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Zhan C, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhang S, Liu J, Zhao Y, Peng Y. Effects of the toxic metal zinc on the growth, development, and reproduction of the wolf spider Pardosa laura through its food Drosophila melanogaster. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140425. [PMID: 37832889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, toxic metal pollution has become a serious problem, and its influence on human society and the ecological environment has become a hot topic for people. Toxic metal pollution is ubiquitous in the environment, and it can affect the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms through food chain transmission. In this study, we used ZnSO4 and set three different Zn concentrations [0 mg/mL (CK), 0.25 mg/mL, and 0.50 mg/mL] to study the enrichment of toxic zinc metal in the wolf spider Pardosa laura through the food chain (medium-Drosophila melanogaster-P. laura) and the effects on the growth, development, and reproduction of D. melanogaster and P. laura. The results of the study showed that the Zn content in D. melanogaster and P. laura significantly increased with the increase of Zn concentration in the culture medium, reflecting the obvious food chain enrichment phenomenon. The inhibitory effect of zinc treatment on the growth, development, and reproduction of D. melanogaster was significant and more pronounced with increasing Zn concentration. The transfer of zinc through the food chain also had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth, development, and reproduction of P. laura. The developmental duration and preoviposition period were significantly prolonged. Moreover, the survival rate, body size, and egg laying amount were significantly reduced. This study will enrich and improve the research on the effects of toxic Zn metal pollution on spiders and provide a theoretical basis for monitoring and evaluating the environmental quality using farmland spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yueyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shichang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Yu Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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2
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Wang J, Zhang X, Tang Y, Wang Z. Toxic effect of Cd burden on the gut microflora and immune responses of wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 274:109747. [PMID: 37739022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Spiders are dominant predators in the paddy ecosystem, but the immunotoxicity induced by environmental contaminants like heavy metals is still largely unknown. The gut microbiota-host interaction was the basic immune mechanism discovered in the arthropods. Here, we investigated the gut microflora and immune responses of wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata under Cd burden. Cd exposure was identified to shape the gut microbial community structure of spiders, with increased levels of Firmicutes and pathogens, and decreased levels of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota. The alteration of microbiota-derived immune messengers like peptidoglycan (PGN) was also observed. ELISA and hemolymph metabolomic analysis showed that the activities of immune effectors phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme (LZM) and the abundance of tyrosine derivates were decreased, which indicated the suppression of Cd on the melanization immune response of spiders. Correlation analysis revealed a close relationship between the impaired immune system and the disordered microbiota. This study provides insight into the underlying mechanisms of the gut microflora-immune system interaction of P. pseudoannulata in response to Cd burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Xinru Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Yun'e Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.
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3
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Wiśniewska K, Siatkowska M, Komorowski P, Napieralska K, Kasperkiewicz K, Surmiak-Stalmach K, Wilczek G. Effects of chronic exposure to cadmium and copper on the proteome profile of hemolymph in false widow spider Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114448. [PMID: 38321667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes in the proteome of the hemolymph of female Steatoda grossa spiders (Theridiidae) that were chronically exposed to cadmium and copper in food and were additionally immunostimulated (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA); bacterial suspensions: Staphylococcus aureus (G+), Pseudomonas fluorescens (G-). It was found that the expression of nearly 90 proteins was altered in cadmium-intoxicated spiders and more than 60 in copper-exposed individuals. Regardless of the type of metal used, these proteins were mainly overexpressed in the hemolymph of the exposed spiders. On the other hand, immunostimulation did not significantly change the number of proteins with altered expression in metal-intoxicated individuals. Hemocyanin (Hc) was found to be the most abundant of the proteins identified with altered expression. In copper-intoxicated spiders, immunostimulation increased the expression of A-, E-, F-, and G-chain-containing proteins, while in the case of cadmium-intoxicates spiders, it decreased the expression of E- and A-chain-containing Hc and increased the expression of G-chain-containing Hc. Regardless of the type of metal and immunostimulant used, there was an increase in the expression of actin. In addition, cadmium increased the expression of cullin, vimentin, and ceruloplasmin. The changes observed in the expression of hemolymph proteins indicate their protective function in S. grossa (Theridiidae) spiders under conditions of metal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Wiśniewska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Siatkowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; Laboratory of Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics, Bionanopark Ltd. Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Komorowski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics, Bionanopark Ltd. Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Łódź, Poland; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Kinga Napieralska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; Laboratory of Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics, Bionanopark Ltd. Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kasperkiewicz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kinga Surmiak-Stalmach
