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Cai L, Zhong Q, Xu J, Huang Y, Gao H. A lumped parameter model for evaluating coronary artery blood supply capacity. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2024; 21:5838-5862. [PMID: 38872561 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2024258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The coronary artery constitutes a vital vascular system that sustains cardiac function, with its primary role being the conveyance of indispensable nutrients to the myocardial tissue. When coronary artery disease occurs, it will affect the blood supply of the heart and induce myocardial ischemia. Therefore, it is of great significance to numerically simulate the coronary artery and evaluate its blood supply capacity. In this article, the coronary artery lumped parameter model was derived based on the relationship between circuit system parameters and cardiovascular system parameters, and the blood supply capacity of the coronary artery in healthy and stenosis states was studied. The aortic root pressure calculated by the aortic valve fluid-structure interaction (AV FSI) simulator was employed as the inlet boundary condition. To emulate the physiological phenomenon of sudden pressure drops resulting from an abrupt reduction in blood vessel radius, a head loss model was connected at the coronary artery's entrance. For each coronary artery outlet, the symmetric structured tree model was appended to simulate the terminal impedance of the missing downstream coronary arteries. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to optimize the blood flow viscous resistance, blood flow inertia, and vascular compliance of the coronary artery model. In the stenosis states, the relative flow and fractional flow reserve (FFR) calculated by numerical simulation corresponded to the published literature data. It was anticipated that the proposed model can be readily adapted for clinical application, serving as a valuable reference for diagnosing and treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cai
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
- NPU-UoG International Cooperative Lab for Computation and Application in Cardiology, Xi'an 710129, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Scientific Computation and Applied Statistics, Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
- NPU-UoG International Cooperative Lab for Computation and Application in Cardiology, Xi'an 710129, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Scientific Computation and Applied Statistics, Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Juan Xu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
- NPU-UoG International Cooperative Lab for Computation and Application in Cardiology, Xi'an 710129, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Scientific Computation and Applied Statistics, Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Hao Gao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Improving Detection of CAD and Prognosis with PET/CT Quantitative Absolute Myocardial Blood Flow Measurements. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:1855-1864. [PMID: 36348147 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the role of PET MPI in the detection of CAD, focussing on the added value of MBF for diagnosis and prognostication. RECENT FINDINGS Positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is increasingly used for the risk stratification of patients with suspected or established coronary artery disease (CAD). PET MPI provides accurate and reproducible non-invasive quantification of myocardial blood flow (MBF) at rest and during hyperemia, providing incremental information over conventional myocardial perfusion alone. Inclusion of MBF in PET MPI interpretation improves both its sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, quantitative MBF measurements have repeatedly been shown to offer incremental and independent prognostic information over conventional clinical markers in a broad range of conditions, including in CAD. Quantitative MBF measurement is now an established and powerful tool enabling accurate risk stratification and guiding patients' management. The role of PET MPI and flow quantification in cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), which represents a particular form of CAD, will also be reviewed.
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Čolić I, Vasilev V, Dobrić M. Assessment of the functional significance of borderline stenosis by determining coronary flow reserve, after primary percutaneous infarct artery intervention by stent implantation. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/mp73-37852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Patients with myocardial infarction who are effectively treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may have significant coronary artery stenosis that is not responsible for current myocardial infarction. Non-infarction artery stenosis can cause serious adverse cardiac events, which can be avoided by performing PCI. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is defined as the ratio of the hyperemic mean blood flow velocity to the resting blood flow velocity for a given coronary artery. Coronary flow reserve decreases with increasing severity of the lesion. Aim: Determination of CFR prognostic value in patients with residual intermediate stenosis on non-infarcted artery after PCI. Material and methods: The prospective study included 106 patients treated at the University Clinical Center of Serbia in the period from July 2007 to December 2014. Coronary flow reserve was performed on a non-infarcted coronary artery with intermediate stenosis (40-70%). Adenosine was administered intravenously for two minutes to induce hyperemia at a dose of 140 mcg/kg/min. It was calculated as the ratio of the maximum diastolic flow rate under hyperemia and the maximum flow rate under basal conditions. Patients were invited for follow-up at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months to determine the occurrence of composite adverse events, which included: cardiac death, stroke, myocardial infarction, and myocardial revascularization (non-infarction lesion). Results: In our group of patients, 18 adverse events were reported during follow-up. A statistically highly significant difference (p < 0.001) in CFR values was found in patients with adverse events compared to patients without adverse events. The CFR >2 value had a high negative predictive value (95%) for the absence of adverse events. Conclusion: In patients with CFR > 2, revascularization can be safely delayed with continued optimal drug therapy.
