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El Jalbout R, Levy E, Pastore Y, Jantchou P, Lapierre C, Dubois J. Current applications for measuring pediatric intima-media thickness. Pediatr Radiol 2022; 52:1627-1638. [PMID: 35013786 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intima-media thickness is a known subclinical radiologic marker of the early manifestations of atherosclerotic disease. It is the thickness of the vessel wall, most often the carotid artery. Intima-media thickness is measured on conventional US manually or automatically. Other measurement techniques include radiofrequency US. Because there is variation in its measurement, especially in children, several recommendations have been set to increase the measurement's validity and comparability among studies. Despite these recommendations, several pitfalls should be avoided, and quality control should be performed to avoid erroneous interpretation. This article summarizes current literature in relation to the clinical applications for intima-media thickness measurement in children with known risk factors such as obesity, liver steatosis, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension, systemic inflammatory diseases, cancer survival, kidney and liver transplant, and sickle cell disease or beta thalassemia major. Most potential indications for intima-media thickness measurement remain in the research domain and should be interpreted combined with other markers. The objective of diagnosing an increased intima-media thickness is to start a multidisciplinary treatment approach to prevent disease progression and its sequelae in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy El Jalbout
- Department of Radiology, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Emile Levy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, QC, H3T 1C5, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yves Pastore
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, QC, H3T 1C5, Montreal, Canada
| | - Prevost Jantchou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, QC, H3T 1C5, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chantale Lapierre
- Department of Radiology, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Josée Dubois
- Department of Radiology, Sainte-Justine Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
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Increased blood pressure is associated with increased carotid artery intima-media thickness in children with repaired coarctation of the aorta. J Hypertens 2020; 37:1689-1698. [PMID: 30950974 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (cIMT) is a good noninvasive surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease. Regular cIMT monitoring in children with congenital heart disease has great potential. We sought to determine which anthropomorphic and haemodynamic variables were significantly associated with the cIMT in paediatric patients with obesity and children with repaired coarctation of the aorta (CoA). METHODS We measured the cIMT in 143 children aged 5 to less than 18 years including normal weight controls (n = 44), children with overweight/obesity (n = 73) and children with repaired CoA (n = 26). cIMT was compared and the association between the cIMT and patient characteristics, including obesity and blood pressure (BP), was investigated. RESULTS BMI z score, sex and the presence of CoA were significant independent predictors of cIMT. The cIMT was significantly greater in children with overweight/obesity (0.53 ± 0.06 mm) relative to normal weight controls (0.51 ± 0.04 mm), as well as in CoA patients with abnormally high BP (0.57 ± 0.08 mm) versus CoA patients with normal BP (0.52 ± 0.05 mm) and controls (0.51 ± 0.04 mm). CoA patients with normal BP did not have significantly increased cIMT. CONCLUSION cIMT was positively associated with BMI z score, male sex and CoA repair in children. The increased cIMT in children with repaired CoA was because of those with abnormally high BP, which was masked in clinic for most of these patients. These findings warrant further investigations into the cIMT and other atherosclerotic risk factors to determine their potential clinical impact in these highly susceptible patients.