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Grażyna Wilczek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
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4
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Rost-Roszkowska M, Poprawa I, Chajec Ł, Chachulska-Żymełka A, Wilczek G, Skowronek M, Student S, Leśniewska M. Hazards related to the presence of cadmium in food - Studies on the European soil centipede, Lithobius forficatus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157298. [PMID: 35839889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The soil is an environment rich in numerous potentially toxic substances/elements when present at elevated concentrations. They can be transported through the successive levels of the trophic chain. Animals living in a contaminated environment or eating contaminated food can accumulate potentially toxic elements in their bodies. One of the potentially toxic metals is cadmium, which accumulates significantly in soils. The aim of our research was to evaluate the changes caused by cadmium supplied with the food administered to invertebrates living in uncontaminated soil. The results were compared with those obtained for animals raised in contaminated soil, where cadmium entered the body via the epidermis. As the material for studies, we chose a common European soil centipede, Lithobius forficatus. Adult specimens were divided into the following experimental groups: C - control animals, Cd12 and Cd45 - animals fed with Chironomus larvae maintained in water containing 80 mg/l CdCl2, for 12 and 45 days, respectively. The material was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analysis (transmission electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, atomic absorption spectrometry). Eventually, we can conclude that the digestive system is an effective barrier against the effects of toxic metals on the entire organism, but among the gonads, ovaries are more protected than testes, however, this protection is not sufficient. Accumulation of spherites and mitochondrial alterations are probably involved in survival mechanisms of tissues after Cd intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Izabela Poprawa
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Chajec
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Alina Chachulska-Żymełka
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Grażyna Wilczek
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skowronek
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Sebastian Student
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, Biotechnology Center, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Leśniewska
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of General Zoology, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Tang YE, Wang J, Li N, He Y, Zeng Z, Peng Y, Lv B, Zhang XR, Sun HM, Wang Z, Song QS. Comparative analysis unveils the cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity on the testes of Pardosa pseudoannulata. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154328. [PMID: 35257768 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution is one of the most serious heavy metal pollutions in the world, which has been demonstrated to cause different toxicities to living organisms. Cd has been widely suggested to cause reproductive toxicity to vertebrates, yet its reproductive toxicity to invertebrates is not comprehensive. In this study, the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata was used as a bioindicator to evaluate the male reproductive toxicity of invertebrates under Cd stress. Cd stress had no effect on the color, size and length of testis. However, Cd significantly increased the contents of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde, the antioxidants in the testis of P. pseudoannulata. Then we analyzed the transcriptome of testis exposed to Cd, and identified a total of 4739 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to control, with 2368 up-regulated and 2371 down-regulated. The enrichment analysis showed that Cd stress could affect spermatogenesis, sperm motility, post-embryonic development, oxidative phosphorylation and metabolism and synthesis of male reproductive components. At the same time, the protein-protein interaction network was constructed with the generated DEGs. Combined with the enrichment analysis of key modules, it revealed that Cd stress could further affect the metabolic process in testis. In general, the analysis of testicular damage and transcriptome under Cd stress can provide a novel insight into the reproductive toxicity of Cd on rice filed arthropods and offer a reference for the protection of rice filed spiders under Cd pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-E Tang
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan He
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Peng
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Lv
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Xin-Ru Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Hui-Min Sun
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China.