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Ge X, Liu Y, Tu S, Simakov S, Vassilevski Y, Liang F. Model-based analysis of the sensitivities and diagnostic implications of FFR and CFR under various pathological conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 37:e3257. [PMID: 31487426 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although fractional flow reserve (FFR) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) are both frequently used to assess the functional severity of coronary artery stenosis, discordant results of diagnosis between FFR and CFR in some patient cohorts have been reported. In the present study, a computational model was employed to quantify the impacts of various pathophysiological factors on FFR and CFR. In addition, a hyperemic myocardial ischemic index (HMIx) was proposed as a reference for comparing the diagnostic performances of FFR and CFR. Obtained results showed that CFR was more susceptible than FFR to the influence of many pathophysiological factors unrelated to coronary artery stenosis. In particular, the numerical study proved that increasing hyperemic coronary microvascular resistance significantly elevated FFR while reducing CFR despite fixed severity of coronary artery stenosis, whereas introducing aortic valve disease only caused a significant decrease in CFR with little influence on FFR. These results provided theoretical evidence for explaining some clinical observations, such as the increased risk of discordant diagnostic results between FFR and CFR in patients with increased hyperemic microvascular resistance, and significant increase in CFR after surgical relief of severe aortic valve disease. When evaluated with respect to the predictive value for hyperemic myocardial ischemia, the performance of FFR was found to be considerably compromised in the presence of severe coronary vasodilation dysfunction or aortic valve disease, whereas the relationship between CFR and HMIx remained relatively stable, suggesting that CFR may be a more reliable indicator of myocardial ischemia under complex pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Ge
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration (CISSE), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Youjun Liu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Shengxian Tu
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Sergey Simakov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yuri Vassilevski
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Fuyou Liang
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration (CISSE), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Tajeddini F, Nikmaneshi MR, Firoozabadi B, Pakravan HA, Ahmadi Tafti SH, Afshin H. High precision invasive FFR, low-cost invasive iFR, or non-invasive CFR?: optimum assessment of coronary artery stenosis based on the patient-specific computational models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 36:e3382. [PMID: 32621661 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to apply computational fluid dynamic (CFD) as a complementary tool for clinical tests to not only predict the present and future status of left coronary artery stenosis but also to evaluate some clinical hypotheses. In order to assess the present status of the coronary artery stenosis severity, and thereby selecting the most appropriate type of treatment for each patient, fractional flow reserve (FFR), instantaneous wave free-ratio (iFR), and coronary flow reserve (CFR) are calculated. To examine FFR, iFR, and CFR results, the effect of geometric features of stenoses, including diameter reduction (%), lesion length (LL), and minimum lumen diameter (MLD), is studied on them. It is observed that FFR is a more conservative index than iFR and CFR to assess the severity of coronary stenosis. In addition, it is seen that FFR, iFR, and CFR decrease by increasing LL and decreasing MLD. Therefore, the morphological indices, LL/MLD and LL/MLD̂4, with the calculated conservative cut-off values equal to 5.5 and 3.6, are considered. Next, some controversial clinical hypotheses about the assessment of the severity of coronary stenosis are evaluated numerically. These include the examination of FFR, iFR, and CFR accuracies, investigating the effect of coronary hyperemia on iFR, as well as the reliability of the hybrid iFR-FFR decision-making strategy. The presented numerical model can also be used as a predictive tool to identify the atherosuseptible sites of arteries by calculating the time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (RRT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Tajeddini
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Nikmaneshi
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bahar Firoozabadi
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Hossein Afshin
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Hadži-Tanović L, Bošković N, Dedić S, Beleslin B. The prognostic significance of coronary flow reserve in the risk stratification of patients with chronic total occlusion of the right coronary artery and the intermediary stenosis of the left coronary artery. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2020. [DOI: 10.5937/mp71-22174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Coronary Flow Reserve (CFR) is a clinically useful, non-invasive diagnostic method for assessing the functional ability of coronary arteries and it is important for their long-term follow-up in patients. However, CFR has not always been sufficiently investigated in previous studies. Objective: To examine the prognostic significance of CFR in the risk stratification of patients with chronic total occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA) and the intermediary stenosis of the left coronary artery (LAD). Material and Methods: Number of 71 patients, mean age 64 ± 7 years, (84%) patients male, having LAD stenosis, diameter 50-70%, and CTO of RCA, were referred for noninvasive estimation of functional significance of LAD stenosis. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was used to obtain coronary flow velocities in the distal segment of LAD. Patients were followed for the mean period of 18.3 ± 7.1 months for the occurrence of composite end point including cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, bypass surgery and PCI. Results: During the follow-up period, there were a total of 23 adverse events (4 deaths, 2 myocardial infarction, 7 bypass surgeries and 10 PCI). Patients with CFR < 2 had significantly more adverse events (n = 9; 56.3% vs. n = 14; 25.5%; p = 0.021), they were significantly older (68 ± 9 vs. 62 ± 6; p = 0.011), with a higher incidence of a positive family history (14; 87.5% vs. 26; 47.3%; p = 0.039), as well as a significantly higher frequency of three-dose coronary disease (14; 87.5% vs. 30; 54.5%; p = 0.017). Using Kaplan-Meier estimator, we obtained that patients with CFR < 2 have a significantly shorter average period without unwanted event (15.4 ± 2.8 months vs 23.5 ± 1.1 months, Log Rank 7.407; p = 0.008). Conclusion: CFR plays an important role in stratifying the risk of patients with CTO of RCA and the intermediary stenosis of LAD.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide an update on quantification of myocardial blood flow (MBF) with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Technical and clinical aspects of flow quantification with PET are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS The diagnostic and prognostic values of myocardial flow quantification have been established in numerous studies and in various populations. MBF quantification has also shown itself to be particularly useful in the assessment of coronary microvascular dysfunction and in evaluation of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Overall, myocardial flow reserve (MFR) and hyperemic MBF can lead to improved risk stratification by providing information complementary to that of other markers of disease severity, such as fractional flow reserve. Flow quantification enhances MPI's ability to detect both significant epicardial disease and microvascular dysfunction. With recent technological and methodological advances, flow quantification with PET is no longer restricted to cyclotron-equipped academic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Pelletier-Galarneau
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Imaging, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Martineau
