanged (62 +/- 3% vs. 60 +/- 3%, P = not significant), all direct measures of LV systolic function were altered. Peak systolic tissue velocities increased significantly (basal lateral S'Delta = 0.9 +/- 0.6 cm/s, P = 0.004; and basal septal S'Delta = 0.8 +/- 0.4 cm/s, P = 0.008). Radial strain increased similarly in all segments, whereas longitudinal strain increased with a base-to-apex gradient. In contrast, circumferential strain (CS) increased in the LV free wall but decreased in regions adjacent to the RV. Reductions in septal CS correlated strongly with changes in RV structure (DeltaRV end-diastolic area vs. DeltaLV septal CS; r2 = 0.898, P < 0.001) and function (Deltapeak RV systolic velocity vs. DeltaLV septal CS, r2 = 0.697, P < 0.001). EET leads to significant changes in LV systolic function with regional heterogeneity that may be secondary to concomitant RV adaptation. These changes are not detected by conventional measurements such as ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Baggish
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey Suite 5B, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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16
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Legaz-Arrese A, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Nuviala Nuviala A, Serveto-Galindo O, Moliner Urdiales D, Reverter Masía J. Average VO2max as a function of running performances on different distances. Sci Sports 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Legaz-Arrese A, Arrese AL, González-Carretero M, Carretero MG, Lacambra-Blasco I, Blasco IL. Adaptation of left ventricular morphology to long−term training in sprint− and endurance−trained elite runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 96:740-6. [PMID: 16283369 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-005-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Long-term studies on left ventricular (LV) adaptation have not been reported. The echocardiograms of 41 top-class runners (8 males and 6 females sprint-trained, 15 males and 12 females endurance-trained) were recorded at the beginning and after 1, 2, and 3 years of training. A one-way ANOVA and a linear regression analysis were conducted to determine changes and association between performance and LV values. Training resulted in an increase in performance and LV internal diameter at end-diastole (LVIDd) and decreases in end-diastolic interventricular septal wall thickness, and posterior wall thickness (PWTd). There were no significant differences in LV mass and LV ejection fraction (LVEF, %). The changes in PWTd were linked to enlargement of the LV. In athletes with unusual LV dilatation (>60 mm), LVIDd was related to performance and LVEF was >50%. Maximal wall thickness was <13 mm in all athletes. LV adaptations were independent of sex and type of training and related to the initial level of performance. We believe that LV enlargement in elite runners is a physiological adaptation and that the LVIDd is a predictor of running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Legaz-Arrese
- Departmento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Domingo Miral S/N, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
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