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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6
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Wiśniewska K, Rost-Roszkowska M, Homa J, Kasperkiewicz K, Surmiak-Stalmach K, Szulińska E, Wilczek G. The effect of selected immunostimulants on hemocytes of the false black widow Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) spiders under chronic exposition to cadmium. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 252:109221. [PMID: 34718188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze whether, and to what extent, long-term exposure to cadmium, administered in sublethal concentrations by the oral route, caused changes in the immune potential of hemocytes in adult female Steatoda grossa spiders. We used artificial and natural immunostimulants, namely phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and bacterial cell suspension based on Gram-positive (G+, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (G-, Pseudomonas fluorescens) bacteria, to compare the status of hemocytes in nonstimulated individuals and those subjected to immunostimulation. After cadmium exposure, the percentage of small nongranular hemocytes in response to G+ cell suspension and PMA mitogen was decreased. Furthermore, in the cadmium-intoxicated spiders the percentage of plasmatocytes after immunostimulation remained lower compared to the complementary control group. Exposure to cadmium also induced several degenerative changes, including typical apoptotic and necrotic changes, in the analyzed types of cells. Immunostimulation by PMA mitogen and G+ bacterial suspension resulted in an increase in the number of cisterns in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of granulocytes, in both the control group and cadmium-treated individuals. These changes were accompanied with a low level of metallothioneins in hemolymph. Chronic cadmium exposure may significantly weaken the immune defense system of spiders during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Wiśniewska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Homa
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kasperkiewicz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kinga Surmiak-Stalmach
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szulińska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Grażyna Wilczek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
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7
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Nanda KP, Firdaus H. Dietary cadmium (Cd) reduces hemocyte level by induction of apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 250:109188. [PMID: 34517133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster larvae ensure continuous proliferation and differentiation of hemocytes to maintain a fixed range of different blood cell types during its various stages of development. Variation in this number is often an indicator of animal well-being, its genotype or an effect of environmental perturbation, including exposure to heavy metals. The present study investigates the effect of Cd on larval hemocytes. Embryos were allowed to grow in metal media till third instar larvae and finally circulating hemocyte were collected. The number of major hemocytes, plasmatocytes and crystal cells was determined to be lowered in Cd exposed animals. Our results also showed modulation of antioxidant biology of Cd exposed hemocytes by changing the major antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, and decreasing reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in hemocytes suspended in the hemolymph. Acridine orange (AO) staining further revealed induction of apoptosis in hemocytes of metal treated larvae. Our results suggest a negative impact of Cd exposure on the hemocytes of the Drosophila larvae culminating in their lowered count by induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Pragati Nanda
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Hena Firdaus
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India.
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8
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Rost-Roszkowska M, Poprawa I, Chajec Ł, Chachulska-Żymełka A, Wilczek G, Wilczek P, Tarnawska M, Student S, Leśniewska M. Effects of cadmium on mitochondrial structure and function in different organs: studies on the soil centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda). THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2021.1912199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Rost-Roszkowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - I. Poprawa
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ł. Chajec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - A. Chachulska-Żymełka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - G. Wilczek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - P. Wilczek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The President Stanislaw Wojciechowski State University of Applied Sciences in Kalisz, Kalisz, Poland
| | - M. Tarnawska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - S. Student
- Department of System Biology and Engineering, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - M. Leśniewska
- Department of General Zoology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Babczyńska A, Nowak A, Kafel A, Łozowski B, Rost-Roszkowska M, Tarnawska M, Augustyniak M, Sawadro M, Molenda A. Autophagy: a necessary defense against extreme cadmium intoxication in a multigenerational 2D experiment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21141. [PMID: 33273657 PMCID: PMC7712871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a natural process that aims to eliminate malfunctioning cell parts, organelles or molecules under physiological conditions. It is also induced in response to infection, starvation or oxidative stress to provide energy in case of an energy deficit. The aim of this 2-dimensional study was to test if, and if so, how, this process depends on the concentration of cadmium in food (with Cd concentrations from 0 to 352 μg of Cd per g of food (dry weight)-D1 dimension) and the history of selection pressure (160 vs 20 generations of exposure to Cd-D2 dimension). For the study, the 5th instar larvae of a unique strain of the moth Spodoptera exigua that was selected for cadmium tolerance for 160 generations (44 μg of Cd per g of food (dry weight)), as well as 20-generation (11, 22 and 44 μg of Cd per g of food (dry weight)) and control strains, were used. Autophagy intensity was measured by means of flow cytometry and compared with life history parameters: survivability and duration of the 3rd larval stage. The highest values of autophagy markers were found in the groups exposed to the highest Cd concentration and corresponded (with a significant correlation coefficient) to an increased development duration or decreased survivorship in the respective groups. In conclusion, autophagy is probably initiated only if any other defense mechanisms, e.g., antioxidative mechanisms, are not efficient. Moreover, in individuals from pre-exposed populations, the intensity of autophagy is lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Babczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Nowak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Alina Kafel