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Djordjevic Dikic A, Tesic M, Boskovic N, Giga V, Stepanovic J, Petrovic M, Dobric M, Aleksandric S, Juricic S, Dikic M, Nedeljkovic I, Nedeljkovic M, Ostojic M, Beleslin B. Prognostic Value of Preserved Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve by Noninvasive Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography in Patients With Angiographically Intermediate Left Main Stenosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2018; 32:74-80. [PMID: 30459120 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential of angiography to evaluate the hemodynamic severity of a left main coronary artery (LM) stenosis is limited. Noninvasive transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) evaluation of intermediate coronary stenosis has demonstrated remarkably high negative prognostic value. The aim of this study was to assess clinical outcomes in patients with angiographically intermediate LM stenosis and preserved CFVR (>2.0) as evaluated by transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic CFVR. METHODS The initial study population included 102 patients with intermediate coronary stenosis of the LM referred for transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic CFVR assessment. Peak diastolic CFVR measurements were performed in the distal segment of the left anterior descending coronary artery after intravenous adenosine (140 μg/kg/min), and CFVR was calculated as the ratio between maximal hyperemic and baseline coronary flow velocity. Nineteen patients had impaired CFVR (≤2.0) and were excluded from further analysis, as well as two patients with poor acoustic windows. The final group consisted of 81 patients (mean age, 60 ± 9 years; 76 men) evaluated for adverse cardiac events including death, myocardial infarction, and revascularization. RESULTS Mean follow-up duration was 62 ± 26 months. Mean CFVR was 2.4 ± 0.4. Total event-free survival was 75 of 81 (92.6%), as six patients were referred for revascularization (five patients with coronary artery bypass grafting, one patient with percutaneous coronary intervention). There were no documented myocardial infarctions or cardiovascular deaths in the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS In patients with angiographically intermediate and equivocal LM stenosis and preserved CFVR values of >2.0, revascularization can be safely deferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Djordjevic Dikic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Tesic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Vojislav Giga
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Stepanovic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Petrovic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Dobric
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Stefan Juricic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Dikic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Nedeljkovic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Nedeljkovic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Ostojic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko Beleslin
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Tesic M, Djordjevic-Dikic A, Giga V, Stepanovic J, Dobric M, Jovanovic I, Petrovic M, Mehmedbegovic Z, Milasinovic D, Dedovic V, Zivkovic M, Juricic S, Orlic D, Stojkovic S, Vukcevic V, Stankovic G, Nedeljkovic M, Ostojic M, Beleslin B. Prognostic Value of Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve in Patients with Nonculprit Stenosis of Intermediate Severity Early after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2018; 31:880-887. [PMID: 29625885 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of nonculprit coronary stenosis during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction may be beneficial, but the mode and timing of the intervention are still controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the significance and prognostic value of preserved coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) in patients with nonculprit intermediate stenosis early after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS Two hundred thirty patients with remaining intermediate (50%-70%) stenosis of non-infarct-related arteries, in whom CFVR was performed within 7 days after primary percutaneous coronary intervention, were prospectively enrolled. Twenty patients with reduced CFVR and positive results on stress echocardiography or impaired fractional flow reserve underwent revascularization and were not included in further analysis. The final study population of 210 patients (mean age, 58 ± 10 years; 162 men) was divided into two groups on the basis of CFVR: group 1, CFVR > 2 (n = 174), and group 2, CFVR ≤ 2 (n = 36). Cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and revascularization of the evaluated vessel were considered adverse events. RESULTS Mean follow-up duration was 47 ± 16 months. Mean CFVR for the whole group was 2.36 ± 0.40. There were six adverse events (3.4%) related to the nonculprit coronary artery in group 1, including one cardiac death, one ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and four revascularizations. In group 2, there were 30 adverse events (83.3%, P < .001 vs group 1), including two cardiac deaths, two ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions, and 26 revascularizations. CONCLUSIONS In patients with CFVR > 2 of the intermediate nonculprit coronary lesion, deferral of revascularization is safe and associated with excellent long-term clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milorad Tesic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ana Djordjevic-Dikic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vojislav Giga
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Stepanovic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Dobric
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Jovanovic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Petrovic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zlatko Mehmedbegovic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Vladimir Dedovic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Zivkovic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Juricic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Orlic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sinisa Stojkovic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladan Vukcevic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Stankovic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Nedeljkovic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Ostojic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko Beleslin
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Meimoun P, Czitrom D, Clerc J, Seghezzi JC, Martis S, Berrebi A, Elmkies F. Noninvasive Coronary Flow Reserve Predicts Response to Exercise in Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017; 30:736-744. [PMID: 28599829 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis (AS), exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) provides additional prognostic information beyond baseline. The coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) is impaired in AS, but its link with exertion is unknown in this setting. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that CFVR could predict exercise capacity and abnormal exercise test results in AS. METHODS Noninvasive CFVR and symptom-limited semisupine ESE were prospectively performed the same day in 43 patients with asymptomatic isolated severe AS (mean age, 68.5 ± 11 years; 26% women; mean aortic valve area, 0.8 ± 0.16 cm2; mean left ventricular ejection fraction, 70 ± 7%). CFVR was performed in the distal part of the left anterior descending coronary artery using intravenous adenosine infusion (140 μg/kg/min over 2 min), and ESE was performed at an initial workload of 25 W with a 20- to 25-W increase at 2-min intervals. An abnormal result on ESE was defined as onset of symptoms at <75% of maximum predicted workload, electrocardiographic ST-segment depression ≥2 mm during exercise, increase of systolic blood pressure < 20 mm Hg or decrease in blood pressure, and complex ventricular arrhythmia. Seventeen patients with isolated severe asymptomatic AS, unable to exercise because of extracardiac conditions, served as a comparative group. RESULTS Resting, hyperemic left anterior descending coronary artery flow velocity and CFVR (2.45 ± 0.8 vs 2.4 ± 0.8) were similar between the group unable to perform ESE and the ESE group (P = NS for all). Compared with patients with normal results on ESE, those with abnormal results on ESE (n = 22) were older, had higher E/e' ratios, had higher resting left anterior descending coronary artery flow velocities (39 ± 12 vs 31 ± 8 cm/sec), and had lower CFVR (2.01 ± 0.3 vs 2.85 ± 0.7; P < .01 for all). Furthermore, CFVR was significantly correlated with age, changes in transvalvular pressure gradient and left ventricular ejection fraction with exercise, workload (in watts), and exercise duration (P < .05 for all). After adjusting for other variables, CFVR remained independently correlated with exercise duration, workload, and abnormal results on ESE (P < .01 for all). On receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, CFVR < 2.3 was the best cutoff to predict abnormal results on ESE (area under the curve = 0.88 ± 0.06, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS In patients with asymptomatic severe AS, noninvasive CFVR is correlated with exercise duration and workload, and low CFVR predicts abnormal results on ESE with good accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Meimoun
- Department of Cardiology, Compiègne Hospital, Compiègne, France.