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Zhang WY, Selamet Tierney ES, Chen AC, Ling AY, Fleischmann RR, Baker VL. Vascular Health of Children Conceived via In Vitro Fertilization. J Pediatr 2019; 214:47-53. [PMID: 31443895 PMCID: PMC6815705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether in vitro fertilization (IVF) has an effect on the cardiovascular health of offspring. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional pilot study. We performed vascular health assessment for 17 children aged 10-14 years who were conceived via IVF with autologous oocytes at Stanford University. Carotid artery ultrasound evaluated intima-media thickness and stiffness, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity determined segmental arterial stiffness, and endothelial pulse amplitude testing assessed endothelial function. We compared IVF offspring with control adolescents assessed in the same laboratory, with all comparisons adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS All participants had normal body mass index and blood pressure. Compared with controls, IVF children had thicker common carotid artery intima-media thickness (0.44 ± 0.03 mm vs 0.38 ± 0.03 mm; P < .01), higher elastic modulus (395.29 ± 185.33 mm Hg vs 242.79 ± 37.69 mm Hg; P = .01), higher βstiffness (2.65 ± 0.38 vs 2.28 ± 0.23; P < .01), and higher peak velocity (142.29 ± 31.62 cm/s vs 117.71 ± 32.69 cm/s; P = .04). The mean endothelial pulse amplitude testing reactive hyperemia index was not significantly different between IVF and controls. The mean pulse wave velocity was 4.69 ± 0.51 m/s compared with the controls 4.60 ± 0.57 m/s (P = .11), with 8 (47%) having abnormal values. CONCLUSION In an assessment of endothelial function and arterial properties of children conceived via IVF, we found that children conceived via IVF seem to have evidence of abnormal vascular health. Further studies with larger sample size and long-term follow-up are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Y Zhang
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
| | - Elif Seda Selamet Tierney
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Angela C Chen
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Albee Y Ling
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Valerie L Baker
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Baltimore, MD
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Nguyen MT, Vryer R, Ranganathan S, Lycett K, Grobler A, Dwyer T, Juonala M, Saffery R, Burgner D, Wake M. Telomere Length and Vascular Phenotypes in a Population-Based Cohort of Children and Midlife Adults. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012707. [PMID: 31140354 PMCID: PMC6585377 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Telomere length has been inversely associated with cardiovascular disease in adulthood, but its relationship to preclinical cardiovascular phenotypes across the life course remains unclear. We investigated associations of telomere length with vascular structure and function in children and midlife adults. Methods and Results Population-based cross-sectional CheckPoint (Child Health CheckPoint) study of 11- to 12-year-old children and their parents, nested within the LSAC (Longitudinal Study of Australian Children). Telomere length (telomeric genomic DNA [T]/β-globin single-copy gene [S] [T/S ratio]) was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction from blood-derived genomic DNA. Vascular structure was assessed by carotid intima-media thickness, and vascular function was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity and carotid elasticity. Mean (SD) T/S ratio was 1.09 (0.55) in children (n=1206; 51% girls) and 0.81 (0.38) in adults (n=1343; 87% women). Linear regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, revealed no evidence of an association between T/S ratio and carotid intima-media thickness, carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity, or carotid elasticity in children. In adults, longer telomeres were associated with greater carotid elasticity (0.14% per 10-mm Hg higher per unit of T/S ratio; 95% CI, 0.04%-0.2%; P=0.007), but not carotid intima-media thickness (-0.9 μm; 95% CI, -14 to 13 μm; P=0.9) or carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (-0.10 m/s; 95% CI, -0.3 to 0.07 m/s; P=0.2). In logistic regression analysis, telomere length did not predict poorer vascular measures at either age. Conclusions In midlife adults, but not children, there was some evidence that telomere length was associated with vascular elasticity but not thickness. Associations between telomere length and cardiovascular phenotypes may become more evident in later life, with advancing pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Thien Nguyen
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleAustralia
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Regan Vryer
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleAustralia
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleAustralia
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Respiratory MedicineRoyal Children's HospitalParkvilleAustralia
| | - Kate Lycett
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleAustralia
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Anneke Grobler
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleAustralia
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Terence Dwyer
- George Institute for Global HealthUniversity of OxfordUnited Kingdom
- Menzies InstituteUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of MedicineUniversity of TurkuFinland
- Division of MedicineTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleAustralia
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleAustralia
