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Agro-Environmental Benefit and Risk of Manure- and Bone Meal-Derived Pyrogenic Carbonaceous Materials as Soil Amendments: Availability of PAHs, PTEs, and P. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9120802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide boom of biochar and pyrogenic carbonaceous material application as a potential soil additive has brought about not only agricultural benefits such as enhanced crop yield, nutrients supply (P), and soil organic carbon increase, but also, on the other hand, environmental risk of organic (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) and potentially toxic element (PTE) penetration into arable soils. Therefore, our study assessed pyrogenic carbonaceous materials (PCM) produced from the P-rich feedstocks—chicken manure (CM) and bone meal (BM)—as promising and safe alternatives for inorganic P fertilizers. Pyrogenic materials produced in the process of slow pyrolysis at residence time 2 h, 400 and 500 °C, were characterized by determination of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), elemental analysis of total C, H, N, S scanning electron microscopy (SEM), total content of P, selected potentially toxic elements (PTEs), and available forms of PTEs and P by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and calcium-acetate-lactate (CAL) extractions. CMPCM4, CMPCM5, BMPCM4, and BMPCM5 were characterized by determination of total 16 US-EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) PAHs by toluene extraction protocol and available concentrations by Tenax resin approach. Additionally, CMPCM4, CMPCM4, BMPCM4, and BMPCM5 were tested in earthworm avoidance test with Eisenia foetita and short-term rye-seedling germination test. Obtained results showed decreasing of total carbon in the order of BM > BMPCM4 > BMPCM5 and increasing in the order of CM < CMPCM4 < CMPCM5. Total phosphorus content increased from 56.8 ± 1.7 g kg−1 (BM) to 85.2 ± 4.2 g kg−1 (BMPCM4) to 110.5 ± 7.0 g kg−1 (BMPCM5). In the case of chicken manure-derived pyrogenic materials, total phosphorus content increased in the order of CM (22.9 ± 2.0 g kg−1) < CMPCM4 (37.0 ± 4.5 g kg−1) < CMPCM5 (40.0 ± 3.4 g kg−1). Availability of selected PTEs and P decreased in pyrogenic materials compared to feedstock. Total concentration of ∑16-US-EPA PAHs in BMPCM4 and BMPCM5 was 3.92 mg kg−1; CMPCM4, 7.33 mg kg−1; and CMPCM, 6.69 mg kg−1. The Tenax-available ∑16-PAHs showed concentrations of 0.53 mg kg−1 for BMPCM4, 0.26 mg kg−1 for BMPCM5, 1.13 mg kg−1 for CMPCM4, and 0.35 mg kg−1 for CMPCM5. Total P concentrations determined in rye aboveground tissues showed the highest accumulation ability in the case of CMPCM5 compared to other samples. Pyrogenic carbonaceous materials produced from chicken manure and bone meal at 400 and 500 °C have the potential to be P slow release fertilizers and may be ecologically safe.
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Frišták V, Laughinghouse HD, Packová A, Graser M, Soja G. Monitoring of methylated naphthalenes in sludge-derived pyrogenic carbonaceous materials. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:456-462. [PMID: 30439658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methylated analogues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent important environmental contaminants produced often at process of feedstock thermochemical conversion. In the present study, we determined and compared levels of 1-methylnaphtalene and 2-methylnaphtalene in municipal sewage sludge (MSS), sludge-derived pyrogenic carbonaceous materials produced at 350 °C (PCM350) and 500 °C (PCM500) in process of slow pyrolysis. The highest extraction efficiency of both aromatic structures from MSS, PCM350 and PCM500 for toluene as extraction agent and 36 h of extraction time was revealed. The total concentrations of 1-methylnaphtalene reached values 8.7 mg/kg for MSS, 14.6 mg/kg for PCM350 and 18.1 mg/kg for PCM500.2-methylnaphtalene was quantified in concentrations 12.5 mg/kg for MSS, 19.3 mg/kg for PCM350 and 23 mg/kg for PCM500. Available levels of 1-methylnaphtalene and 2-methylnaphtalene determined by Tenax resin desorption test during 36 days showed decreasing trend in order PCM500 > PCM350 > MSS. In summary, pyrolysis treatment of sewage sludge can increase total amount of methylated PAHs in produced carbonaceous materials but decrease their available forms. This fact can contribute to global ecotoxicological assessment of organic pollutants in biochars and pyrogenic carbonaceous materials applied in agronomy as soil amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Frišták
- Department of Chemistry, Trnava University in Trnava, Trnava, 918 43, Slovak Republic.