| | - Daniel Czitrom
- Department of Cardiology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Clerc
- Department of Cardiology, Compiègne Hospital, Compiègne, France
| | | | - Sonia Martis
- Department of Cardiology, Compiègne Hospital, Compiègne, France
| | - Alain Berrebi
- Department of Cardiology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
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Pagiatakis C, Tardif JC, L'Allier PL, Mongrain R. Effect of stenosis eccentricity on the functionality of coronary bifurcation lesions-a numerical study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2017; 55:2079-2095. [PMID: 28500478 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-017-1653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interventional cardiologists still rely heavily on angiography for the evaluation of coronary lesion severity, despite its poor correlation with the presence of ischemia. In order to improve the accuracy of the current diagnostic procedures, an understanding of the relative influence of geometric characteristics on the induction of ischemia is required. This idea is especially important for coronary bifurcation lesions (CBLs), whose treatment is complex and is associated with high rates of peri- and post-procedural clinical events. Overall, it is unclear which geometric and morphological parameters of CBLs influence the onset of ischemia. More specifically, the effect of stenosis eccentricity is unknown. Computational fluid dynamic simulations, under a geometric multiscale framework, were executed for seven CBL configurations within the left main coronary artery bifurcation. Both concentric and eccentric stenosis profiles of mild to severe constriction were considered. By using a geometric multiscale framework, the fractional flow reserve, which is the gold-standard clinical diagnostic index, could be calculated and was compared between the eccentric and concentric profiles for each case. The results suggested that for configurations where the supplying vessel is stenosed, eccentricity could have a notable effect on and therefore be an important factor that influences configuration functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pagiatakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada. .,Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada.
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal - Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Philippe L L'Allier
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal - Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Rosaire Mongrain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
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12
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Cho SG, Park KS, Kim J, Kang SR, Song HC, Kim JH, Cho JY, Hong YJ, Jabin Z, Park HJ, Jeong GC, Kwon SY, Paeng JC, Kim HS, Min JJ, Garcia EV, Bom HHS. Coronary flow reserve and relative flow reserve measured by N-13 ammonia PET for characterization of coronary artery disease. Ann Nucl Med 2016; 31:144-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-016-1138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Meimoun P, Clerc J, Ardourel D, Djou U, Martis S, Botoro T, Elmkies F, Zemir H, Luycx-Bore A, Boulanger J. Assessment of left anterior descending artery stenosis of intermediate severity by fractional flow reserve, instantaneous wave-free ratio, and non-invasive coronary flow reserve. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 33:999-1007. [PMID: 27752796 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-016-1000-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To test the usefulness of non-invasive coronary flow reserve (CFR) by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography by comparison to invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (IFR), a new vasodilator-free index of coronary stenosis severity, in patients with left anterior descending artery (LAD) stenosis of intermediate severity (IS) and stable coronary artery disease. 94 consecutive patients (mean age 68 ± 10 years) with angiographic LAD stenosis of IS (50-70 % diameter stenosis), were prospectively studied. IFR was calculated as a trans-lesion pressure ratio during the wave-free period in diastole; FFR as distal pressure divided by mean aortic pressure during maximal hyperemia (using 180 μg intracoronary adenosine); and CFR as hyperemic peak LAD flow velocity divided by baseline flow velocity using intravenous adenosine (140 μg/kg/min over 2 min). The mean values of IFR, FFR, and CFR were 0.88 ± 0.07, 0.81 ± 0.09, and 2.4 ± 0.6 respectively. A significant correlation was found between CFR and FFR (r = 0. 68), FFR and IFR (r = 0.6), and between CFR and IFR (r = 0.5) (all, p < 0.01). Using a ROC curve analysis, the best cut-off to detect a significant lesion based on FFR assessment (FFR ≤ 0.8, n = 31) was IFR ≤ 0.88 with a sensitivity (Se) of 74 %, specificity (Sp) of 73 %, AUC 0.81 ± 0.04, accuracy 72 %; and CFR ≤ 2 with a Se = 77 %, Sp = 89 %, AUC 0.88 ± 0.04, accuracy 85 % (all, p < 0.001). In stable patients with LAD stenosis of IS, non-invasive CFR is a useful tool to detect a significant lesion based on FFR. Furthermore, there was a better correlation between CFR and FFR than between CFR and IFR, and a trend to a better diagnostic performance for CFR versus IFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meimoun
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de Compiègne, 8 rue Henri Adnot, 60200, Compiègne, France.
