1
|
Zhang J, Wang Y, Xu X, Gu Y, Huang F, Zhang M. Postoperative complications and quality of life in patients with pituitary adenoma. Gland Surg 2020; 9:1521-1529. [PMID: 33224827 DOI: 10.21037/gs-20-690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are tumors that arise from the cells of the anterior pituitary gland. PAs are the most common tumors to occur in the sella area and the third most common intracranial neoplasm in surgery. Due to developments such as microscopy and neuroendoscopy, the curative effect of PA surgery continues to improve. However, postoperative complications may still occur. PA surgery can result in iatrogenic trauma, which is a primary cause of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea. PA surgery can affect the posterior pituitary gland, causing decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion and increased urine output, which can lead to hyponatremia. The nasal cavity and sphenoid sinuses may also be damaged during PA surgery, causing the sphenoethmoidal recess to be blocked. This increases the risk of infection. The purpose of this study was to analyze quality of life in PA patients post-resection, and to provide references for the development of early targeted risk assessment programs and intervention measures. Methods We selected patients who underwent neuroendoscopic transnasal PA resection at the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University between January 2017 and October 2019. These patients' hospital records were retrospectively obtained, including details of any postoperative complications. The patients were followed up by telephone 12 weeks following discharge, and we used the EuroQol 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) health scale to assess the patients' quality of life. Results At follow-up 3 months after discharge, 68 people (41.72%) had experienced at least one common complication, including 7 cases of infection (4.29%), 56 cases of hypopituitarism (34.36%), 18 cases of CSF rhinorrhea (11.04%), 28 cases of diabetes insipidus (17.18%), and 25 cases of hyponatremia (15.34%). Patients that experienced complications reported having more serious problems on the dimensions of the EQ-5D descriptive system (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression) than patients without complications. The scores of patients with complications on the EQ-5D visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) were lower than that of patients without complications. Conclusions Postoperative complications are negatively associated with quality of life in PA patients. Actively preventing common complications could therefore improve these patients' quality of life and reduce their burden of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiuqun Xu
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yudan Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shen AJJ, King J, Scott H, Colman P, Yates CJ. Insights into pituitary tumorigenesis: from Sanger sequencing to next-generation sequencing and beyond. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:399-418. [PMID: 31793361 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1689120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This review explores insights provided by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of pituitary tumors and the clinical implications.Areas covered: Although syndromic forms account for just 5% of pituitary tumours, past Sanger sequencing studies pragmatically focused on them. These studies identified mutations in MEN1, CDKN1B, PRKAR1A, GNAS and SDHx causing Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-1 (MEN1), MEN4, Carney Complex-1, McCune Albright Syndrome and 3P association syndromes, respectively. Furthermore, linkage analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified AIP mutations in 20% with familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA). NGS has enabled further investigation of sporadic tumours. Thus, mutations of USP8 and CABLES1 were identified in corticotrophinomas, BRAF in papillary craniopharyngiomas and CTNNB1 in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. NGS also revealed that pituitary tumours occur in the DICER1 syndrome, due to DICER1 mutations, and CDH23 mutations occur in FIPA. These discoveries revealed novel therapeutic targets and studies are underway of BRAF inhibitors for papillary craniopharyngiomas, and EGFR and USP8 inhibitors for corticotrophinomas.Expert opinion: It has become apparent that single-nucleotide variants and small insertion/deletion DNA mutations cannot explain all pituitary tumorigenesis. Integrated and improved analyses including whole-genome sequencing, copy number, and structural variation analyses, RNA sequencing and epigenomic analyses, with improved genomic technologies, are likely to further define the genomic landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James King
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hamish Scott
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Colman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christopher J Yates
