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Qiao D, Zhang T, Tang M. Autophagy regulation by inorganic, organic, and organic/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles: Organelle damage, regulation factors, and potential pathways. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23429. [PMID: 37409715 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnology requires a more thorough understanding of the potential health effects caused by nanoparticles (NPs). As a programmed cell death, autophagy is one of the biological effects induced by NPs, which maintain intracellular homeostasis by degrading damaged organelles and removing aggregates of defective proteins through lysosomes. Currently, autophagy has been shown to be associated with the development of several diseases. A significant number of research have demonstrated that most NPs can regulate autophagy, and their regulation of autophagy is divided into induction and blockade. Studying the autophagy regulation by NPs will facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the toxicity of NPs. In this review, we will illustrate the effects of different types of NPs on autophagy, including inorganic NPs, organic NPs, and organic/inorganic hybrid NPs. The potential mechanisms by which NPs regulate autophagy are highlighted, including organelle damage, oxidative stress, inducible factors, and multiple signaling pathways. In addition, we list the factors influencing NPs-regulated autophagy. This review may provide basic information for the safety assessment of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Taheriazam A, Abad GGY, Hajimazdarany S, Imani MH, Ziaolhagh S, Zandieh MA, Bayanzadeh SD, Mirzaei S, Hamblin MR, Entezari M, Aref AR, Zarrabi A, Ertas YN, Ren J, Rajabi R, Paskeh MDA, Hashemi M, Hushmandi K. Graphene oxide nanoarchitectures in cancer biology: Nano-modulators of autophagy and apoptosis. J Control Release 2023; 354:503-522. [PMID: 36641122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a growing field, with many potential biomedical applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of different diseases, particularly cancer, on the horizon. Graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles can act as carbon-based nanocarriers with advantages such as a large surface area, good mechanical strength, and the capacity for surface modification. These nanostructures have been extensively used in cancer therapy for drug and gene delivery, photothermal therapy, overcoming chemotherapy resistance, and for imaging procedures. In the current review, we focus on the biological functions of GO nanoparticles as regulators of apoptosis and autophagy, the two major forms of programmed cell death. GO nanoparticles can either induce or inhibit autophagy in cancer cells, depending on the conditions. By stimulating autophagy, GO nanocarriers can promote the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy. However, by impairing autophagy flux, GO nanoparticles can reduce cell survival and enhance inflammation. Similarly, GO nanomaterials can increase ROS production and induce DNA damage, thereby sensitizing cancer cells to apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments have investigated whether GO nanomaterials show any toxicity in major body organs, such as the brain, liver, spleen, and heart. Molecular pathways, such as ATG, MAPK, JNK, and Akt, can be regulated by GO nanomaterials, leading to effects on autophagy and apoptosis. These topics are discussed in this review to shed some lights towards the biomedical potential of GO nanoparticles and their biocompatibility, paving the way for their future application in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Taheriazam
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Gholamiyan Yousef Abad
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Hajimazdarany
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Imani
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e kord Branch, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
| | - Setayesh Ziaolhagh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Vice President at Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc., 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey; ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Romina Rajabi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Xiong X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xie J, Bian Y, Yin Q, Tong R, Yu D, Pan L. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA)-mediated ER stress crosstalk with autophagy is involved in tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate stress-induced cardiac fibrosis. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111972. [PMID: 36087434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) use in consumer products has been reported to increase human disease susceptibility. However, the adverse effects of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) (a chlorinated alkyl OPFR) on the heart remain unknown. In this study, we tested whether cardiac fibrosis occurred in animal models of TCEP (10 mg/kg b.w./day) administered continuously by gavage for 30 days and evaluated the specific role of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). First, we confirmed that TCEP could trigger cardiac fibrosis by histopathological observation and cardiac fibrosis markers. We further verified that cardiac fibrosis occurred in animal models of TCEP exposure accompanied by SERCA2a, SERCA2b and SERCA2c downregulation. Notably, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis revealed that the cardiac concentrations of Ca2+ increased by 45.3% after TCEP exposure. Using 4-Isopropoxy-N-(2-methylquinolin-8-yl)benzamide (CDN1163, a small molecule SERCA activator), we observed that Ca2+ overload and subsequent cardiac fibrosis caused by TCEP were both alleviated. Simultaneously, the protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) markers (protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol requiring protein 1α (IRE1α), eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α)) were upregulated by TCEP, which could be abrogated by CDN1163 pretreatment. Furthermore, we observed that CDN1163 supplementation prevented overactive autophagy induced by TCEP in the heart. Mechanistically, TCEP could lead to Ca2+ overload by inhibiting the expression of SERCA, thereby triggering ER stress and overactive autophagy, eventually resulting in cardiac fibrosis. Together, our results suggest that the Ca2+ overload/ER stress/autophagy axis can act as a driver of cardiotoxicity induced by TCEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaqi Xie
- Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Yuan Bian
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinan Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Dongke Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Lingai Pan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
