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Pastore MC, Campora A, Mandoli GE, Lisi M, Benfari G, Ilardi F, Malagoli A, Sperlongano S, Henein MY, Cameli M, D'Andrea A. Stress echocardiography in heart failure patients: additive value and caveats. Heart Fail Rev 2024; 29:1117-1133. [PMID: 39060836 PMCID: PMC11306652 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-024-10423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by well-defined signs and symptoms due to structural and/or myocardial functional impairment, resulting in raised intracardiac pressures and/or inadequate cardiac stroke volume at rest or during exercise. This could derive from direct ischemic myocardial injury or other chronic pathological conditions, including valvular heart disease (VHD) and primary myocardial disease. Early identification of HF etiology is essential for accurate diagnosis and initiation of early and appropriate treatment. Thus, the presence of accurate means for early diagnosis of HF symptoms or subclinical phases is fundamental, among which echocardiography being the first line diagnostic investigation. Echocardiography could be performed at rest, to identify overt structural and functional abnormalities or during physical or pharmacological stress, in order to elicit subclinical myocardial function impairment e.g. wall motion abnormalities and raised ventricular filling pressures. Beyond diagnosis of ischemic heart disease, stress echocardiography (SE) has recently shown its unique value for the evaluation of diastolic heart failure, VHD, non-ischemic cardiomyopathies and pulmonary hypertension, with recommendations from international societies in several clinical settings. All these features make SE an important additional tool, not only for diagnostic assessment, but also for prognostic stratification and therapeutic management of patients with HF. In this review, the unique value of SE in the evaluation of HF patients will be described, with the objective to provide an overview of the validated methods for each setting, particularly for HF management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Pastore
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci1 , Siena, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Campora
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci1 , Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Elena Mandoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci1 , Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Lisi
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease - AUSL Romagna, Division of Cardiology, Ospedale S. Maria Delle Croci, Viale Randi 5, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benfari
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Ilardi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, Federico II University Hospital, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Malagoli
- Division of Cardiology, Nephro-Cardiovascular Department, Baggiovara Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Simona Sperlongano
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael Y Henein
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matteo Cameli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale Bracci1 , Siena, Italy
| | - Antonello D'Andrea
- Department of Cardiology, Umberto I Hospital, 84014, Nocera Inferiore, SA, Italy
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de Simone G, Mancusi C. Diastolic function in chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1925-1935. [PMID: 37915916 PMCID: PMC10616497 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by clustered age-independent concentric left ventricular (LV) geometry, geometry-independent systolic dysfunction and age and heart rate-independent diastolic dysfunction. Concentric LV geometry is always associated with echocardiographic markers of abnormal LV relaxation and increased myocardial stiffness, two hallmarks of diastolic dysfunction. Non-haemodynamic mechanisms such as metabolic and electrolyte abnormalities, activation of biological pathways and chronic exposure to cytokine cascade and the myocardial macrophage system also impact myocardial structure and impair the architecture of the myocardial scaffold, producing and increasing reactive fibrosis and altering myocardial distensibility. This review addresses the pathophysiology of diastole in CKD and its relations with cardiac mechanics, haemodynamic loading, structural conditions, non-haemodynamic factors and metabolic characteristics. The three mechanisms of diastole will be examined: elastic recoil, active relaxation and passive distensibility and filling. Based on current evidence, we briefly provide methods for quantification of diastolic function and discuss whether diastolic dysfunction represents a distinct characteristic in CKD or a proxy of the severity of the cardiovascular condition, with the potential to be predicted by the general cardiovascular phenotype. Finally, the review discusses assessment of diastolic function in the context of CKD, with special emphasis on end-stage kidney disease, to indicate whether and when in-depth measurements might be helpful for clinical decision making in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni de Simone
- Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Costantino Mancusi
- Hypertension Research Center and Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Foulkes S, Claessen G, Howden EJ, Daly RM, Fraser SF, La Gerche A. The Utility of Cardiac Reserve for the Early Detection of Cancer Treatment-Related Cardiac Dysfunction: A Comprehensive Overview. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:32. [PMID: 32211421 PMCID: PMC7076049 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With progressive advancements in cancer detection and treatment, cancer-specific survival has improved dramatically over the past decades. Consequently, long-term health outcomes are increasingly defined by comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease. Importantly, a number of well-established and emerging cancer treatments have been associated with varying degrees of cardiovascular injury that may not emerge until years following the completion of cancer treatment. Of particular concern is the development of cancer treatment related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) which is associated with an increased risk of heart failure and high risk of morbidity and mortality. Early detection of CTRCD appears critical for preventing long-term cardiovascular morbidity in cancer survivors. However, current clinical standards for the identification of CTRCD rely on assessments of cardiac function in the resting state. This provides incomplete information about the heart's reserve capacity and may reduce the sensitivity for detecting sub-clinical myocardial injury. Advances in non-invasive imaging techniques have enabled cardiac function to be quantified during exercise thereby providing a novel means of identifying early cardiac dysfunction that has proved useful in several cardiovascular pathologies. The purpose of this narrative review is (1) to discuss the different non-invasive imaging techniques that can be used for quantifying different aspects of cardiac reserve; (2) discuss the findings from studies of cancer patients that have measured cardiac reserve as a marker of CTRCD; and (3) highlight the future directions important knowledge gaps that need to be addressed for cardiac reserve to be effectively integrated into routine monitoring for cancer patients exposed to cardiotoxic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Foulkes