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qian S, Zhan X, Lu M, Li N, Long Y, Li X, Desiderio DM, Zhan X. Quantitative Analysis of Ubiquitinated Proteins in Human Pituitary and Pituitary Adenoma Tissues. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:328. [PMID: 31191455 PMCID: PMC6540463 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is an important post-translational modification that is associated with multiple diseases, including pituitary adenomas (PAs). Protein ubiquitination profiling in human pituitary and PAs remains unknown. Here, we performed the first ubiquitination analysis with an anti-ubiquitin antibody (specific to K-ε-GG)-based label-free quantitative proteomics method and bioinformatics to investigate protein ubiquitination profiling between PA and control tissues. A total of 158 ubiquitinated sites and 142 ubiquitinated peptides in 108 proteins were identified, and five ubiquitination motifs were found. KEGG pathway network analysis of 108 ubiquitinated proteins identified four statistically significant signaling pathways, including PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, hippo signaling pathway, ribosome, and nucleotide excision repair. R software Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of 108 ubiquitinated proteins revealed that protein ubiquitination was involved in multiple biological processes, cellular components, and molecule functions. The randomly selected ubiquitinated 14-3-3 zeta/delta protein was further analyzed with Western blot, and it was found that upregulated 14-3-3 zeta/delta protein in nonfunctional PAs might be derived from the significantly decreased level of its ubiquitination compared to control pituitaries, which indicated a contribution of 14-3-3 zeta/delta protein to pituitary tumorigenesis. These findings provided the first ubiquitinated proteomic profiling and ubiquitination-involved signaling pathway networks in human PAs. This study offers new scientific evidence and basic data to elucidate the biological functions of ubiquitination in PAs, insights into its novel molecular mechanisms of pituitary tumorigenesis, and discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for effective treatment of PAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shehua Qian
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miaolong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Long
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dominic M. Desiderio
- The Charles B. Stout Neuroscience Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lines KE, Stevenson M, Thakker RV. Animal models of pituitary neoplasia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 421:68-81. [PMID: 26320859 PMCID: PMC4721536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary neoplasias can occur as part of a complex inherited disorder, or more commonly as sporadic (non-familial) disease. Studies of the molecular and genetic mechanisms causing such pituitary tumours have identified dysregulation of >35 genes, with many revealed by studies in mice, rats and zebrafish. Strategies used to generate these animal models have included gene knockout, gene knockin and transgenic over-expression, as well as chemical mutagenesis and drug induction. These animal models provide an important resource for investigation of tissue-specific tumourigenic mechanisms, and evaluations of novel therapies, illustrated by studies into multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a hereditary syndrome in which ∼ 30% of patients develop pituitary adenomas. This review describes animal models of pituitary neoplasia that have been generated, together with some recent advances in gene editing technologies, and an illustration of the use of the Men1 mouse as a pre clinical model for evaluating novel therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Lines
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - M Stevenson
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - R V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors that may occur as part of a complex syndrome or as an isolated endocrinopathy and both forms can be familial or non-familial. Studies of syndromic and non-syndromic pituitary adenomas have yielded important insights about the molecular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. Thus, syndromic forms, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), MEN4, Carney Complex and McCune Albright syndrome, have been shown to be due to mutations of the tumor-suppressor protein menin, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p27Kip1), the protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1-α, and the G-protein α-stimulatory subunit (Gsα), respectively. Non-syndromic forms, which include familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) and sporadic tumors, have been shown to be due to abnormalities of: the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein; Gsα; signal transducers; cell cycle regulators; transcriptional modulators and miRNAs. The roles of these molecular abnormalities and epigenetic mechanisms in pituitary tumorigenesis, and their therapeutic implications are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Yates
- a 1 Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7LJ, UK
- b 2 Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Melbourne Health, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Vic 3050, Australia
| | - Kate E Lines