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Department of PediatricsMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Infectious DiseasesRoyal Children's HospitalParkvilleAustralia
| | - Melissa Wake
- Murdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleAustralia
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Department of Pediatrics and Liggins InstituteUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
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El Jalbout R, Cloutier G, Roy-Cardinal MH, Henderson M, Levy E, Lapierre C, Soulez G, Dubois J. The value of non-invasive vascular elastography (NIVE) in detecting early vascular changes in overweight and obese children. Eur Radiol 2019; 29:3854-3861. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-019-06051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lilje C, Cronan JC, Schwartzenburg EJ, Owers EM, Clesi P, Gomez R, Stender S, Hempe J, Chalew SA, Cardinale JP. Intima-media thickness at different arterial segments in pediatric type 1 diabetes patients and its relationship with advanced glycation end products. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19:450-456. [PMID: 28664608 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are at risk for premature atherosclerosis (AS), which has its origin in childhood. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is an established surrogate marker for subclinical AS in adults. The first macroscopically detectable AS changes, however, begin in the abdominal aorta. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) predict microvascular complications in diabetes. OBJECTIVES To assess the sensitivity for early macrovascular changes of brachial, femoral, and aortic IMT compared to conventional carotid IMT in pediatric T1DM patients ; and the relationship of IMT with AGE. METHODS Using high-resolution external ultrasound, carotid, brachial, femoral, and aortic IMT were prospectively analyzed in children and adolescents with established T1DM and in controls (Ctrls). AGE were estimated by skin intrinsic fluorescence (SIF). Other established cardiovascular risk factors were excluded. RESULTS Seventy-six subjects (T1DM = 38; Ctrls = 38) with a mean age of 13.1 ± 4.0 years (6-19, median 13) qualified for analysis. Carotid, brachial, femoral, and aortic IMT analyses were feasible in 100%, 74%, 84%, and 92% of subjects, respectively. Aortic and femoral IMT were increased in T1DM patients (0.60 ± 0.11 vs 0.52 ± 0.10 mm, P < .001; and 0.41 ± 0.07 vs 0.36 ± 0.07 mm, P < .01, respectively) while carotid and brachial IMT were not. AGE levels were elevated in T1DM patients and correlated with aortic IMT only. The influence of AGE on aIMT did not remain significant after adjusting for T1DM and age in our small population. CONCLUSION We found aortic IMT-and to a lesser degree femoral IMT-to be more sensitive than carotid and brachial IMT for detecting early macrovascular changes in pediatric T1DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lilje
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Julie C Cronan
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Elridge J Schwartzenburg
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Elizabeth M Owers
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Patrice Clesi
- Clinical Trials Center, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ricardo Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sarah Stender
- Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - James Hempe
- Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Stuart A Chalew
- Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jeffrey P Cardinale
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana
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El Jalbout R, Cloutier G, Cardinal MHR, Henderson M, Lapierre C, Soulez G, Dubois J. Carotid artery intima-media thickness measurement in children with normal and increased body mass index: a comparison of three techniques. Pediatr Radiol 2018; 48:1073-1079. [PMID: 29744621 PMCID: PMC6061475 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-018-4144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common carotid artery intima-media thickness is a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. In children, increased intima-media thickness is associated with obesity and the risk of cardiovascular events in adulthood. OBJECTIVE To compare intima-media thickness measurements using B-mode ultrasound, radiofrequency (RF) echo tracking, and RF speckle probability distribution in children with normal and increased body mass index (BMI). MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively measured intima-media thickness in 120 children randomly selected from two groups of a longitudinal cohort: normal BMI and increased BMI, defined by BMI ≥85th percentile for age and gender. We followed Mannheim recommendations. We used M'Ath-Std for automated B-mode imaging, M-line processing of RF signal amplitude for RF echo tracking, and RF signal segmentation and averaging using probability distributions defining image speckle. Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests, and Pearson correlation coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS Children were 10-13 years old (mean: 11.7 years); 61% were boys. The mean age was 11.4 years (range: 10.0-13.1 years) for the normal BMI group and 12.0 years (range: 10.1-13.5 years) for the increased BMI group. The normal BMI group included 58% boys and the increased BMI group 63% boys. RF echo tracking method was successful in 79 children as opposed to 114 for the B-mode method and all 120 for the probability distribution method. Techniques were weakly correlated: ICC=0.34 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27-0.39). Intima-media thickness was significantly higher in the increased BMI than normal BMI group using the RF techniques and borderline for the B-mode technique. Mean differences between weight groups were: B-mode, 0.02 mm (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.04), P=0.05; RF echo tracking, 0.03 mm (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.05), P=0.01; and RF speckle probability distribution, 0.03 mm (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.05), P=0.002. CONCLUSION Though techniques are not interchangeable, all showed increased intima-media thickness in children with increased BMI. RF echo tracking method had the lowest success rate at calculating intima-media thickness. For patient follow-up and cohort comparisons, the same technique should be used throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy El Jalbout