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Łozowski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Tarnawska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Augustyniak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Sawadro
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Molenda
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
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10
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Rost-Roszkowska M, Poprawa I, Chajec Ł, Chachulska-Żymełka A, Leśniewska M, Student S. Effects of short- and long-term exposure to cadmium on salivary glands and fat body of soil centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda): Histology and ultrastructure. Micron 2020; 137:102915. [PMID: 32652474 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is the most widely studied heavy metal in terms of food-chain accumulation and contamination because it can strongly affect all environments (e.g., soil, water, air). It can accumulate in different tissues and organs and can affect the organism at different levels of organization: from organs, tissues and cells though cell organelles and structures to activation of mechanisms of survival and cell death. In soil-dwelling organisms heavy metals gather in all tissues with accumulation properties: midgut, salivary glands, fat body. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of cadmium on the soil species Lithobius forficatus, mainly on two organs responsible for gathering different substances, the fat body and salivary glands, at the ultrastructural level. Changes caused by cadmium short- and long-term intoxication, connected with cell death (autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis), and the crosstalk between them, were analyzed. Adult specimens of L. forficatus were collected in a natural environment and divided into three experimental groups: C (the control group), Cd1 (cultured in soil with 80 mg/kg of CdCl2 for 12 days) and Cd2 (cultured in soil with 80 mg/kg of CdCl2 for 45 days). Transmission electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural alterations in both of the organs analyzed (reduction in the amount of reserve material, the appearance of vacuoles, etc.). Qualitative analysis using TUNEL assay revealed distinct crosstalk between autophagy and necrosis in the fat body adipocytes, while crosstalk between autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis in the salivary glands was detected in salivary glands of the centipedes examined here. We conclude that different organs in the body can react differently to the same stressor, as well as to the same concentration and time of exposure. Different mechanisms at the ultrastructural level activate different types of cell death and with different dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Izabela Poprawa
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Chajec
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Alina Chachulska-Żymełka
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Leśniewska
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of General Zoology, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sebastian Student
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Akademicka 16, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, Biotechnology Centre, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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11
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Rost-Roszkowska M, Poprawa I, Chajec Ł, Chachulska-Żymełka A, Wilczek G, Wilczek P, Student S, Skowronek M, Nadgórska-Socha A, Leśniewska M. Influence of soil contaminated with cadmium on cell death in the digestive epithelium of soil centipede Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda). THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1757168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Rost-Roszkowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - I. Poprawa
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ł. Chajec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - A. Chachulska-Żymełka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - G. Wilczek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - P. Wilczek
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Heart Prosthesis Institute, Zabrze, Poland
| | - S. Student
- Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - M. Skowronek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - A. Nadgórska-Socha
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - M. Leśniewska
- Department of General Zoology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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12
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Park K, Kwak IS. Cadmium-induced developmental alteration and upregulation of serine-type endopeptidase transcripts in wild freshwater populations of Chironomus plumosus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110240. [PMID: 32014723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, is a persistent environmental contaminant with irreversible toxicity to aquatic organisms. Chironomus plumosus, a natural species, is the largest sediment-burrowing aquatic midge in freshwater environments. In this study, we evaluated developmental defects in C. plumosus resulting from Cd exposure. In C. plumosus larvae, Cd exposure induced decreased survival and growth rates, reduction of emergence rate and sex ratio, and delayed emergence, as well as elevating the incidence of split tooth deformities. To identify potential biomarker genes to assess environmental pollutants such as Cd, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in C. plumosus exposed to various Cd concentrations. Among fourteen characterized DEGs, serine-type endopeptidase (SP) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) genes exhibited significant upregulation in C. plumosus larvae after Cd exposure. Therefore, we evaluated SP and HSP70 responses in natural C. plumosus populations collected from three sites of a Korean river and analyzed their correlations with eighteen environmental quality characteristics using principal component analysis. The highest expression of SP and HSP70 transcripts was observed in C. plumosus populations from Yeosu in Korea, which has high concentrations of polluting heavy metals. SP transcript expression was positively correlated with concentrations of Cd, Pb, Al, Fe, NO2, and NO3. These results suggested that environmental pollutants such as Cd can impair proteolytic activity in the digestive system of C. plumosus and may ultimately induce developmental alterations. We therefore suggest SP as a potential biomarker to assess the effects of environmental pollutants in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyun Park
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
| | - Ihn-Sil Kwak
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea; Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 550-749, South Korea.