- a 1 Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- a 1 Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7LJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Booth AK, Gutierrez-Hartmann A. Signaling pathways regulating pituitary lactotrope homeostasis and tumorigenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 846:37-59. [PMID: 25472533 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12114-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the signaling pathways that govern lactotrope biology contributes to tumorigenesis of prolactin (PRL)-secreting adenomas, or prolactinomas, leading to a state of pathological hyperprolactinemia. Prolactinomas cause hypogonadism, infertility, osteoporosis, and tumor mass effects, and are the most common type of neuroendocrine tumor. In this review, we highlight signaling pathways involved in lactotrope development, homeostasis, and physiology of pregnancy, as well as implications for signaling pathways in pathophysiology of prolactinoma. We also review mutations found in human prolactinoma and briefly discuss animal models that are useful in studying pituitary adenoma, many of which emphasize the fact that alterations in signaling pathways are common in prolactinomas. Although individual mutations have been proposed as possible driving forces for prolactinoma tumorigenesis in humans, no single mutation has been clinically identified as a causative factor for the majority of prolactinomas. A better understanding of lactotrope-specific responses to intracellular signaling pathways is needed to explain the mechanism of tumorigenesis in prolactinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson K Booth
- Program in Reproductive Sciences and Integrated Physiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gentilin E, Tagliati F, Filieri C, Molè D, Minoia M, Rosaria Ambrosio M, Degli Uberti EC, Zatelli MC. miR-26a plays an important role in cell cycle regulation in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas by modulating protein kinase Cδ. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1690-700. [PMID: 23525216 PMCID: PMC3695590 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The functional aftermath of microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas has not been demonstrated. miRNAs represent diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as putative therapeutic targets; their investigation may shed light on the mechanisms that underpin pituitary adenoma development and progression. Drugs interacting with such pathways may help in achieving disease control also in the settings of ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas. We investigated the expression of 10 miRNAs among those that were found as most dysregulated in human pituitary adenoma tissues in the settings of a murine ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma cell line, AtT20/D16v-F2. The selected miRNAs to be submitted to further investigation in AtT20/D16v-F2 cells represent an expression panel including 5 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated miRNAs. Among these, we selected the most dysregulated mouse miRNA and searched for miRNA targets and their biological function. We found that AtT20/D16v-F2 cells have a specific miRNA expression profile and that miR-26a is the most dysregulated miRNA. The latter is overexpressed in human pituitary adenomas and can control viable cell number in the in vitro model without involving caspase 3/7-mediated apoptosis. We demonstrated that protein kinase Cδ (PRKCD) is a direct target of miR-26a and that miR26a inhibition delays the cell cycle in G1 phase. This effect involves down-regulation of cyclin E and cyclin A expression via PRKCD modulation. miR-26a and related pathways, such as PRKCD, play an important role in cell cycle control of ACTH pituitary cells, opening new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of persistent/recurrent Cushing's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gentilin
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Lima DS, Martins CS, Paixao BMDC, Amaral FC, Colli LM, Saggioro FP, Neder L, Machado HR, dos Santos ARD, Pinheiro DG, Moreira AC, Silva WA, Castro M. SAGE analysis highlights the putative role of underexpression of ribosomal proteins in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167:759-68. [PMID: 22992986 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the molecular pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas has been assessed by several different techniques, it still remains partially unclear. Ribosomal proteins (RPs) have been recently related to human tumorigenesis, but they have not yet been evaluated in pituitary tumorigenesis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to introduce serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), a high-throughput method, in pituitary research in order to compare differential gene expression. METHODS Two SAGE cDNA libraries were constructed, one using a pool of mRNA obtained from five GH-secreting pituitary tumors and another from three normal pituitaries. Genes differentially expressed between the libraries were further validated by real-time PCR in 22 GH-secreting pituitary tumors and in 15 normal pituitaries. RESULTS Computer-generated genomic analysis tools identified 13,722 and 14,993 exclusive genes in normal and adenoma libraries respectively. Both shared 6497 genes, 2188 were underexpressed and 4309 overexpressed in tumoral library. In adenoma library, 33 genes encoding RPs were underexpressed. Among these, RPSA, RPS3, RPS14, and RPS29 were validated by real-time PCR. CONCLUSION We report the first SAGE library from normal pituitary tissue and GH-secreting pituitary tumor, which provide quantitative assessment of cellular transcriptome. We also validated some downregulated genes encoding RPs. Altogether, the present data suggest that the underexpression of the studied RP genes possibly collaborates directly or indirectly with other genes to modify cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis, leading to an environment that might have a putative role in the tumorigenesis, introducing new perspectives for further studies on molecular genesis of somatotrophinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deison Soares de Lima
