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Bagherniya M, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Regulation of Apolipoprotein B by Natural Products and Nutraceuticals: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1363-1406. [PMID: 32338202 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200427092114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the most important and the number one cause of mortality in both developing and industrialized nations. The co-morbidities associated with CVD are observed from infancy to old age. Apolipoprotein B100 (Apo B) is the primary apolipoprotein and structural protein of all major atherogenic particles derived from the liver including Very-Low- Density Lipoproteins (VLDL), Intermediate-density Lipoprotein (IDL), and Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) particles. It has been suggested that measurement of the Apo B concentration is a superior and more reliable index for the prediction of CVD risk than is the measurement of LDL-C. Nutraceuticals and medicinal plants have attracted significant attention as it pertains to the treatment of non-communicable diseases, particularly CVD, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). The effect of nutraceuticals and herbal products on CVD, as well as some of its risk factors such as dyslipidemia, have been investigated previously. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of these natural products, including herbal supplements and functional foods (e.g. fruits and vegetables as either dry materials, or their extracts) on Apo B has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the primary objective of this paper was to review the effect of bioactive natural compounds on plasma Apo B concentrations. It is concluded that, in general, medicinal plants and nutraceuticals can be used as complementary medicine to reduce plasma Apo B levels in a safe, accessible, and inexpensive manner in an attempt to prevent and treat CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagherniya
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
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van den Berg MJ, van der Graaf Y, de Borst GJ, Kappelle LJ, Nathoe HM, Visseren FL, van Petersen R, van Dinther B, Algra A, van der Graaf Y, Grobbee D, Rutten G, Visseren FL, de Borst GJ, Kappelle LJ, Leiner T, Nathoe HM. Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Apolipoprotein B and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Manifest Arterial Disease. Am J Cardiol 2016; 118:804-810. [PMID: 27471056 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) only partly represents the atherogenic lipid burden, and a growing body of evidence suggests that non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B (apoB) are more accurate in estimating lipid-related cardiovascular disease risk. Our objective was to compare the relation among LDL-C, non-HDL-C, triglycerides, and apoB and the occurrence of future vascular events and mortality in patients with manifest arterial disease. This is a prospective cohort study of 7,216 patients with clinically manifest arterial disease in the Secondary Manifestations of Arterial Disease Study. Cox proportional hazard models were used to quantify the risk of major cardiovascular events (MACE; i.e., stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular mortality) and all-cause mortality. Interaction was tested for type of vascular disease at inclusion. MACE occurred in 1,185 subjects during a median follow-up of 6.5 years (interquartile range 3.4 to 9.9 years). Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of MACE per 1 SD higher were for LDL-C (HR 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09 to 1.22), for non-HDL-C (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.23), for log(triglycerides) (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.19), and for apoB HR (1.12, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.28). The relation among LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and cardiovascular events was comparable in patients with cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, or polyvascular disease and absent in those with aneurysm of abdominal aorta or peripheral artery disease. In conclusion, in patients with a history of cerebrovascular, coronary artery, or polyvascular disease, but not aneurysm of abdominal aorta or peripheral artery disease, higher levels of LDL-C and non-HDL-C are related to increased risk of future MACE and of comparable magnitude.
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van Duynhoven JPM, Jacobs DM. Assessment of dietary exposure and effect in humans: The role of NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 96:58-72. [PMID: 27573181 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In human nutritional science progress has always depended strongly on analytical measurements for establishing relationships between diet and health. This field has undergone significant changes as a result of the development of NMR and mass spectrometry methods for large scale detection, identification and quantification of metabolites in body fluids. This has allowed systematic studies of the metabolic fingerprints that biological processes leave behind, and has become the research field of metabolomics. As a metabolic profiling technique, NMR is at its best when its unbiased nature, linearity and reproducibility are exploited in well-controlled nutritional intervention and cross-sectional population screening studies. Although its sensitivity is less good than that of mass spectrometry, NMR has maintained a strong position in metabolomics through implementation of standardisation protocols, hyphenation with mass spectrometry and chromatographic techniques, accurate quantification and spectral deconvolution approaches, and high-throughput automation. Thus, NMR-based metabolomics has contributed uniquely to new insights into dietary exposure, in particular by unravelling the metabolic fates of phytochemicals and the discovery of dietary intake markers. NMR profiling has also contributed to the understanding of the subtle effects of diet on central metabolism and lipoprotein metabolism. In order to hold its ground in nutritional metabolomics, NMR will need to step up its performance in sensitivity and resolution; the most promising routes forward are the analytical use of dynamic nuclear polarisation and developments in microcoil construction and automated fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P M van Duynhoven
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3130AC Vlaardingen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Biophysics and Wageningen NMR Centre, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Doris M Jacobs
