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Quiroga JM, Sibila MÁ, Egea-Corbacho Á. Biodegradability and toxicity of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride in sea water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:53239-53248. [PMID: 34024032 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to assess the biodegradability and toxicity of the cationic surfactant dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTMAC) in sea water samples collected from the Gulf of Cadiz (Spain). Ultimate biodegradation was studied following the guideline proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Growth inhibition tests on five marine microalgae species and mortality tests on a marine crustacean (Artemia franciscana) were carried out. Biodegradation process was modelled according to a logistic kinetic model. Lag time and half-life were 15.17 and 26.95 days, respectively. Depending on the microalgae, 96-h EC50 values ranged from 0.69 to 6.34 mg L-1 DTMAC, respectively. 48-h and 72-h LC50 to A. franciscana were 46.74 and 34.19 mg L-1 DTMAC, respectively. The results indicate that DTMAC can be mineralised in sea water. Marine crustacean was more resistant than the microalgae. Surfactant tolerance on microalgae followed this order: T. chuii > N. gaditana > C. gracilis ≈ I. galbana ≈ D. salina, being the Green microalgae T. chuii the most tolerant.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Quiroga
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Sibila
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ágata Egea-Corbacho
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Timmer N, Gore D, Sanders D, Gouin T, Droge STJ. Sorbent-modified biodegradation studies of the biocidal cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109417. [PMID: 31302333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradability studies for the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) are hampered by inhibitory effects on inoculum at prescribed test concentrations (10-20 mg organic carbon/L). In this study, we used 14C labeled CPC in the 28 d Headspace Test (OECD 310) and demonstrated that CPC was readily biodegradable (10->60% mineralization within a 10 day window) at test concentrations 0.006-0.3 mg/L with CPC as single substrate. Biodegradation efficiency was comparable over this concentration range. CPC inhibited degradation at 1 mg/L and completely suppressed inoculum activity at 3 mg/L. In an extensive sorbent modified biodegradation study we evaluated the balance between CPC bioaccessibility and toxicity. A non-inhibitory concentration of 0.1 mg/L CPC was readily biodegradable with 83% sorbed to SiO2, while biodegradation was slower when 96% was sorbed. SiO2 mitigated inhibitory effects of 1 mg/L CPC, reaching >60% biodegradation within 28 d; inhibitory effects were also mitigated by addition of commercial clay powder (illite) but this was primarily reflected by a reduced lag phase. At 10 mg/L CPC SiO2 was still able to mitigate inhibitory effects, but bioaccessibility seemed limited as only 20% biodegradation was reached. Illite limited bioaccessibility more strongly and was not able to sustain biodegradation at 10 mg/L CPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Timmer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508, TD, the Netherlands
| | - David Gore
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ. Bedfordshire, UK
| | - David Sanders
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ. Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Todd Gouin
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ. Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Steven T J Droge
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508, TD, the Netherlands; Department Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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A study of synthesizing stable super-slip carbon nanotubes by grafting octadecylamine. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 540:126-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liang J, Chen SX, Huang S, Wu YY, Zhou CJ, Jiang DX, Liang CY, Yuan HQ, Hou SZ, Lai XP. Evaluation of toxicity studies of flavonoid fraction of Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd in rodents. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 88:283-290. [PMID: 28697995 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety of flavonoid fraction of Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd (Sweet Tea-F, ST-F) in mice and rats through acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies respectively. For acute toxicity study, a single dose of 5000 mg/kg of ST-F was given orally to healthy KM mice. The mice were observed mortality and toxic symptoms for 24 h, then once a day up to 14 days. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, ST-F was administered orally at doses of 0, 70, 140, 560 mg/kg/day to rats for 26 weeks. Body weight and food intake were recorded weekly. Hematological, biochemical, coagulation and organ parameters were analyzed at the end of 26 weeks administration. Vital organs were evaluated by histopathology. In the acute toxicity study, ST-F caused neither significant toxic symptoms, nor mortality in mice. In sub-chronic toxicity study, daily oral administration of ST-F at the dose of 70 mg/kg resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the relative body weight at the 10-week, and the same situation brought at the dose of 140 mg/kg/day at the 22-week. Hematological and biochemical showed significant changes (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) in WBC, GLU, ALP, AST and serum electrolytes levels at the dose of 560 mg/kg/day. The amount of RBC decreased significantly (P < 0.05) while the content of PLT slightly increased (P < 0.05) at the dose of 140 mg/kg/day. In additional, no obvious histological changes were observed in vital organs of ST-F treated animals compared to control group. The ST-F may be exit slight side effects at the dose of 560 mg/kg/day in rats. Thus, the overall results show that the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of ST-F was considered to be 140 mg/kg for male SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinals Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shu-Xian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Song Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinals Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ya-Yun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinals Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cai-Jie Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinals Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dong-Xu Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinals Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chu-Yan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinals Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui-Qi Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinals Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shao-Zhen Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinals Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinals Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Geerts R, van Ginkel CG, Plugge CM. Read-across of ready biodegradability based on the substrate specificity of N-alkyl polypropylene polyamine-degrading microorganisms. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 28:311-323. [PMID: 28480742 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2017.1316517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of N-alkyl polypropylene polyamines (NAPPs) was studied using pure and mixed cultures to enable read-across of ready biodegradability test results. Two Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from activated sludge with N-oleyl alkyl propylene diamine and N-coco alkyl dipropylene triamine, respectively. Both strains utilized all NAPPs tested as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy for growth. Mineralization of NAPPs was independent of the alkyl chain length and the size of the polyamine moiety. NAPPs degraded in closed bottle tests (CBTs) using both river water and activated sludge. However, ready biodegradability of NAPPs with alkyl chain lengths of 16-18 carbon atoms and polyamine moieties with three and four nitrogen atoms could not be demonstrated. Biodegradation in the CBT was hampered by their limited bioavailability, making assessment of the true ready biodegradability of these highly adsorptive surfactants impossible. All NAPPs are therefore classified as readily biodegradable through read-across. Read-across is justified by the broad substrate specificity of NAPP-degrading microorganisms, their omnipresence and the mineralization of NAPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Geerts
- a Akzo Nobel Chemicals B.V. , Deventer , The Netherlands
| | - C G van Ginkel
- a Akzo Nobel Chemicals B.V. , Deventer , The Netherlands
| | - C M Plugge
- b Laboratory of Microbiology , Wageningen University , Wageningen , The Netherlands
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