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13
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Aziz N, Butt A, Elsheikha HM. Antioxidant enzymes as biomarkers of Cu and Pb exposure in the ground spiders Lycosa terrestris and Pardosa birmanica. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110054. [PMID: 31864121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal exposure induces oxidative stress in terrestrial organisms, which they counteract via activation of antioxidant biomarkers. The present study investigated the effects of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and antioxidant enzymes such as Catalase (CAT), Glutathione reductase (GR), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in two spider species, namely Lycosa terrestris and Pardosa birmanica. The spiders were exposed to Cu and Pb separately (10 ppm) or in combination (10 ppm each) via two different exposure routes (i.e. food and soil) for 10, 20 and 40 days. The results showed that metal accumulation and antioxidant biomarker responses in spiders were metal- and species-dependent. Also, the levels of all antioxidant biomarkers increased significantly with increasing exposure time and metal load in the bodies of spiders via both exposure routes. The significant inhibition of TAC and antioxidant enzyme activities was only observed in single Pb treatment through soil exposure. In L. terrestris, the activities of detoxification enzymes and TAC were significantly enhanced on single Cu exposure than Pb via both exposure routes. However, in P. birmanica consistent variation among antioxidant parameters were observed depending on the metal load and exposure routes. The combined metal exposure caused more pronounced increase in the level of antioxidants compared to single metal exposure in both species, mainly via food exposure. These results suggest that the antioxidant enzymes and TAC are sensitive to single and combined metal exposure via both uptake routes. These data show that antioxidant parameters can be used potential biomarkers of oxidative stress associated with metal exposure and for monitoring environmental health using spiders as bioindicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Aziz
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Abida Butt
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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14
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Wilczek G, Surmiak K, Wawszczak B, Sajewicz M, Kowalska T, Sindera P, Wiśniewska K, Szulinska E. Effect of long-term cadmium and copper intoxication on the efficiency of ampullate silk glands in false black widow Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) spiders. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 224:108564. [PMID: 31276814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare cellular effects of xenobiotic cadmium and biogenic copper in ampullate silk glands of false black widow Steatoda grossa spider after long-term exposure via ingestion under laboratory conditions. Both the level of selected detoxification parameters (glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and the level of total antioxidant capacity) and degree of genotoxic changes (comet assay) were determined in the silk glands. Additionally the contents of selected amino acids (L-Ala, L-Pro, L-His, L-Phe, DL-Ile, and DL-Asn) in the hunting webs produced by spiders of this species were assessed. The ability of S. grossa females to accumulate cadmium was higher than that for copper. Long-term exposure of spiders to copper did not change the level of detoxification parameters, and the level of DNA damage in the cells of ampullate silk glands was also low. Cadmium had a stronger prooxidative and genotoxic effect than copper in the cells of the analyzed silk glands. However, regardless of the type of metal used, no significant changes in the level of amino acids in silk were found. The obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of metal neutralization mechanisms in the body of the studied spider species, which results in the protection of the function of ampullate silk glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Wilczek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland.
| | - Kinga Surmiak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Beata Wawszczak
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, Katowice 40-006, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Sajewicz
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, Katowice 40-006, Poland
| | - Teresa Kowalska
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, Katowice 40-006, Poland
| | - Piotr Sindera
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Kamila Wiśniewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szulinska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
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15
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Hu X, Fu W, Yang X, Mu Y, Gu W, Zhang M. Effects of cadmium on fecundity and defence ability of Drosophila melanogaster. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:871-877. [PMID: 30665104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (chemical symbol, Cd) is an extremely common pollutant that poses a toxicity threat to organisms. Therefore, we tested Drosophila melanogaster fecundity, Cd accumulation, and activity of two enzymes following Cd stress and used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to quantify the mRNA expression levels of several genes involved in fecundity and defence. D. melanogaster was placed in a medium containing different concentrations of Cd (13, 26, and 52 mg L-1), following which, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy showed that Cd accumulation in Drosophila increased with the increase in its dietary intake. We also observed that Cd at these concentrations significantly prolonged the mating latency in females and reduced the number of eggs laid. However, the same Cd concentrations did not affect male fecundity. Acetylcholinesterase activity was only detected at 52 mg L-1 Cd in both sexes, whereas glutathione S-transferase activity was inhibited at 26 and 52 mg L-1 Cd in females. The results of qPCR indicated that exposure to 13-52 mg L-1 Cd affected the expression of reproduction-related genes, including downregulation of enok and upregulation of dally and dpp. The same level of exposure also induced transcriptional responses from three defence-related genes (hsp70, gstd2, and gstd6). Taken together, the results revealed that Cd exposure might negatively affect the expression of genes associated with D. melanogaster reproduction and trigger the transcription of defence-related genes. We suggest that further analyses of fecundity and defence responses may help develop indicators of Cd toxicity and improve our understanding of antitoxin defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Weili Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Xingran Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Yun Mu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Wei Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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16