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Sports Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Guido Claessen
- Department of Sports Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erin J Howden
- Department of Sports Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin M Daly
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Steve F Fraser
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andre La Gerche
- Department of Sports Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Aggeli C, Polytarchou K, Varvarousis D, Kastellanos S, Tousoulis D. Stress ECHO beyond coronary artery disease. Is it the holy grail of cardiovascular imaging? Clin Cardiol 2018; 41:1600-1610. [PMID: 30315566 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress echocardiography (SE) is a very useful method in clinical practice, because it offers important information of both the patient's functional status and hemodynamic changes during stress. Therefore, SE provides strong diagnostic and prognostic data in a wide spectrum of cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes the clinical applications of SE in conditions beyond coronary artery disease (CAD) and highlights practical recommendations and key issues for each condition that need further investigation. SE is an established method for the evaluation of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with valvular heart disease (VHD) and cardiomyopathies, and provides important information regarding prognosis and management of patients with congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension or diastolic dysfunction. Moreover, when one or multiple VHD and cardiomyopathy or CAD coexist in one patient, SE is a very useful clinical tool for the evaluation of etiology and symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina Aggeli
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Kali Polytarchou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece.,1st Department of Cardiology, Evagelismos General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Varvarousis
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Nikea-Piraeus "Agios Panteleimon", Piraeus, Greece
| | - Stellios Kastellanos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Lancellotti P, Pellikka PA, Budts W, Chaudhry FA, Donal E, Dulgheru R, Edvardsen T, Garbi M, Ha JW, Kane GC, Kreeger J, Mertens L, Pibarot P, Picano E, Ryan T, Tsutsui JM, Varga A. The Clinical Use of Stress Echocardiography in Non-Ischaemic Heart Disease: Recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017; 30:101-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Lancellotti P, Pellikka PA, Budts W, Chaudhry FA, Donal E, Dulgheru R, Edvardsen T, Garbi M, Ha JW, Kane GC, Kreeger J, Mertens L, Pibarot P, Picano E, Ryan T, Tsutsui JM, Varga A. The clinical use of stress echocardiography in non-ischaemic heart disease: recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 17:1191-1229. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jew190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Motoki H, Koyama J, Izawa A, Tomita T, Miyashita Y, Takahashi M, Ikeda U. Impact of Azelnidipine and Amlodipine on Left Ventricular Mass and Longitudinal Function in Hypertensive Patients with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Echocardiography 2014; 31:1230-8. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Motoki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
| | - Jun Koyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
| | - Atsushi Izawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyashita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Bioimaging Sciences; Center for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; Shimotsuke Japan
| | - Uichi Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto Japan
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Gambelli G, Paradiso M, Amici E, Terranova A, Pino PG, Caso P. Cardiopatia ipertensiva e insufficienza cardiaca con normale frazione di eiezione ventricolare sinistra. Ruolo dell’ecocardiografia convenzionale e di quella avanzata nella valutazione della disfunzione ventricolare sinistra. J Cardiovasc Echogr 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcecho.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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The concept of ventricular reserve in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension: an old metric that brings us one step closer in our quest for prediction. Curr Opin Cardiol 2011; 26:123-31. [PMID: 21297465 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e3283437485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ventricular reserve is emerging a strong predictor of outcome in heart failure and cardiovascular disease. Ventricular reserve is the term used to describe the extent of increase or change in ventricular function that occurs during exercise or pharmacological stress (typically with dobutamine). RECENT FINDINGS The interest in ventricular reserve lies in its ability to assess viability in coronary artery disease, to predict clinical outcome and response to therapy in patients with heart failure and to screen patients for early cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY In this paper, we will review the emerging role of ventricular reserve in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. We will also explore the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of impaired ventricular reserve and discuss future directions of research in the field.
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Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Causes Different Changes in Longitudinal, Radial, and Circumferential Mechanics in Patients with Hypertension: A Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011; 24:192-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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