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Montreal, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, 3175 Cote-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Guy Cloutier
- Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Roy Cardinal
- Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Henderson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantale Lapierre
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Montreal, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, 3175 Cote-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5 Canada
| | - Gilles Soulez
- Department of Radiology, University of Montreal Hospital Center (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josée Dubois
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Montreal, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, 3175 Cote-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5 Canada
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Feasibility and reliability of carotid intima-media thickness measurements in nonsedated infants. J Hypertens 2017; 34:2227-32. [PMID: 27490951 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis. It is increased in adolescents and young adults at risk for future cardiovascular disease. However, it remains unclear if it can be considered as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis in infancy as very few studies have been performed in infants. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to assess the feasibility and interobserver reproducibility of CIMT measurement in nonsedated infants. METHODS We measured CIMT in 81 infants less than 1 year of age. Repeated measurements were obtained by a second observer in 24 children. The analysis was performed with semiautomated edge detection software. Measurements with over 95% edge detection over a length of 1 cm were considered as valid. We further compared the measurements using the semiautomated method with measurements using the manual electronic caliper method in a subgroup of 10 infants. RESULTS Carotid ultrasound recordings and intima-media thickness measurements were obtained in 79% of infants (n = 64). Mean CIMT of the 64 infants measured by the first observer was 0.44 mm (SD: 0.04). In the 24 participants with measurements by two observers, the mean interobserver difference was 0.001 mm (SD: 0.026). The interobserver coefficient of variation was 5.9%. CIMT measurements obtained with the manual method (mean: 0.35; range: 0.29-0.39) were slightly lower than measurements obtained with the semiautomated method (mean: 0.38; range: 0.32-0.44). Measurements with both methods were highly correlated (r: 0.87). CONCLUSION Measurement of CIMT in nonsedated infants less than 1 year of age is feasible in the majority of infants with good interobserver variability.
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Skrzypczyk P, Pańczyk-Tomaszewska M. Methods to evaluate arterial structure and function in children - State-of-the art knowledge. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:280-294. [PMID: 28501727 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With increasing rates of hypertension, obesity, and diabetes in the pediatric population, wide available, and reproducible methods are necessary to evaluate arterial structure and function in children and adolescents. METHODS MEDLINE/Pubmed was searched for articles published in years 2012-2017 on methodology of, current knowledge on, and limitations of the most commonly used methods to evaluate central, proximal and coronary arteries, as well as endothelial function in pediatric patients. RESULTS Among 1528 records screened (including 1475 records from years 2012 to 2017) 139 papers were found suitable for the review. Following methods were discussed in this review article: ultrasound measurements of the intima-media thickness, coronary calcium scoring using computed tomography, arterial stiffness measurements (pulse wave velocity and pulse wave analysis, carotid artery distensibility, pulse pressure, and ambulatory arterial stiffness index), ankle-brachial index, and methods to evaluate vascular endothelial function (flow-mediated vasodilation, peripheral arterial tonometry, Doppler laser flowmetry, and cellular and soluble markers of endothelial dysfunction). CONCLUSIONS Ultrasonographic measurement of carotid intima-media thickness and measurement of pulse wave velocity (by oscillometry or applanation tonometry) are highly reproducible methods applicable for both research and clinical practice with proved applicability for children aged ≥6 years or with height ≥120cm. Evaluation of ambulatory arterial stiffness index by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is another promising option in pediatric high-risk patients. Clearly, further studies are necessary to evaluate usefulness of these and other methods for the detection of subclinical arterial damage in children.