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Wilczek G, Karcz J, Rost-Roszkowska M, Kędziorski A, Wilczek P, Skowronek M, Wiśniewska K, Kaszuba F, Surmiak K. Evaluation of selected biological properties of the hunting web spider (Steatoda grossa, Theridiidae) in the aspect of short- and long-term exposure to cadmium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:297-306. [PMID: 30504028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed at comparing the effects of short- and long-term exposure of Steatoda grossa female spiders to cadmium on the web's architecture, its energy content, and ultrastructure of ampullate glands. Simple food chain model (medium with 0.25 mM CdCl2 → Drosophila hydei flies → spider (for 4 weeks or 12 months) was used for the exposure. Analysis of Cd content provided evidence that silk fibers of the web are well protected against its incorporation irrespectively of the exposure period. Long-term exposure to cadmium resulted in the occurrence of numerous autophagosomes with degenerated organelles as well as apoptotic and necrotic cells in the ampullate glands. Concurrently, the individual silk fibers building double and multiple combination complexes were significantly thinner than in the control threads. Moreover, exposed spiders spun net with smaller mean calorific value than did the control individuals. Hence, evaluation of both the diameter of silk fibers and calorific value of the web can serve as biomarkers of the effects caused by exposure of these predators to cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Wilczek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland.
| | - Jagna Karcz
- Laboratory of Scanning Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska
- Department of Embriology and Histology of Animals, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kędziorski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Piotr Wilczek
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Heart Prosthesis Institute FRK, Wolności 345a, Zabrze 41-800, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skowronek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Kamila Wiśniewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Florentyna Kaszuba
- Department of Embriology and Histology of Animals, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Kinga Surmiak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
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17
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Gajski G, Žegura B, Ladeira C, Pourrut B, Del Bo’ C, Novak M, Sramkova M, Milić M, Gutzkow KB, Costa S, Dusinska M, Brunborg G, Collins A. The comet assay in animal models: From bugs to whales – (Part 1 Invertebrates). MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 779:82-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Wang J, Wei B, Peng Y, Huang T, Yang H, Peng X, Xie C, Xu X, Sun Z, Wang Z, Lv Z, Song Q. Transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular response to cadmium toxicity in P. pseudoannulata. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34294-34305. [PMID: 30291617 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) can be transferred and accumulated in spiders, posing a survival risk to them. To analyze potential biological damage caused by Cd accumulation and relevant detoxification strategies employed by spiders in response to Cd exposure, we conducted transcriptome analysis of the 5th instar spider P. pseudoannulata, a common spider species playing a vital role in natural pest control in agricultural fields of southern China. We obtained 92,778 unigenes with an average length of 1104 bp and identified 302, 655, and 424 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spiders fed with Cd-containing fruit flies for 2, 5, and 8 days, respectively. Results showed that the body mass of Cd-containing P. pseudoannulata were reduced when compared with controls, presumably due to delayed maturation of tissues and organs. Meanwhile, functional analysis of DEGs indicated that Cd may have a negative effect on neural signal transduction and molt cycle of the spider. For defense strategies, detoxification enzymes like glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and P450, and typical proteins like heat shock protein and metallothionein were all differentially expressed in response to Cd stress. Besides, innate immune responses like toll-like receptor signaling pathways were also upregulated. Multiple critical Cd-responsive genes involved in biological damage, detoxification, and immune response were identified, providing referable foundation for further research on Cd toxicity to P. pseudoannulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Baoyang Wei
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yuande Peng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Huang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Xianjin Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Chunliang Xie
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiying Sun
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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19
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Wilczek G, Wiśniewska K, Kozina B, Wilczek P, Rost-Roszkowska M, Stalmach M, Skowronek M, Kaszuba F. Effects of food contaminated with cadmium and copper on hemocytes of Steatoda grossa (Araneae: Theridiidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 149:267-274. [PMID: 29253786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic condition of Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) spider, from their hemocytes, after a short-term (four-week) exposure to cadmium and copper in sublethal doses by administering them into the body of the preys. The ultrastructure of the dominant types of hemocytes, such as granulocytes, plasmatocytes and prohemocytes, was evaluated using transmission electron microscope (TEM). Quantitative evaluation of apoptotic and necrotic cells, as well as the ones with depolarized mitochondria in hemolymph, was performed using flow cytometry, while ATP concentration and ADP/ATP ratio in hemocytes were measured by luminescent methods. Cadmium, unlike copper, demonstrated proapoptotic and pronecrotic activity. Low ATP levels and high ADP/ATP ratio in hemocytes indicate a disturbance in the energy metabolism of cells and may account for their qualitative and quantitative degenerative changes. The intensification of death processes in hemocytes after an exposure to cadmium-contaminated food may impair the ability of these cells to fight infectious diseases. Copper at the applied dosage was safe for the spiders without causing visible changes in the hemocyte ultrastructure and in the level of analyzed cell death indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Wilczek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland.