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are classified by function as defined by clinical symptoms and signs of hormone hypersecretion with subsequent confirmation on immunohistochemical staining. However, positive immunostaining for pituitary cell types has been shown for clinically nonfunctioning adenomas, and this entity is classified as silent functioning adenoma. Most common in these subtypes include silent gonadotroph adenomas, silent corticotroph adenomas and silent somatotroph adenomas. Less commonly, silent prolactinomas and thyrotrophinomas are encountered. Appropriate classification of these adenomas may affect follow-up care after surgical resection. Some silent adenomas such as silent corticotroph adenomas follow a more aggressive course, necessitating closer surveillance. Furthermore, knowledge of the immunostaining characteristics of silent adenomas may determine postoperative medical therapy. This article reviews the incidence, clinical behavior, and pathologic features of clinically silent pituitary adenomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Odelia Cooper
- Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of tumour formation in the anterior pituitary including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting tumours has been intensively studied, but the causative mechanisms involved in pituitary cell transformation and tumourigenesis remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed on any paper related with molecular pathology of pituitary corticotroph adenomas and have included to this review all relevant references published up to June 2011. RESULTS Current studies increased our knowledge on the genetic basis of McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), Carney complex (CNC), pituitary adenoma predisposition syndromes and tuberous sclerosis, but they have performed little to elucidate the causes of sporadic pituitary tumours including Cushing disease. DISCUSSION The aim of this review was to focus on the most recently published advances in the molecular pathology of corticotroph adenomas, which are presented in the context of changes seen in all types of pituitary adenomas, as well as in terms of corticotrophin-releasing hormone/ACTH/cortisol-specific pathways. CONCLUSIONS We would expect that over the next 5 years, more detailed analysis of inter-cellular communication pathways between pituitary cells, including the cadherins and integrins, and their interactions with other signalling pathways such as the β-catenin cascade will help elucidate what exactly goes awry in the formation of a benign corticotroph adenoma. This should in turn predict novel forms of pharmacological tumour control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Dworakowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Kings College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hensley PJ, Kyprianou N. Modeling prostate cancer in mice: limitations and opportunities. JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2012; 33:133-44. [PMID: 21680808 PMCID: PMC3726197 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.111.013987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex dynamics of the tumor microenvironment and prostate cancer heterogeneity have confounded efforts to establish suitable preclinical mouse models to represent human cancer progression from early proliferative phenotypes to aggressive, androgen-independent, and invasive metastatic tumors. Current models have been successful in capitulating individual characteristics of the aggressive tumors. However, none of these models comprehensively mimics human cancer progression, establishing the challenge in their exploitation to study human disease. The ability to tailor phenotypic outcomes in mice by compounding mutations to target specific molecular pathways provides a powerful tool toward disruption of signaling pathways contributing to the initiation and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Each model is characterized by unique features contributing to the understanding of prostate tumorigenesis, as well as limitations challenging our knowledge of the mechanisms of cancer development and progression. Emerging strategies utilize genomic manipulation technology to circumvent these limitations toward the formulation of attractive, physiologically relevant models of prostate cancer progression to advanced disease. This review discusses the current value of the widely used and well-characterized mouse models of prostate cancer progression to metastasis, as well as the opportunities begging exploitation for the development of new models for testing the antitumor efficacy of therapeutic strategies and identifying new biomarkers of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Hensley