| | | | - Alena Packová
- Department of Chemistry, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, 97401, Slovak Republic
| | - Marion Graser
- Energy Department, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Gerhard Soja
- Energy Department, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, 3430, Austria
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Biczak R, Turek M, Pawłowska B, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Marciniak B, Deska M, Krupa P, Jatulewicz I, Skalik J, Bałczewski P. An influence of structural changes in ammonium cations on ecotoxicity of 2,2'-thiodiacetate mono and bis-salts. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 155:37-42. [PMID: 29500938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2,2'-Thiodiacetates with their excellent complexing properties may be used as metal extraction agents, fluorescent and superparamagnetic materials, antibacterial and anticancer medical agents, however there are no data concerning the environmental impact of 2,2'-thiodiacetates derivatives and data definying the potential hazard connected with their use. This study describes the ecotoxicity assessment of seven 2,2'-thiodiacetates with non-metallic, alkyl and aryl ammonium cations, which were obtained in an environmentally friendly, solvent-free syntheses. The ecotoxicity of these water soluble compounds was tested in aquatic and benthic environments using luminescent marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri (Microtox® test) and the crustaceans Heterocypris incongruens (Ostracodtoxkit F™), respectively. The antimicrobial and antifungal activity against Trichoderma viridis, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani and Escherichia coli was also investigated. The results showed how structural changes within ammonium cations themselves influence ecotoxicity: the QASs with alkylammonium cations exhibited a similar, rather low toxicity both to Vibrio fischeri and Heterocypris incongruens, and they would not pose a risk to these organisms in case of leakage. Higher toxicity was observed in case of two isoquinolinium salts, however it was rather associated with the heteroaromatic cation, than with the 2,2'-thiodiacetate anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Biczak
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland
| | - M Turek
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland
| | - B Pawłowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland
| | - E Różycka-Sokołowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland
| | - B Marciniak
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland
| | - M Deska
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland
| | - P Krupa
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland
| | - I Jatulewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland
| | - J Skalik
- Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Łódź 90-363, Poland
| | - P Bałczewski
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa 42-201, Poland; Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Łódź 90-363, Poland.
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Krzebietke SJ, Wierzbowska J, Żarczyński PJ, Sienkiewicz S, Bosiacki M, Markuszewski B, Nogalska A, Mackiewicz-Walec E. Content of PAHs in soil of a hazel orchard depending on the method of weed control. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:422. [PMID: 29938350 PMCID: PMC6018592 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PAHs belong to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) found in the natural environment. They eventually accumulate in the highest quantities in soil. The purpose of this study has been to determine quantities of PAHs in soil depending on the method applied to control weeds in rows of a 4-year plantation of hazel (mulch fabric, bark chips, sawdust, manure compost, bare fallow, chemical fallow, grass sward). The highest concentration of PAHs (16 PAHs) was found in soil kept as bare fallow. The second most abundant concentration of these compounds was determined in soil under grass sward, followed by soil under sawdust, chemical fallow, and fabric. Less of these compounds accumulated in soil mulched with bark chips. The best method for protection of orchard soil against the accumulation of unwanted and toxic PAHs was mulching with manure compost. In most cases, lower concentrations of PAHs (total 16) were found in the subsoil (30-60 cm) than in the topmost soil layer, except the soil covered with mulch fabric, where fourfold more PAHs accumulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Krzebietke
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - J Wierzbowska
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - P J Żarczyński
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - S Sienkiewicz
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - M Bosiacki