| | - Kamila Wiśniewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kozina
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Piotr Wilczek
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Heart Prosthesis Institute FRK, Wolności 345a, Zabrze 41-800, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska
- Department of Embriology and Histology of Animals, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Monika Stalmach
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skowronek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Florentyna Kaszuba
- Department of Embriology and Histology of Animals, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
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20
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Wilczek G, Karcz J, Putko A, Kędziorski A, Wilczek P, Stalmach M, Szulińska E. The effect of ingested cadmium on the calorific value and structural properties of hunting webs produced by Steatoda grossa (Theridiidae) spiders. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:1298-1307. [PMID: 28237463 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess whether cadmium administered via ingestion to Steatoda grossa cobweb spiders (Theridiidae) affects the energy content and selected structural properties of the produced hunting webs. Cadmium content in webs was assessed with AAS and SEM X-ray microanalysis, while the diameters of silk fibers were estimated with SEM. The energy content of samples was measured in an oxygen micro-bomb calorimeter. Females and males showed different reactions to cadmium supplied through food. In comparison to females, males displayed higher metal concentrations in their bodies and hunting webs, however their calorific values and structural features were not significantly changed. Cadmium-treated females spun webs with smaller single-strand diameters and more frequent multi-stranded threads and invested 47% less energy in web production than the control individuals. It cannot be excluded that such a reduction in energy expenditure for web building in females resulted from energetically costly detoxifying reactions triggered in response to direct and indirect effects of cadmium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Wilczek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland.
| | - Jagna Karcz
- Laboratory of Scanning Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Anna Putko
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kędziorski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Piotr Wilczek
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Heart Prosthesis Institute FRK, Wolności 345a, Zabrze 41-800, Poland
| | - Monika Stalmach
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szulińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
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21
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Transcriptome Profiling Analysis of Wolf Spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae) after Cadmium Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122033. [PMID: 27918488 PMCID: PMC5187833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pardosa pseudoannulata is one of the most common wandering spiders in agricultural fields and a potentially good bioindicator for heavy metal contamination. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which spiders respond to heavy metals at the molecular level. In the present study, high-throughput transcriptome sequencing was employed to characterize the de novo transcriptome of the spiders and to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after cadmium exposure. We obtained 60,489 assembled unigenes, 18,773 of which were annotated in the public databases. A total of 2939 and 2491 DEGs were detected between the libraries of two Cd-treated groups and the control. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that metabolism processes and digestive system function were predominately enriched in response to Cd stress. At the cellular and molecular levels, significantly enriched pathways in lysosomes and phagosomes as well as replication, recombination and repair demonstrated that oxidative damage resulted from Cd exposure. Based on the selected DEGs, certain critical genes involved in defence and detoxification were analysed. These results may elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying spiders' responses to heavy metal stress.