- Department of Surgery/Urology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Castinetti F, Davis SW, Brue T, Camper SA. Pituitary stem cell update and potential implications for treating hypopituitarism. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:453-71. [PMID: 21493869 PMCID: PMC3369576 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have been identified in organs with both low and high cell turnover rates. They are characterized by the expression of key marker genes for undifferentiated cells, the ability to self-renew, and the ability to regenerate tissue after cell loss. Several recent reports present evidence for the presence of pituitary stem cells. Here we offer a critical review of the field and suggest additional studies that could resolve points of debate. Recent reports have relied on different markers, including SOX2, nestin, GFRa2, and SCA1, to identify pituitary stem cells and progenitors. Future studies will be needed to resolve the relationships between cells expressing these markers. Members of the Sox family of transcription factors are likely involved in the earliest steps of pituitary stem cell proliferation and the earliest transitions to differentiation. The transcription factor PROP1 and the NOTCH signaling pathway may regulate the transition to differentiation. Identification of the stem cell niche is an important step in understanding organ development. The niche may be the marginal zone around the lumen of Rathke's pouch, between the anterior and intermediate lobes of mouse pituitary, because cells in this region apparently give birth to all six pituitary hormone cell lineages. Stem cells have been shown to play a role in recurrent malignancies in some tissues, and their role in pituitary hyperplasia, pituitary adenomas, and tumors is an important area for future investigation. From a therapeutic viewpoint, the ability to cultivate and grow stem cells in a pituitary predifferentiation state might also be helpful for the long-term treatment of pituitary deficiencies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Giles A, Madec F, Friedrichsen S, Featherstone K, Chambers T, Harper CV, Resch J, Brabant G, Davis JRE. Wnt signaling in estrogen-induced lactotroph proliferation. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:540-7. [PMID: 21245194 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.078642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactinomas are the most common type of functioning pituitary adenoma in humans, but the control of lactotroph proliferation remains unclear. Here, using microarray analysis, we show that estrogen treatment increased expression of Wnt4 mRNA in adult Fischer rat pituitary tissue. Dual immunofluorescence analysis revealed that Wnt4 expression was not confined to lactotrophs, but that it was expressed in all anterior pituitary cell types. Estradiol induced proliferation in the somatolactotroph GH3 cell line, in parallel with Wnt4 mRNA and protein induction. A reporter gene assay for TCF- and LEF-dependent transcription revealed that there was no activation of the canonical Wnt pathway in GH3 cells upon stimulation with Wnt-conditioned culture medium or coexpression of constitutively active mutant β-catenin. Expression of β-catenin in both GH3 cells and normal rat anterior pituitary cells was restricted to the cell membrane and was unaltered by treatment with estradiol, with no nuclear β-catenin being detected under any of the conditions tested. We show for the first time that Wnt4 affects non-canonical signaling in the pituitary by inhibiting Ca(2+) oscillations in GH3 cells, although the downstream effects are as yet unknown. In summary, Wnt4 is expressed in the adult pituitary gland, and its expression is increased by estrogen exposure, suggesting that its involvement in adult tissue plasticity is likely to involve β-catenin-independent signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Giles
- Endocrinology & Diabetes Group, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yao C, Evans CO, Stevens VL, Owens TR, Oyesiku NM. Folate receptor α regulates cell proliferation in mouse gonadotroph αT3-1 cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:3125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
15
|
Abstract
The pathogenesis of tumour formation in the anterior pituitary has been intensively studied, but the causative mechanisms involved in pituitary cell transformation and tumourigenesis remain elusive. Most pituitary tumours are sporadic, but some arise as a component of genetic syndromes such as the McCune-Albright syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Carney complex and, the most recently described, a MEN1-like phenotype (MEN4) and pituitary adenoma predisposition syndromes. Some specific genes have been identified that predispose to pituitary neoplasia (GNAS, MEN1, PRKAR1A, CDKN1B and AIP), but these are rarely involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic tumours. Mutations of tumour suppressor genes or oncogenes, as seen in more common cancers, do not seem to play an important role in the great majority of pituitary adenomas. The pituitary tumour transforming gene (PTTG; securin) was the first transforming gene found to be highly expressed in pituitary tumour cells, and seems to play an important role in the process of oncogenesis. Many tumour suppressor genes, especially those involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, are under-expressed, most often by epigenetic modulation - usually promoter hypermethylation - but the regulator of these co-ordinated series of methylations is also unclear. Cell signalling abnormalities have been identified in pituitary tumours, but their genetic basis is unknown. Both Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways are over-expressed and/or over-activated in pituitary tumours: these pathways share a common root, including initial activation related to the tyrosine kinase receptor, and we speculate that a change to these receptors or their relationship to membrane matrix-related proteins may be an early event in pituitary tumourigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Dworakowska
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|