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Sada V, Puliani G, Feola T, Pirchio R, Pofi R, Sesti F, De Alcubierre D, Amodeo ME, D'Aniello F, Vincenzi L, Gianfrilli D, Isidori AM, Grossman AB, Sbardella E. Tall stature and gigantism in transition age: clinical and genetic aspects-a literature review and recommendations. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:777-793. [PMID: 37891382 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tall stature is defined as height greater than the threshold of more than 2 standard deviations above the average population height for age, sex, and ethnicity. Many studies have described the main aspects of this condition during puberty, but an analysis of the characteristics that the physician should consider in the differential diagnosis of gigantism-tall stature secondary to a pituitary tumour-during the transition age (15-25 years) is still lacking. METHODS A comprehensive search of English-language original articles was conducted in the MEDLINE database (December 2021-March 2022). We selected all studies regarding epidemiology, genetic aspects, and the diagnosis of tall stature and gigantism during the transition age. RESULTS Generally, referrals for tall stature are not as frequent as expected because most cases are familial and are usually unreported by parents and patients to endocrinologists. For this reason, lacking such experience of tall stature, familiarity with many rarer overgrowth syndromes is essential. In the transition age, it is important but challenging to distinguish adolescents with high constitutional stature from those with gigantism. Pituitary gigantism is a rare disease in the transition age, but its systemic complications are very relevant for future health. Endocrine evaluation is crucial for identifying conditions that require hormonal treatment so that they can be treated early to improve the quality of life and prevent comorbidities of individual patient in this age range. CONCLUSION The aim of our review is to provide a practical clinical approach to recognise adolescents, potentially affected by gigantism, as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - G Puliani
- Oncological Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - T Feola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Neuroendocrinology, Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - R Pirchio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - R Pofi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - F Sesti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - D De Alcubierre
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - M E Amodeo
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - F D'Aniello
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - L Vincenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - D Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - A M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Rare Diseases (ENDO-ERN Accredited), Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - A B Grossman
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - E Sbardella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Fajardo-Montañana C, Villar R, Gómez-Ansón B, Brea B, Mosqueira AJ, Molla E, Enseñat J, Riesgo P, Cardona-Arboniés J, Hernando O. Recommendations for the diagnosis and radiological follow-up of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2022; 69:744-761. [PMID: 36428207 DOI: 10.1016/j.endien.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs) constitute a heterogeneous group of tumours with a gradually increasing incidence, partly accounted for by more sensitive imaging techniques and more extensive experience in neuroradiology in this regard. Although most PitNETs are indolent, some exhibit aggressive behaviour, and recurrence may be seen after surgical removal. The changes introduced in the WHO classification in 2017 and terminological debates in relation to neuroendocrine tumours warrant an update of the guidelines for the diagnosis, preoperative and postoperative management, and follow-up of response to treatment of PitNETs. This multidisciplinary document, an initiative of the Neuroendocrinology area of the Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición [Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition] (SEEN), focuses on neuroimaging studies for the diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of PitNETs. The basic requirements and elements that should be covered by magnetic resonance imaging are described, and a minimum radiology report to aid clinicians in treatment decision-making is proposed. This work supplements the consensus between the Neuroendocrinology area of the SEEN and the Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica [Spanish Society of Pathology] (SEAP) for the pathological study of PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Villar
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Ansón
- Neurorradiología, Departamento de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitari Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Brea
- Departamento de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Mosqueira
- Departamento de Radiología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Enrique Molla
- Departamento de Radiología, Hospital Universitario de la Ribera, Alcira, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Enseñat
- Departamento de Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Riesgo
- Departamento de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario de la Ribera, Alcira, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Cardona-Arboniés
- Departamento de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ovidio Hernando
- Departamento de Oncología Radioterápica, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid, Spain
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Fajardo-Montañana C, Villar R, Gómez-Ansón B, Brea B, Mosqueira AJ, Molla E, Enseñat J, Riesgo P, Cardona-Arboniés J, Hernando O. Recomendaciones sobre el diagnóstico y seguimiento radiológico de los tumores neuroendocrinos hipofisarios. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chapman PR, Singhal A, Gaddamanugu S, Prattipati V. Neuroimaging of the Pituitary Gland: Practical Anatomy and Pathology. Radiol Clin North Am 2020; 58:1115-1133. [PMID: 33040852 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary gland is a small endocrine organ located within the sella turcica. Various pathologic conditions affect the pituitary gland and produce endocrinologic and neurologic abnormalities. The most common lesion of the pituitary gland is the adenoma, a benign neoplasm. Dedicated MR imaging of the pituitary is radiologic study of choice for evaluating pituitary gland and central skull region. Computed tomography is complimentary and allows for identification of calcification and adjacent abnormalities of the osseous skull base. This review emphasizes basic anatomy, current imaging techniques, and highlights the spectrum of pathologic conditions that affect the pituitary gland and sellar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Chapman
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, JT N419, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830, USA.
| | - Aparna Singhal
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, JT N419, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830, USA
| | - Siddhartha Gaddamanugu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, JT N419, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830, USA
| | - Veeranjaneyulu Prattipati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, JT N419, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830, USA
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