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3130AC Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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Chi XX, Zhang T, Zhang DJ, Yu W, Wang QY, Zhen JL. Effects of isoflavones on lipid and apolipoprotein levels in patients with type 2 diabetes in Heilongjiang Province in China. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 59:134-138. [PMID: 27698541 PMCID: PMC5018568 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the association between soy isoflavones and lipid profiles, apolipoprotein levels in patients with type 2 diabetes in China. The study population was composed of 120 cases (80 women with type 2 diabetes and 40 healthy women). Objects in treatment group received isoflavones 435 mg/day for 2 months, then lipid profiles were analyzed by the colorimetry method and apolipoprotein levels were determined by immune turbidimetric method. And all the indexes were determined after oral glucose tolerance test. The levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C significantly reduced and the levels of HDL-C and apolipoprotein A1 significantly raised in the treatment group after intervention (p<0.05). After oral glucose tolerance test, the level of total cholesterol was lower at postprandial 6 h than at empty stomach in treatment group, it had significantly difference (p<0.05). LDL-C levels in the treatment group not only decreased after intervention, but also was significantly lower at postprandial 4, 6 h than in non-intervention group. The ratio of apolipoprotein A1/apolipoprotein B at postprandial 2 h was the highest after treatment in isoflavone group. Supplementation with 435 mg/day of isoflavones exerted favorable effect on the blood total cholesterol, LDL-C levels and the ratio of apolipoprotein A1/apolipoprotein B in Chinese type 2 diabetes women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xing Chi
- Department of Food College, School of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province 163319, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Inspection, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Food College, School of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province 163319, China
| | - Wei Yu
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Wang
- Daqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jing-Long Zhen
- Department of Food College, School of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province 163319, China
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Chow A, Rifici VA, Schneider SH. Lipoprotein-X in a Patient with Lymphoplasmacytic Sclerosing Cholangitis: An Unusual Cause of Secondary Hypercholesterolemia. AACE Clin Case Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.4158/ep14249.cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Kwankaew J, Leelawattana R, Saignam A, Siripaitoon B, Uea-Areewongsa P, Juthong S. Apolipoprotein B as an independent predictor of arterial stiffness in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Int J Rheum Dis 2014; 18:447-51. [PMID: 24797872 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the relationship of apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) and arterial stiffness determined by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) subjects. METHODS Eighty-seven Thai SLE subjects with inactive disease activity were studied. Fasting blood was collected for creatinine, glucose, lipid profiles, Apo-B and Apo-A1. Pearson correlation and stepwise-linear regression were used for the analysis. RESULTS The mean age of the subjects was 36.69 ± 10.85 years; 6.90% of them had stage 3 or more severe chronic kidney disease, 49.40% took anti-hypertensive drugs and 4.60% had abnormal glucose metabolism. The mean value for baPWV was 1332 ± 274.12 cm/s. Thirty-six percent of the subjects had increased arterial stiffness with mean Apo-B levels of 1.05 ± 0.31 g/L compared to 0.94 ± 0.24 in normal arterial stiffness. There were correlations of baPWV with age, systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP and creatinine clearance. Apo-B tended to be associated with baPWV (P = 0.06) whereas low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not (P = 0.2). By multiple regression analysis, systolic BP, age and Apo-B were the significant predictors of baPWV. CONCLUSION Apo-B was independently associated with arterial stiffness in SLE subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirateep Kwankaew
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Rattana Leelawattana
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Saignam
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Boonjing Siripaitoon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Parichat Uea-Areewongsa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Juthong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Mihaleva VV, van Schalkwijk DB, de Graaf AA, van Duynhoven J, van Dorsten FA, Vervoort J, Smilde A, Westerhuis JA, Jacobs DM. A Systematic Approach to Obtain Validated Partial Least Square Models for Predicting Lipoprotein Subclasses from Serum NMR Spectra. Anal Chem 2013; 86:543-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402571z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Velitchka V. Mihaleva
- Laboratory of
Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703
HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert A. de Graaf
- TNO, Microbiology and Systems
Biology, Utrechtseweg 48, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - John van Duynhoven
- Netherlands
Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Unilever R&D, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of
Biophysics, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703
HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand A. van Dorsten
- Netherlands
Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Unilever R&D, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of
Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703
HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Age Smilde
- Netherlands
Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute
for Life Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A. Westerhuis
- Netherlands
Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute
for Life Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Doris M. Jacobs
- Netherlands
Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Unilever R&D, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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Thorp JM, Rice MM, Harper M, Klebanoff M, Sorokin Y, Varner MW, Wapner RJ, Caritis SN, Iams JD, Peaceman AM, Mercer BM, Sciscione A, Rouse DJ, Ramin SM, Anderson GB. Advanced lipoprotein measures and recurrent preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209:342.e1-7. [PMID: 23770464 PMCID: PMC3786373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipoproteins are associated with atherogenic and inflammatory processes, and these processes may be related to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We therefore examined whether variations in lipoprotein particle size and concentration are associated with preterm birth (PTB) <35 weeks' gestation. STUDY DESIGN This is a case-control ancillary study to a randomized trial of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation to prevent recurrent PTB. We measured standard lipids and used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to characterize 17 lipoprotein particles from plasma collected at the baseline randomization visit (16-21 weeks' gestation) in 128 cases (PTB <35 weeks' gestation) and 132 term controls. Logistic regression models controlled for study center, race/ethnicity, number of prior PTB, smoking, and treatment group, as well as total low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride concentrations when examining LDLNMR, high-density lipoproteinNMR, and very LDL (VLDL)NMR, respectively. RESULTS Only 1 of the 17 NMR lipoproteins was associated with recurrent PTB. We observed an increased odds of recurrent PTB of 1.04 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.08; P = .02) per nanometer increase in VLDLNMR particle size and an odds ratio of 3.00 (confidence interval, 1.40-6.43; P = .005) for the third tertile of VLDLNMR particle size compared with the first tertile. CONCLUSION In women with prior PTB, variations in midpregnancy lipoproteins were not associated with recurrent PTB overall, however the association observed with VLDLNMR particle size is suggestive that PTB may be amenable to lifestyle, nutritional, or pharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Thorp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
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Holewijn S, den Heijer M, Swinkels DW, Stalenhoef AFH, de Graaf J. Apolipoprotein B, non-HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol for identifying individuals at increased cardiovascular risk. J Intern Med 2010; 268:567-77. [PMID: 21091808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare apolipoprotein B (apoB), non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) for identifying individuals with a deteriorated cardiovascular (CV) risk profile, including a panel of subclinical atherosclerosis measurements and prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a Dutch population-based cohort. METHODS Clinical and biochemical measurements and a panel of noninvasive parameters of subclinical atherosclerosis were determined in 1517 individuals, aged 50-70 years. RESULTS Both men and women with increasing levels of apoB and non-HDL-c were more obese, had higher blood pressure and fasting glucose levels, and a more atherogenic lipid profile. Furthermore, compared to the reference group (composed of those with apoB, non-HDL-c and LDL-c levels in the bottom quartiles), participants with high apoB and high non-HDL-c levels had a lower ankle-brachial index at rest (-3.5% and -3.1%, respectively) and after exercise (-6.3% and -4.7%, respectively), a thicker near wall (+4.8% and +4.2%, respectively), far wall (both +6.2%), and mean intima-media thickness (+5.7% and +5.3%, respectively) and more plaques (+54.2% and +54.3%, respectively). In addition, they also showed increased stiffness parameters (e.g. pulse wave velocity both +3.6%). Less clear differences in CV risk profile and subclinical atherosclerosis parameters were observed when participants were stratified by LDL-c level. Furthermore, apoB but not LDL-c detected prevalent CVD, and non-HDL-c only detected prevalent CVD in men. The discriminatory power for prevalent CVD expressed as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.60 (P < 0.001) for apoB, 0.57 (P = 0.001) for non-HDL-c and 0.54 (P = 0.108) for LDL-c. CONCLUSION Our data support the use of first apoB and secondly non-HDL-c above LDL-c for identifying individuals from the general population with a compromised CV phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Holewijn
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Taskinen MR, Barter PJ, Ehnholm C, Sullivan DR, Mann K, Simes J, Best JD, Hamwood S, Keech AC. Ability of traditional lipid ratios and apolipoprotein ratios to predict cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2010; 53:1846-55. [PMID: 20526762 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The apolipoprotein B (ApoB):apolipoprotein A (ApoA)-I ratio may be a better indicator of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in people with type 2 diabetes than traditional lipid risk markers (LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol), but whether the ApoB:ApoA-I ratio should be used to indicate lipid-lowering therapy is still debated. METHODS The Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study randomised 9,795 patients with type 2 diabetes to fenofibrate (200 mg daily) or placebo and followed them up for a median of 5 years. We compared ApoB, ApoA-I, ApoAII and the ApoB:ApoA-I ratio with traditional lipid variables as predictors of CVD risk. We estimated the HR of the effect of 1 SD difference in baseline concentrations of lipids, apolipoproteins and respective ratios on the risk of CVD events and also used receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS In the placebo group, the variables best predicting CVD events were non-HDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol (HR 1.21, p < 0.001 for both), ApoB:ApoA-I (HR 1.20, p < 0.001), LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol (HR 1.17, p < 0.001), HDL-cholesterol (HR 0.84, p < 0.001) and ApoA-I (HR 0.85, p < 0.001). In the fenofibrate group, the first four predictors were very similar (but ApoB:ApoA-I was fourth), followed by non-HDL-cholesterol and ApoB. Lipid ratios and ApoB:ApoA-I performed better than any single lipid or apolipoprotein in predicting CVD risk. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In patients with type 2 diabetes in the FIELD study, traditional lipid ratios were as strong as the ApoB:ApoA-I ratio in predicting CVD risk. The data provide little evidence for replacement of traditional lipids and their ratios with measures of ApoB, ApoA-I and their ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-R Taskinen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, Finland.
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Impact of triglycerides on lipid and lipoprotein biology in women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 7:189-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Brown J, Nallamshetty S, Plutzky J. Intersecting vectors of basic science research and clinical medicine: LOX-1? Clin Chem 2010; 56:499-501. [PMID: 20185618 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.142232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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