- Department of Horticultural Plant Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Science, Poznań, Poland
| | - B Markuszewski
- Department of Horticulture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A Nogalska
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - E Mackiewicz-Walec
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Turek M, Biczak R, Pawłowska B, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Marciniak B, Deska M, Skalik J, Bałczewski P. Ammonium haloacetates - An alternative to glyphosate? CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:650-656. [PMID: 29241140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study shows the design, synthesis and evaluation of eco(phyto)toxic and herbicidal activities of quaternary ammonium salts (QASs), derived from haloacetic acids, in context of the search for safer alternatives to the commonly used herbicide, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate). The structure of the investigated QASs refers to the heteroatom sequence in the anion of glyphosate in which the (P-C)-N nitrogen atom was replaced by one or more halogens (F, Cl). The ecotoxicity of the synthesized QASs was tested against luminescent marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri (Microtox® test) and the crustaceans Heterocypris incongruens (Ostracodtoxkit F™). The phytotoxic effect of QASs was also studied with respect to spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common radish (Raphanus sativus L. radicula Pers.), whereas herbicidal activity was investigated in relation to popular weeds species gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.) and common sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.). The results showed that toxicity of the synthesized QASs depends on a number of halo-substituents, especially for bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri for which EC50 values were those varying the most. Phytotoxicity tests proved that the investigated QASs had a similar high, toxic effect both on monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants with exception of DIPA - DCA. Moreover, their herbicidal activity against common sorrel was comparable to glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Turek
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland
| | - Robert Biczak
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland
| | - Barbara Pawłowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland
| | - Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland
| | - Bernard Marciniak
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Deska
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland
| | - Joanna Skalik
- Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Łódź, 90-363, Poland
| | - Piotr Bałczewski
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland; Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Łódź, 90-363, Poland.
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Wang C, Wang Z, Li Z, Ahmad R. Two-liquid-phase system: A promising technique for predicting bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in long-term contaminated soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 169:685-692. [PMID: 27914353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A two-liquid-phase system (TLPS), which consisted of soil slurry and silicone oil, was employed to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in four long-term contaminated soils in order to assess the bioavailability of PAHs. Extraction kinetics of six PAHs viz. phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthrancene were selected to investigate as they covered the susceptible and recalcitrant PAHs in soil. A parallel experiments were also carried out on the microbial degradation of these PAHs in soil with and without biostimulation (by adding (NH4)2HPO4). The rapidly desorbed fraction of fluoranthene, as indicated by the two-fraction model, was found the highest, ranging from 21.4% to 37.4%, whereas dibenzo(a,h)anthrancene was the lowest, ranging from 8.9% to 20.5%. The rapid desorption of selected PAHs was found to be finished within 24 h. The rapidly desorbed fraction of PAHs investigated using TLPS, was significantly correlated (R2 = 0.95) with that degraded by microorganisms in biostimulation treatment. This suggested that the TLPS-assisted extraction could be a promising technique in determining the bioavailability of aged PAHs in contaminated soils. It also suggested that applying sufficient nutrients in bioremediation of field contaminated soils is crucial. Further work is required to test its application to more hydrophobic organic pollutants in long-term contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Wang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Ziyu Wang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Zengbo Li
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030021, China.