| | - J Clerc
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de Compiègne, 8 rue Henri Adnot, 60200, Compiègne, France
| | - D Ardourel
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de Compiègne, 8 rue Henri Adnot, 60200, Compiègne, France
| | - U Djou
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de Compiègne, 8 rue Henri Adnot, 60200, Compiègne, France
| | - S Martis
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de Compiègne, 8 rue Henri Adnot, 60200, Compiègne, France
| | - T Botoro
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de Compiègne, 8 rue Henri Adnot, 60200, Compiègne, France
| | - F Elmkies
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de Compiègne, 8 rue Henri Adnot, 60200, Compiègne, France
| | - H Zemir
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de Compiègne, 8 rue Henri Adnot, 60200, Compiègne, France
| | - A Luycx-Bore
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de Compiègne, 8 rue Henri Adnot, 60200, Compiègne, France
| | - J Boulanger
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de Compiègne, 8 rue Henri Adnot, 60200, Compiègne, France
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14
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Zagatina A, Zhuravskaya N, Egom E, Kovacova G, Kruzliak P. A novel method for left anterior coronary artery flow velocity assessment by transthoracic echocardiography at the peak of a supine bicycle test. Acta Radiol 2016; 57:1056-65. [PMID: 26676763 DOI: 10.1177/0284185115617350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of coronary flow is only performed during pharmacological tests. Supine bicycle tests permit the visualization of coronary flow assessments during exercise. PURPOSE To assess the parameters of coronary flow in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) during exercise, which could be a sign of significant LAD narrowing. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 253 patients were enrolled: Group 1, 186 non-selective participants before undergoing a coronary angiography; and Group 2, 67 controls without coronary artery disease (CAD). All the patients performed a supine bicycle echocardiography test. Coronary flow velocities and coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) were measured at the mid-segment of the LAD during exercise. Patients in Group 1 underwent a coronary angiography. RESULTS In comparison with participants without significant LAD stenosis, patients with LAD lesions had a lower ΔV (16 ± 21 vs. 27 ± 20 cm/s, P < 0.04) and a lower CFVR (1.5 ± 0.8 vs. 2.0 ± 0.6, P < 0.004). In comparison with patients without significant proximal LAD stenosis, the patients with proximal LAD lesions had a lower flow velocity at the peak of exercise (49 ± 32 vs. 61 ± 19 cm/s, P < 0.02), a lower ΔV (13 ± 19 vs. 26 ± 22 cm/s, P < 0.004), and a lower CFVR (1.4 ± 0.6 vs. 1.9 ± 0.7, P < 0.0001). In comparison with the control group, the patients with LAD stenosis had a lower flow velocity at the peak of exercise, a lower ΔV, and a lower CFVR. CONCLUSION Non-invasive CFVR measurement in the LAD could provide valuable additional information to a conventional echocardiography exercise test. In routine clinical practice, CFVR is sufficient for a diagnosis of severe stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emmanuel Egom
- Egom Clinical and Translational Research Services, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Gabriela Kovacova
- Fifth Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, St. Anne’s University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Wu J, Barton D, Xie F, O’Leary E, Steuter J, Pavlides G, Porter TR. Comparison of Fractional Flow Reserve Assessment With Demand Stress Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography in Angiographically Intermediate Coronary Stenoses. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 9:CIRCIMAGING.116.004129. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.116.004129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography (RTMCE) directly measures capillary flow (CBF), which in turn is a major regulator of coronary flow and resistance during demand or hyperemic stress. Although fractional flow reserve (FFR) was developed to assess the physiological relevance of an epicardial stenosis, it assumes maximal microvascular vasodilation and minimal resistance during vasodilator stress. Therefore, we sought to determine the relationship between CBF assessed with RTMCE during stress echocardiography and FFR in intermediate coronary lesions.
Methods and Results—
Sixty-seven vessels with 50% to 80% diameter stenoses by quantitative coronary angiography in 58 consecutive patients were examined with FFR and RTMCE (mean age, 60±13 years). RTMCE was performed using an incremental dobutamine (n=32) or exercise (n=26) stress protocol, and myocardial perfusion was assessed using a continuous infusion of ultrasound contrast. The presence or absence of inducible perfusion defects and wall motion abnormalities were correlated with FFR. Mean percent diameter stenosis was 60±9%. Eighteen stenoses (27%) had an FFR ≤ 0.8. Although 17 of the 18 stenoses that were FFR+ had abnormal CBF during RTMCE, 28 of the 49 stenoses (57%) that were FFR had abnormal CBF, and 24 (49%) had abnormal wall motion in the corresponding coronary artery territory during stress echocardiography.
Conclusions—
In a significant percentage of intermediate stenoses with normal FFR values, CBF during demand stress is reduced, resulting in myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juefei Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.B., F.X., E.O’L., G.P., T.R.P.); and Nebraska Heart, Lincoln (J.S.)
| | - David Barton
- From the Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.B., F.X., E.O’L., G.P., T.R.P.); and Nebraska Heart, Lincoln (J.S.)
| | - Feng Xie
- From the Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.B., F.X., E.O’L., G.P., T.R.P.); and Nebraska Heart, Lincoln (J.S.)
| | - Edward O’Leary
- From the Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.B., F.X., E.O’L., G.P., T.R.P.); and Nebraska Heart, Lincoln (J.S.)
| | - John Steuter
- From the Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.B., F.X., E.O’L., G.P., T.R.P.); and Nebraska Heart, Lincoln (J.S.)
| | - Gregory Pavlides
- From the Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.B., F.X., E.O’L., G.P., T.R.P.); and Nebraska Heart, Lincoln (J.S.)
| | - Thomas R. Porter
- From the Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (J.W.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (D.B., F.X., E.O’L., G.P., T.R.P.); and Nebraska Heart, Lincoln (J.S.)
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16
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Pagiatakis C, Tardif JC, L’Allier PL, Mongrain R. A numerical investigation of the functionality of coronary bifurcation lesions with respect to lesion configuration and stenosis severity. J Biomech 2015; 48:3103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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18
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Incremental Value of Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve, Measured by Transthoracic Echocardiography, Compared with Computed Tomography Angiography Alone, for Detecting Flow-Limiting Coronary Stenoses. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014; 27:1230-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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19
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Kakuta K, Dohi K, Yamada T, Yamanaka T, Kawamura M, Nakamori S, Nakajima H, Tanigawa T, Onishi K, Yamada N, Nakamura M, Ito M. Detection of coronary artery disease using coronary flow velocity reserve by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography versus multidetector computed tomography coronary angiography: influence of calcium score. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014; 27:775-85. [PMID: 24679739 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been no clinical data specifying the degree of calcium deposition at which coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) measurement using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography surpasses 320-row multidetector computed tomographic coronary angiography (CTCA) in detecting obstructive coronary artery disease. METHODS One hundred seventy patients who underwent invasive coronary angiography, transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, and CTCA were prospectively enrolled. Coronary artery stenosis was defined as percentage diameter stenosis ≥ 50% on invasive coronary angiography. CFVR < 2.0 and narrowing ≥ 50% measured with CTCA were the thresholds indicating the presence of coronary artery stenosis. The degree of coronary artery calcification was also assessed using the Agatston calcium score method by computed tomography. RESULTS The majority of patients (89%) were classified as having either high or intermediate pretest probability of coronary artery disease. Significant coronary artery stenoses by invasive coronary angiography were found in 71 patients and 104 vessels. Although the overall diagnostic performance of CTCA was comparable with that of CFVR measurement for detecting coronary artery stenosis, only the diagnostic performance of CTCA was negatively affected by the extent of a patient's coronary artery calcification. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that only CFVR measurement is diagnostically accurate when calcium scores are >319 in the patient-based assessment, 189 for the left anterior descending coronary artery, 98 for the left circumflex coronary artery and 282 for the right coronary artery. CONCLUSIONS Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography and 320-row multidetector CTCA successfully diagnosed significant coronary artery stenosis with high feasibility and accuracy. However, only the diagnostic performance of CTCA was negatively affected by the extent of a patient's coronary artery calcification, and therefore the diagnostic performance of CFVR measurement for detecting coronary artery stenosis surpassed that of CTCA when the calcium score exceeded specified cutoff values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kakuta