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Cao Y. Nutrient molecule corona: An update for nanomaterial-food component interactions. Toxicology 2022; 476:153253. [PMID: 35811011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of biological molecules to nanomaterials (NMs) will significantly impact NMs' behavior in complex microenvironments. Previously we proposed the need to consider the interactions between food components and NMs for the evaluation of oral toxicity of NMs. This review updated this concept as nutrient molecule corona, that the adsorption of nutrient molecules alters the uptake of nutrient molecules and/or NMs, as well as the signaling pathways to induce a combined toxicity due to the biologically active nature of nutrient molecules. Even with the presence of protein corona, nutrient molecules may still bind to NMs to change the identities of NMs in vivo. Furthermore, this review proposed the binding of excessive nutrient molecules to NMs to induce a combined toxicity under pathological conditions such as metabolic diseases. The structures of nutrient molecules and physicochemical properties of NMs determine nutrient molecule corona formation, and these aspects should be considered to limit the unwanted effects brought by nutrient molecule corona. In conclusion, similar to other biological molecule corona, the formation of nutrient molecule corona due to the presence of food components or excessive nutrient molecules in pathophysiological microenvironments will alter the behaviors of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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5
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Zhou X, Jin W, Sun H, Li C, Jia J. Perturbation of autophagy: An intrinsic toxicity mechanism of nanoparticles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153629. [PMID: 35131247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used for various purposes due to their unique physicochemical properties. Such widespread applications greatly increase the possibility of human exposure to NPs in various ways. Once entering the human body, NPs may interfere with cellular homeostasis and thus affect the physiological system. As a result, it is necessary to evaluate the potential disturbance of NPs to multiple cell functions, including autophagy. Autophagy is an important cell function to maintain cellular homeostasis, and minimizing the disturbance caused by NP exposures to autophagy is critical to nanosafety. Herein, we summarized the recent research progress in nanotoxicity with particular focuses on the perturbation of NPs to cell autophagy. The basic processes of autophagy and complex relationships between autophagy and major human diseases were further discussed to emphasize the importance of keeping autophagy under control. Moreover, the most recent advances on perturbation of different types of NPs to autophagy were also reviewed. Last but not least, we also discussed major research challenges and potential coping strategies and proposed a safe-by-design strategy towards safer applications of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhou
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua 061100, China
| | - Weitao Jin
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua 061100, China
| | - Hainan Sun
- Shandong Vocational College of Light Industry, Zibo 255300, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jianbo Jia
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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6
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Liu L, Wang J, Zhang J, Huang C, Yang Z, Cao Y. The cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to 3D brain organoids results from excessive intracellular zinc ions and defective autophagy. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 39:259-275. [PMID: 34766255 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the neurotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) has been evaluated in animal and nerve cell culture models, these models cannot accurately mimic human brains. Three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids based on human-induced pluripotent stem cells have been developed to study the human brains, but this model has rarely been used to evaluate NP neurotoxicity. We used 3D brain organoids that express cortical layer proteins to investigate the mechanisms of ZnO NP-induced neurotoxicity. Cytotoxicity caused by high levels of ZnO NPs (64 μg/mL) correlated with high intracellular Zn ion levels but not superoxide levels. Exposure to a non-cytotoxic concentration of ZnO NPs (16 μg/mL) increased the autophagy-marker proteins LC3B-II/I but decreased p62 accumulation, whereas a cytotoxic concentration of ZnO NPs (64 μg/mL) decreased LC3B-II/I proteins but did not affect p62 accumulation. Fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography revealed that 64 μg/mL ZnO NPs led to decreases in LC3B proteins that were more obvious at the outer layers of the organoids, which were directly exposed to the ZnO NPs. In addition to reducing LC3B proteins in the outer layers, ZnO NPs increased the number of micronuclei in the outer layers but not the inner layers (where LC3B proteins were still expressed). Adding the autophagy flux inhibitor bafilomycin A1 to ZnO NPs increased cytotoxicity and intracellular Zn ion levels, but adding the autophagy inducer rapamycin only slightly decreased cellular Zn ion levels. We conclude that high concentrations of ZnO NPs are cytotoxic to 3D brain organoids via defective autophagy and intracellular accumulation of Zn ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, People's Republic of China
| | - Junkang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaobo Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhaogang Yang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China. .,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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Mohtar N, Parumasivam T, Gazzali AM, Tan CS, Tan ML, Othman R, Fazalul Rahiman SS, Wahab HA. Advanced Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems and Their Cellular Evaluation for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3539. [PMID: 34298753 PMCID: PMC8303683 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancers, the number one cancer killer, can be broadly divided into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with NSCLC being the most commonly diagnosed type. Anticancer agents for NSCLC suffer from various limitations that can be partly overcome by the application of nanomedicines. Nanoparticles is a branch within nanomedicine that can improve the delivery of anticancer drugs, whilst ensuring the stability and sufficient bioavailability following administration. There are many publications available in the literature exploring different types of nanoparticles from different materials. The effectiveness of a treatment option needs to be validated in suitable in vitro and/or in vivo models. This includes the developed nanoparticles, to prove their safety and efficacy. Many researchers have turned towards in vitro models that use normal cells or specific cells from diseased tissues. However, in cellular works, the physiological dynamics that is available in the body could not be mimicked entirely, and hence, there is still possible development of false positive or false negative results from the in vitro models. This article provides an overview of NSCLC, the different nanoparticles available to date, and in vitro evaluation of the nanoparticles. Different types of cells suitable for in vitro study and the important precautions to limit the development of false results are also extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noratiqah Mohtar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Thaigarajan Parumasivam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Amirah Mohd Gazzali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Chu Shan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Mei Lan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Rozana Othman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Siti Sarah Fazalul Rahiman
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Habibah A. Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (N.M.); (T.P.); (A.M.G.); (C.S.T.); (M.L.T.); (H.A.W.)