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Matić D, Vlahović M, Kolarević S, Perić Mataruga V, Ilijin L, Mrdaković M, Vuković Gačić B. Genotoxic effects of cadmium and influence on fitness components of Lymantria dispar caterpillars. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1270-1277. [PMID: 27613326 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study extends our previous findings concerning the sensitivity of Lymantria dispar larvae to cadmium in light of ecotoxicological risk assessment. Here we report the results of the comet assay performed for the first time on this species. We examined the chronic effects of two cadmium concentrations (50 and 100 μg Cd/g dry food) on DNA integrity and haemocyte viability, as well as on fitness-related traits (larval mass and development duration parameters). All parameters were assessed individually and then used to calculate the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index. Egg-masses of L. dispar were collected from two locations in Serbia - the uncontaminated Homolje mountains and a metal-polluted area near Bor copper mines, smelter and refinery. Distinctive patterns in the response of these populations to cadmium exposure were noticed. In haemocytes of larvae from the pollution-free location both cadmium treatments increased the level of DNA damage, although in a similar range. Haemocyte viability and larval mass were reduced, while duration of the fourth instar and total development time were prolonged in a concentration-dependent manner. Cadmium tolerance was noticeable in the population from the metal-contaminated site at all organizational levels. Nevertheless, haemocyte viability in that population was reduced by the stronger treatment. Haemocyte viability was recognized as a promising biomarker due to the evident response of both populations to dietary cadmium. Genotoxicity, fitness-related traits and the IBR index could be used for biomonitoring of sensitive populations not previously exposed to metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Matić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milena Vlahović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stoimir Kolarević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Perić Mataruga
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Larisa Ilijin
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mrdaković
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Vuković Gačić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Li CC, Li GY, Yun YL, Chen J, Zhang ZT, Peng Y. The Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Fitness-Related Traits and Antioxidant Responses in the Wolf Spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:31-36. [PMID: 27194251 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the ecotoxicological responses of Pardosa pseudoannulata to a common environmental pollutant, cadmium. Third-instar spiderlings and adult spiders were exposed to sublethal concentrations of CdCl2 solution in their drinking water. The Cd content in P. pseudoannulata adults increased significantly with the number of days of exposure to a 0.2 mM CdCl2 solution, when exposed to 2 mM CdCl2 solution, the Cd content in the spiders increased sharply in the first two (male) or three (female) weeks, and then no significant changes were recorded following with the next three (male) or two (female) weeks exposure. Exposure of spiders to Cd contaminated drinking water resulted in reduced body mass, delayed development, fewer eggs and increased mortality. Significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase were recorded in the spiders after 7 day exposure to 0.2 mM CdCl2 solution. However, longer-term exposures or increased Cd concentrations did not result in significantly higher antioxidant enzyme activity relative to control treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chun Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Li Yun
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng-Tao Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Peng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
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Wilczek G, Mędrzak M, Augustyniak M, Wilczek P, Stalmach M. Genotoxic effects of starvation and dimethoate in haemocytes and midgut gland cells of wolf spider Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:370-378. [PMID: 26942684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic effects of starvation and dimethoate (organophosphate insecticide) in female and male wolf spiders Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae) exposed to the stressors under laboratory conditions. DNA damage was measured in haemocytes and midgut gland cells using the comet assay. In response to the two stressing factors, both cell types showed %TDNA, tail length (TL) and OTM values higher in males than in females. Level of DNA damage in haemocytes was greater than in midgut gland cells. In both sexes, the strongest genotoxicity was recorded at single application of dimethoate. After five-time exposure to the pesticide, genotoxic effects of a single dose were sustained in males and reduced to the control level in females. Starvation stress was well tolerated by the females, in which neither cell type was affected by DNA damage. However, in male haemocytes food deprivation induced severe DNA damage, what suggests suppression of the defence potential at prolonged starvation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Wilczek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007 Poland.
| | - Monika Mędrzak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007 Poland
| | - Maria Augustyniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007 Poland
| | - Piotr Wilczek
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Heart Prosthesis Institute FRK, Wolności 345a, Zabrze 41-800 Poland
| | - Monika Stalmach
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007 Poland
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25
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Singh NP. The comet assay: Reflections on its development, evolution and applications. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 767:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Stalmach M, Wilczek G, Homa J, Szulinska E. Antioxidative and immunological responses in the haemolymph of wolf spider Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae) exposed to starvation and dimethoate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:551-559. [PMID: 26301693 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the intensity of enzymatic antioxidative parameters [catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSTPx), glutathione reductase (GR), total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] and percentage of high granularity cells as well as low to medium granularity cells in haemolymph of wolf spiders Xerolycosa nemoralis exposed to starvation and dimethoate under laboratory conditions. Only in starved males, haemolymph included a lower percentage of high granularity cells, accompanied by high activity of CAT and GSTPx, than in the control. Exposure of males to dimethoate increased CAT activity, after single application, and significantly enhanced GR activity, after five-time application. In females, five-time contact with dimethoate elevated the percentage of high granularity cells. As in comparison to females, male X. nemoralis were more sensitive to the applied stressing factors, it may be concluded that in natural conditions both food deficiency and chemical stress may diminish the immune response of their organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stalmach
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Grażyna Wilczek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland.
| | - Joanna Homa
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szulinska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland
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