- Department of Cardiology, Yokkaichi Social Insurance Hospital, Yokkaichi, Japan
| | - Kaoru Dohi
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Yamada
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Department of Cardiology, Yokkaichi Social Insurance Hospital, Yokkaichi, Japan
| | - Masaki Kawamura
- Department of Cardiology, Yokkaichi Social Insurance Hospital, Yokkaichi, Japan
| | - Shiro Nakamori
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanigawa
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Katsuya Onishi
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Norikazu Yamada
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Mashio Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Cardiovascular Research, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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20
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Carlsson M, Jögi J, Markenroth Bloch K, Hedén B, Ekelund U, Ståhlberg F, Arheden H. Submaximal adenosine‐induced coronary hyperaemia with 12 h caffeine abstinence: implications for clinical adenosine perfusion imaging tests. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 35:49-56. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Lund University Hospital Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Jonas Jögi
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Lund University Hospital Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Karin Markenroth Bloch
- Philips Healthcare Lund Sweden
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Bo Hedén
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Lund University Hospital Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Emergency Medicine Lund University Hospital Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Freddy Ståhlberg
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics Lund University Lund Sweden
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Lund University Hospital Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Håkan Arheden
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Lund University Hospital Lund University Lund Sweden
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21
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Takemoto K, Hirata K, Wada N, Shiono Y, Komukai K, Tanimoto T, Ino Y, Kitabata H, Takarada S, Nakamura N, Kubo T, Tanaka A, Imanishi T, Akasaka T. Acceleration time of systolic coronary flow velocity to diagnose coronary stenosis in patients with microvascular dysfunction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 27:200-7. [PMID: 24345631 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to test whether acceleration time of systolic coronary flow velocity could contribute to the diagnosis of coronary stenosis in patients with microvascular dysfunction, on the basis of the hypothesis that systolic coronary flow is less influenced by microvascular function because of compressed myocardium. METHODS Coronary flow velocity was assessed in the left anterior descending coronary artery during hyperemia with intravenous adenosine by echocardiography in 502 patients who were scheduled for coronary angiography because of coronary artery disease and significant valvular disease. Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) and the percentage acceleration time (%AT), as the percentage of the time from the beginning to the peak of systolic coronary flow over systolic time during hyperemia, were calculated. The diagnostic ability of CFVR and %AT for angiographic coronary artery stenosis was then analyzed. As invasive substudies, fractional flow reserve and %AT by a dual-sensor (pressure and Doppler velocity) guidewire were measured simultaneously with %AT on transthoracic echocardiography (n = 14). RESULTS Patients with coronary stenosis had significantly lower CFVR (1.7 ± 0.4) and greater %AT (65 ± 9%) compared with those without stenosis (2.6 ± 0.6 and 50 ± 13%, respectively). Percentage acceleration time by Doppler echocardiography was in good agreement with %AT (r = 0.98) and fractional flow reserve (r = 0.74) invasively measured by dual-sensor guidewire. Cutoff values of CFVR and %AT were determined as 2.0 and 60% in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CFVR to detect coronary stenosis were 71.1%, 77.3%, and 75.4%, while those of %AT were 83.4%, 71.8%, and 75.4%, respectively. In addition, %AT provided high accuracy to detect coronary stenosis, especially in patients with previous myocardial infarctions, valvular disease, and left ventricular hypertrophy (81.1%, 84.1%, and 73.4%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The %AT of systolic coronary flow velocity is a promising marker to diagnose coronary stenosis in patients with microvascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Takemoto
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kumiko Hirata
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Nozomi Wada
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Shiono
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Komukai
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanimoto
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ino
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hironori Kitabata
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shigeho Takarada
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Nobuo Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Toshio Imanishi
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Akasaka
- Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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22
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Wada T, Hirata K, Shiono Y, Orii M, Shimamura K, Ishibashi K, Tanimoto T, Yamano T, Ino Y, Kitabata H, Yamaguchi T, Kubo T, Imanishi T, Akasaka T. Coronary flow velocity reserve in three major coronary arteries by transthoracic echocardiography for the functional assessment of coronary artery disease: a comparison with fractional flow reserve. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 15:399-408. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jet168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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23
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de Graaf MA, El-Naggar HM, Boogers MJ, Veltman CE, Broersen A, Kitslaar PH, Dijkstra J, Kroft LJ, Al Younis I, Reiber JH, Bax JJ, Delgado V, Scholte AJ. Automated quantitative coronary computed tomography correlates of myocardial ischaemia on gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 40:1171-80. [PMID: 23715901 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Automated software tools have permitted more comprehensive, robust and reproducible quantification of coronary stenosis, plaque burden and plaque location of coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) data. The association between these quantitative CTA (QCT) parameters and the presence of myocardial ischaemia has not been explored. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the association between QCT parameters of coronary artery lesions and the presence of myocardial ischaemia on gated myocardial perfusion single-photon emission CT (SPECT). METHODS Included in the study were 40 patients (mean age 58.2 ± 10.9 years, 27 men) with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) who had undergone multidetector row CTA and gated myocardial perfusion SPECT within 6 months. From the CTA datasets, vessel-based and lesion-based visual analyses were performed. Consecutively, lesion-based QCT was performed to assess plaque length, plaque burden, percentage lumen area stenosis and remodelling index. Subsequently, the presence of myocardial ischaemia was assessed using the summed difference score (SDS ≥2) on gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. RESULTS Myocardial ischaemia was seen in 25 patients (62.5%) in 37 vascular territories. Quantitatively assessed significant stenosis and quantitatively assessed lesion length were independently associated with myocardial ischaemia (OR 7.72, 95% CI 2.41-24.7, p < 0.001, and OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00-1.45, p = 0.032, respectively) after correcting for clinical variables and visually assessed significant stenosis. The addition of quantitatively assessed significant stenosis (χ(2) = 20.7) and lesion length (χ(2) = 26.0) to the clinical variables and the visual assessment (χ(2) = 5.9) had incremental value in the association with myocardial ischaemia. CONCLUSION Coronary lesion length and quantitatively assessed significant stenosis were independently associated with myocardial ischaemia. Both quantitative parameters have incremental value over baseline variables and visually assessed significant stenosis. Potentially, QCT can refine assessment of CAD, which may be of potential use for identification of patients with myocardial ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A de Graaf