| | - Riaz Ahmad
- Department of Soil Science & Soil and Water Conservation, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
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Ning XA, Lin MQ, Shen LZ, Zhang JH, Wang JY, Wang YJ, Yang ZY, Liu JY. Levels, composition profiles and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sludge from ten textile dyeing plants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:112-118. [PMID: 24769559 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As components of synthetic dyes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present as contaminants in textile dyeing sludge due to the recalcitrance in wastewater treatment process, which may pose a threat to environment in the process of sludge disposal. In order to evaluate PAHs in textile dyeing sludge, comprehensive investigation comprising 10 textile dyeing plants was undertaken. Levels, composition profiles and risk assessment of 16 EPA-priority PAHs were analyzed in this study. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs (∑16 PAHs) varied from 1463 ± 177 ng g(-1) to 16,714 ± 1,507 ng g(-1) with a mean value of 6386 ng g(-1). The composition profiles of PAHs were characterized by 3- and 4-ring PAHs, among which phenanthrene, anthracene and fluoranthene were the most dominant components. The mean benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentration of ∑16 PAHs in textile dyeing sludge was 423 ng g(-1), which was 2-3 times higher than concentrations reported for urban soil. According to ecological risk assessment, the levels of PAHs in the textile dyeing sludge may cause a significant risk to soil ecosystem after landfill or dumping on soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-An Ning
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Mei-Qing Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ling-Zhi Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian-Hao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing-Yu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Jie Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zuo-Yi Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing-Yong Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Mehler WT, Li H, Pang J, Sun B, Lydy MJ, You J. Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants in sediment with different particle-size distributions. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 61:74-82. [PMID: 20953950 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted examining the distribution of different-sized particles in sediment and its potential impact on bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants. In the current study, three sediments composed of different particle sizes, i.e., fine (0-180 μm), combined (0-500 μm), and coarse (180-500 μm), were used to evaluate the bioaccumulation potential and toxicokinetic rates of four hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) including two polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB-101 and PCB-118), a metabolite of an organochlorine insecticide (p,p'-DDE), and a polybrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) to the benthic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Two chemical approaches, Tenax extraction and matrix-solid phase microextraction (SPME), were also used to measure bioavailability of the sediment-associated HOCs. The uptake and elimination rates of HOCs by L. variegatus from coarse sediment were greater than those from fine sediment, although the biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were not significantly different among sediments with different particle sizes. The freely dissolved HOC concentrations measured by matrix-SPME were greater in coarse sediment, however, no difference was found in uptake and desorption rates for the matrix-SPME and Tenax extraction measurements. Although BSAFs in L. variegatus were the same among sediments, kinetic rates of HOCs for organisms and freely dissolved HOC concentrations were lower in fine sediment, suggesting that sediment ingestion may also play a role in organism uptake, especially for HOCs in fine sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tyler Mehler
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Oleszczuk P, Hollert H. Comparison of sewage sludge toxicity to plants and invertebrates in three different soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:502-509. [PMID: 21236465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of soil type on the overall toxicity of sewage sludge is one of the most important issues concerning environmental risks associated with the sewage sludge land application. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different soils (sandy, loamy and OECD soil) on sewage sludges toxicity in relation to plants (Lepidium sativum, Sorghum saccharatum, Sinapis alba) and an invertebrate species (Heterocypris incongruens). The most evident negative influence of sewage sludges on root growth was observed in the case of OECD soil. The EC(50) values determined on the basis of the root growth inhibition of all tested plants were in the range 0.1-6.4%, 0.03-9.4% and 6.6-22.1% (% of sewage sludgekg(-1) soil) for OECD, sandy and loamy soil, respectively. Soil type also affects the sewage sludge toxicity in relation to H. incongruens. The LC(50) (mortality) values ranged from 0.26% to 11.5% depending on the sludge tested. For EC(50) (growth inhibition) values ranged from 10.7% to 36.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Institute of Soil Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland.
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Oleszczuk P, Jośko I, Xing B. The toxicity to plants of the sewage sludges containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:436-42. [PMID: 21145166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of sewage sludges containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with an outer diameter <10 nm (CNT10) or 40-60 nm (CNT60) to Lepidium sativum (cress), Sorghum saccharatum (sorgo), Solanum lycopersicon (tomato), Raphanus sativus (radish) and Cucumis sativus (cucumber). CNTs were also incubated in sewage sludge for 7 or 31 days to determine the effect of CNT aging on sewage sludge phytotoxicity. The influence of CNTs on 4 different sewage sludges was tested. The CNTs' influence on sludge toxicity varied with respect to the CNTs' outer diameter, type of sewage sludges and the plants tested. No significant influence of CNT concentration on phytotoxicity was noted. In the case of two sludges, a positive influence of CNTs on seed germination and root growth was observed. Depending on the CNTs' outer diameter, CNT aging decreased (CNT10) or increased (CNT60) sewage sludge phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
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