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Curcio S, García-Espinosa V, Castro JM, Peluso G, Marotta M, Arana M, Chiesa P, Giachetto G, Bia D, Zócalo Y. High Blood Pressure States in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults Associate Accelerated Vascular Aging, with a Higher Impact in Females' Arterial Properties. Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38:840-852. [PMID: 28289784 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to determine (1) whether the presence of High blood pressure (HBP) states in the youth associate a steeper rate of age-related change in arterial geometrical and wall properties with respect to subjects with no previous cardiovascular risk factor (CRF) exposure, (2) in which parameters and in what magnitude, and (3) the existence of a gender-related difference in the impact of this condition on arterial properties. 300 individuals (mean/range: 15/4-29 years; 133 females) were included. Two groups were assembled: (1) Reference: nonprevious exposure to traditional CRF and (2) HBP: subjects with arterial hypertension and/or elevated blood pressure (BP) levels during the study. Additionally, HBP subjects were separated in BP-related subgroups. Measured parameters were (1) central (aortic) arterial BP and aortic pulse wave analysis parameters, (2) carotid and femoral artery local (pressure-strain elastic modulus) and regional (pulse wave velocity; PWV) stiffness, and (3) arterial diameters and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). Age-related changes in these parameters (absolute values and z-scores) were explored by obtaining simple linear regression models for each group. HBP presented a steeper rate of change (accelerated vascular aging; VA) for most of the parameters assessed, mainly in central (aortic) hemodynamics. VA increased as the HBP level got higher. Both males' and females' aging rates were affected by this condition, but females presented a more marked relative age-related increase with HBP exposure. HBP states in the youth gradually associate accelerated VA, with a progressive hemodynamic-structural-functional onset of damage, with females presenting a more marked relative HBP-associated arterial repercussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Curcio
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Republic University, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - V García-Espinosa
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Republic University, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J M Castro
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Republic University, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - G Peluso
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Republic University, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Marotta
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Republic University, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Basic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Hospital, Republic University, Avenida Italia w/n, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Arana
- Clínica Pediátrica "C", Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, ASSE - Republic University, Boulevard Artigas 1550, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - P Chiesa
- Servicio de Cardiología Pediátrica, Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, ASSE-Ministry of Public Health, Boulevard Artigas 1550, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - G Giachetto
- Clínica Pediátrica "C", Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, ASSE - Republic University, Boulevard Artigas 1550, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - D Bia
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Republic University, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Zócalo
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Republic University, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Santos IS, Goulart AC, Pereira AC, Lotufo PA, Benseñor IM. Association between Cardiovascular Health Score and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) Baseline Assessment. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29:1207-1216.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Manual Measurements: Intraoperator and Interoperator Agreements Under A Strict Protocol in a Large Sample. Ultrasound Q 2016; 33:28-36. [PMID: 27575841 DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0000000000000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the intraoperator and interoperator agreement for manual measurements of intima-media thickness (IMT) performed under a strict carotid ultrasound technical protocol. METHODS Two blinded experienced operators independently performed an ultrasound examination at the distal common carotid of 242 subjects in the same patient's position, diastolic phase, probe type, zooming, and depth. Thirty-six subjects were reevaluated in another time point. Three different-angle manual measurements (IMTindiv) were obtained. Interoperator agreements for each IMTindiv, and their mean (IMTmean) and maximum (IMTmax) values, were assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. Intraoperator agreement was tested taking advantage of the second ultrasound round in 36 subjects. RESULTS IMTmean agreements (intraoperator, 0.665-0.913; interoperator, 0.856-0.897) were higher than IMTmax (intraoperator, 0.435-0.793; interoperator, 0.631-0.718) and any IMTindiv (intraoperator, 0.355-0.676; interoperator, 0.590-0.717). Despite the small systematic error for IMTmean (intraoperator, ≤0.03; interoperator, ≤0.02 mm), at best of times, the sampling error size reached at least 0.28 and 0.25 mm for intraoperator and interoperator agreements, respectively, and was never less than 0.13 mm. CONCLUSIONS Although IMTmean agreement is excellent under a strict protocol, limits of agreement might be too wide to consider carotid ultrasound a robust cardiovascular risk biomarker.
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Growing-Related Changes in Arterial Properties of Healthy Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults Nonexposed to Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Analysis of Gender-Related Differences. Int J Hypertens 2016; 2016:4982676. [PMID: 26989504 PMCID: PMC4775809 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4982676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of our work were to determine normal aging rates for structural and functional arterial parameters in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults and to identify gender-related differences in these aging rates. Methods. 161 subjects (mean: 15 years (range: 4–28 years), 69 females) were studied. Subjects included had no congenital or chronic diseases, nor had they been previously exposed to traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Arterial parameters assessed were (1) central blood pressure (BP) and aortic pulse wave analysis, (2) arterial local (pressure-strain elastic modulus) and regional (pulse wave velocity, PWV) stiffness, and (3) arterial diameters and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). Simple linear regression models (age as the independent variable) were obtained for all the parameters and the resulting rates of change were compared between genders. Results. No gender-related differences were found in mean values of arterial structural and functional parameters in prepubertal ages (4–8 years), but they started to appear at ~15 years. Boys showed a greater rate of change for central systolic BP, central pulse pressure, CIMT, and carotid-femoral PWV. Conclusion. Gender-related differences in arterial characteristics of adults can be explained on the basis of different growing-related patterns between boys and girls, with no existing differences in prepubertal ages.
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