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Tesic M, Djordjevic-Dikic A, Beleslin B, Trifunovic D, Giga V, Marinkovic J, Petrovic O, Petrovic M, Stepanovic J, Dobric M, Vukcevic V, Stankovic G, Seferovic P, Ostojic M, Vujisic-Tesic B. Regional difference of microcirculation in patients with asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: transthoracic Doppler coronary flow velocity reserve analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26:775-82. [PMID: 23643850 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate, by noninvasive coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR), whether patients with asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC), with or without left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, demonstrate significant regional differences of CFVR. METHODS We evaluated 61 patients with HC (27 men; mean age 49 ± 16 years), including 20 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and 41 patients without obstruction (HCM). The control group included 20 age- and sex-matched subjects. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography CFVR of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and the posterior descending coronary artery (PD) were performed, including calculation of relative CFVR as the ratio between CFVR LAD and CFVR PD. RESULTS Compared with the controls, all the patients with HC had lower CFVR LAD (2.12 ± 0.53 vs 3.34 ± 0.67; P < .001) and CFVR PD (2.29 ± 0.49 vs 3.21 ± 0.65; P < .001). CFVR LAD in HOCM group in comparison with the HCM group was significantly lower (1.93 ± 0.42 vs 2.22 ± 0.55; P = .047), due to higher basal diastolic coronary flow velocities (0.40 ± 0.09 vs 0.33 ± 0.07 m/sec; P = .002), with similar hyperemic diastolic flow velocities (0.71 ± 0.16 vs 0.76 ± 0.19 m/sec; P = .330), respectively. There was no significant difference in CFVR PD between patients with HOCM and those with HCM (2.33 ± 0.46 vs 2.27 ± 0.50; P = .636), respectively. Relative CFVR was lower in the HOCM group compared with the HCM group (0.84 ± 0.16 vs 0.98 ± 0.14; P = .001). By multivariable regression analysis, left ventricular outflow tract gradient was the independent predictor of CFVR LAD (B = -0.24; P = .008) and relative CFVR (B = -0.34; P = .016). CONCLUSIONS CFVR LAD and relative CFVR were significantly lower in patients with HOCM compared with patients with HCM. Regional differences of CFVR are present only in patients with significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, which suggests that obstruction per se, by increasing wall stress in basal conditions, leads to higher basal diastolic coronary flow velocities and results in lower CFVR in LAD compared with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milorad Tesic
- Clinic for Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Ahn HS, Kim HK, Park EA, Lee W, Kim YJ, Cho GY, Park JH, Sohn DW. Coronary flow reserve impairment in apical vs asymmetrical septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Cardiol 2013; 36:207-16. [PMID: 23378014 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms underlying a reduction in coronary flow reserve (CFR) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), especially apical HCM (ApHCM), are elusive. This study set out to evaluate mechanisms underlying a reduction in CFR in 2 HCM subtypes. HYPOTHESIS Mechanisms for CFR reduction in HCM are different between the 2 subtypes of HCM. METHODS Thirty-one patients with asymmetrical septal hypertrophy (ASH), 43 with ApHCM, and 27 healthy volunteers were recruited. Mean diastolic coronary flow velocity (CFmv) was monitored before and after adenosine infusion by transthoracic echocardiography in the mid-to-distal left anterior descending coronary artery. Coronary flow reserve was defined as the ratio between CFmv before and after adenosine infusion. Left ventricular mass index and stress myocardial perfusion were assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Although basal CFmv was higher in ASH patients than in healthy controls (P<0.05), it was similar in ApHCM patients and controls (P=0.85). Poststress CFmv was significantly lower in both HCM subtypes than in controls (P<0.05). Consequently, CFR was higher in controls than in ASH or ApHCM patients (P<0.05). When HCM patients were stratified into 2 groups based on the presence of CFR impairment, no difference was observed between these 2 groups in terms of left ventricular mass index by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified basal CFmv as the only independent variable associated with CFR reduction in HCM (r2=0.49, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Whereas the inability to augment coronary flow to its maximal level during stress was found to underlie CFR impairment in both HCM subtypes, the recruitment of vasodilatory capacity at baseline was more prominent in ASH than in ApHCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Suk Ahn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Holte E, Vegsundvåg J, Hegbom K, Hole T, Wiseth R. Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography for Detection of Stenoses in the Left Coronary Artery by Use of Poststenotic Coronary Flow Profiles: A Comparison with Quantitative Coronary Angiography and Coronary Flow Reserve. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Meimoun P, Clerc J, Ghannem M, Neykova A, Tzvetkov B, Germain AL, Elmkies F, Zemir H, Luycx-Bore A. [Non-invasive coronary flow reserve is an independent predictor of exercise capacity after acute anterior myocardial infarction]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2012; 61:323-330. [PMID: 22959443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After acute myocardial infarction (MI) coronary microvascular impairment and reduced exercise capacity are both determinant of prognosis. OBJECTIVE We tested whether non-invasive coronary flow reserve (CFR) performed after MI predicts post-MI exercise capacity (EC). METHODS Fifty consecutive patients (pts) (mean age 56.5±11years, 30% women) with a first reperfused ST-elevation anterior MI, and sustained TIMI 3 flow after mechanical reperfusion, underwent prospectively non-invasive CFR in the distal part of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), using intravenous adenosine infusion (0.14mg/kg per minute, within 2min), within 24h after successful primary coronary angioplasty (CFR 1), and 4±1.6months later after a period of convalescence and a cardiac rehabilitation program (CFR 2). CFR was defined as peak hyperaemic LAD flow velocity divided by baseline flow velocity. All pts also underwent semi-supine exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) the same day of CFR 2. ESE was performed at an initial workload of 25-30watts with a 20watts increase at 2-minute intervals. Beta-blockers were withheld 24h before ESE. RESULTS The mean CFR 2 increased significantly when compared to CFR 1 (2.9±0.65 versus 1.9±0.4, P<0.01). During ESE, percentage of maximal predict heart rate achieved was 82±12%, maximal workload 95±30watts, exercise duration 486±155s, the ratio of double product 3.1±0.8, and EC 5.8±1.1 metabolic equivalents. No ischemia was induced during ESE in all pts, and the degree of mitral regurgitation did not differ significantly between rest and exercise. CFR 2 was significantly correlated to all indices related to EC (all, P<0.01), whereas CFR 1 was correlated to LV systolic function at follow-up (P<0.05) but not to EC. In multivariate analysis including age, sex, and body mass index, CFR 2 remained an independent predictor of EC (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Contrarily to acute CFR, CFR at follow-up is an independent predictor of EC after reperfused anterior MI. This suggests that the improvement of the coronary microcirculation is closely linked to the physical aptitude after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Meimoun
- Service de cardiologie et de soins intensifs, centre hospitalier de Compiègne, 8, rue Henri-Adnot, 60321 Compiègne, France.
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Meimoun P, Germain AL, Elmkies F, Benali T, Boulanger J, Espanel C, Clerc J, Zemir H, Luycx-Bore A, Tribouilloy C. Factors Associated with Noninvasive Coronary Flow Reserve in Severe Aortic Stenosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012; 25:835-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Koshy SK, Govindarajan G. Rationale and Pitfalls of Noninvasive Coronary Flow Reserve Estimation in Assessment of Microvascular Disease. Echocardiography 2012; 29:631-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2012.01669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kakuta K, Dohi K, Yamada T, Yamanaka T, Kawamura M, Nakamori S, Nakajima H, Tanigawa T, Onishi K, Yamada N, Nakamura M, Nobori T, Ito M. Comparison of coronary flow velocity reserve measurement by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography with 320-row multidetector computed tomographic coronary angiography in the detection of in-stent restenosis in the three major coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110:13-20. [PMID: 22459305 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We sought to compare the diagnostic accuracy and feasibility of coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) measurement using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) and 320-row multidetector computed tomographic coronary angiography (CTCA) for predicting in-stent restenosis (ISR). We enrolled 126 consecutive patients with 309 implanted coronary stents in the 3 major coronary arteries. TTDE and CTCA were performed within the 2-week period before follow-up invasive coronary angiography. Binary ISR was defined as percent diameter stenosis ≥50% on invasive coronary angiogram. A CFVR <2.0 using TTDE and a narrowing of ≥50% measured with CTCA were the thresholds indicating the presence of binary ISR. Presence of ISR using invasive coronary angiography was observed in 26 (8%) stents and 26 (14%) vessels. Feasibilities of CFVR measurement and CTCA for predicting ISR in the 3 major vessels were 94% and 91%, respectively. A CFVR <2.0 revealed a 95% diagnostic accuracy with sensitivity of 87%, specificity of 96%, positive predictive value of 77%, and negative predictive value of 98%. Diagnostic accuracy of CTCA was comparable to that of CFVR measurement; however, CTC angiographic results were confounded by metal artifacts in the assessment of small-diameter stents. In conclusion, noninvasive CFVR measurement has high feasibility and accuracy for predicting ISR and is comparable to 320-row CTCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kakuta
- Department of Cardiology, Yokkaichi Social Insurance Hospital, Yokkaichi, Japan
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Is discordance of coronary flow reserve and fractional flow reserve due to methodology or clinically relevant coronary pathophysiology? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:193-202. [PMID: 22340827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine whether observed discordance between coronary flow reserve (CFR) and fractional flow reserve (FFR) is due to methodology or reflects basic coronary pathophysiology. BACKGROUND Despite the clinical importance of coronary physiological assessment, relationships between its 2 most common tools, CFR and FFR, remain poorly defined. METHODS The worst CFR and stress relative uptake were recorded from 1,500 sequential cardiac positron emission tomography cases from our center. From the literature, we assembled all combined, invasive CFR-FFR measurements, including a subset before and after angioplasty. Both datasets were compared with a fluid dynamic model of the coronary circulation predicting relationships between CFR and FFR for variable diffuse and focal narrowing. RESULTS A modest but significant linear relationship exists between CFR and FFR both invasively (r = 0.34, p < 0.001) and using positron emission tomography (r = 0.36, p < 0.001). Most clinical patients undergoing CFR or FFR measurements have diffusely reduced CFR consistent with diffuse atherosclerosis or small-vessel disease. The theoretical model predicts linear relationships between CFR and FFR for progressive stenosis with slopes dependent on diffuse narrowing, matching observed data. Reported changes in CFR and FFR with angioplasty agree with model predictions of removing focal stenosis but leaving diffuse disease. Although CFR-FFR concordance is common, discordance is due to dominant or absent diffuse versus focal disease, reflecting basic pathophysiology. CONCLUSIONS CFR is linearly related to FFR for progressive stenosis superimposed on diffuse narrowing. The relative contributions of focal and diffuse disease define the slope and values along the linear CFR and FFR relationship. Discordant CFR and FFR values reflect divergent extremes of focal and diffuse disease, not failure of either tool. With such discordance observed by invasive and noninvasive techniques and also fitting fluid dynamic predictions, it reflects clinically relevant basic coronary pathophysiology, not methodology.
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Schelbert HR. FFR and Coronary Flow Reserve. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:203-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Lindner JR. The Physiologic Evaluation of Stenosis by Transthoracic Doppler: A Bit of Theory, a Lot of Practice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011; 24:382-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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