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8
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Yan D, Xue Z, Li S, Zhong C. Comparison of cytotoxicity of Ag/ZnO and Ag@ZnO nanocomplexes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:811-819. [PMID: 33314238 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel metal and metal oxide-based nanocomplexes are being developed due to their superior properties compared with nanoparticles (NPs) based on single composition. In this study, we synthesized Ag-coated ZnO (Ag/ZnO) and Ag-doped ZnO (Ag@ZnO) NPs. The cytotoxicity and mechanisms associated with the synthesized NPs were investigated to understand the influence of Ag positions on biocompatibility of the NPs. After exposure to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), Ag/ZnO, Ag@ZnO, and ZnO NPs all significantly induced cytotoxicity, but the cytotoxic effects of Ag/ZnO and Ag@ZnO NPs were more modest in comparison with ZnO NPs. At cytotoxic concentrations, all NPs significantly induced intracellular Zn ions, which suggested a role of excessive Zn ions on cytotoxicity of NPs. All types of NPs significantly induced the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes including DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3), X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1), and ER to nucleus signaling 1 (ERN1), but Ag/ZnO and Ag@ZnO NPs were less effective to induce DDIT3 and XBP-1 expression compared with ZnO NPs. Not surprisingly, only ZnO NPs significantly induced the expression of caspase 3. Combined, the results from this study showed that Ag/ZnO and Ag@ZnO NPs were less cytotoxic and less potent to induce ER stress gene expression compared with ZnO NPs, but there were no significant differences between Ag/ZnO and Ag@ZnO NPs. Our results may provide novel understanding about the biocompatibility of Ag-ZnO nanocomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejian Yan
- Institute of Advanced Materials, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Xue
- Institute of Advanced Materials, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
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9
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Zhu P, Zhang T, Li J, Ma J, Ouyang X, Zhao X, Xu M, Wang D, Xu Q. Near-infrared emission Cu, N-doped carbon dots for human umbilical vein endothelial cell labeling and their biocompatibility in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:789-798. [PMID: 33269515 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are luminescent semiconductor nanomaterials (NMs) with various biomedical applications, but the high toxicity associated with traditional QDs, such as Cd-based QDs, limits their uses in biomedicine. As such, the development of biocompatible metal-free QDs has gained extensive research interests. In this study, we synthesized near-infrared emission Cu, N-doped carbon dots (CDs) with optimal emission at 640 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of 27.1% (in N,N-dimethylformamide [DMF]) by solvothermal method using o-phenylenediamine and copper acetate monohydrate. We thoroughly characterized the CDs and showed that they were highly fluorescent and stable under different conditions, although in highly acidic (pH = 1-2) or alkaline (pH = 12-13) solutions, a redshift or blueshift of fluorescence emission peak of Cu, N-doped CDs was also observed. When exposed to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), Cu, N-doped CDs only significantly induced cytotoxicity at very high concentrations (100 or 200 μg/ml), but their cytotoxicity appeared to be comparable with carbon black (CB) nanoparticles (NPs) at the same mass concentrations. As the mechanisms, 200 μg/ml Cu, N-doped CDs and CB NPs promoted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins IRE1α and chop, leading to increased cleaved caspase 3/pro-caspase 3 ratio, but CB NPs were more effective. At noncytotoxic concentration (50 μg/ml), Cu, N-doped CDs successfully labeled HUVECs. In summary, we successfully prepared highly fluorescent and relatively biocompatible CDs to label HUVECs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peide Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxiong Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Junfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Xiangcheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Deqing Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
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10
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Yang D, Zhang M, Gan Y, Yang S, Wang J, Yu M, Wei J, Chen J. Involvement of oxidative stress in ZnO NPs-induced apoptosis and autophagy of mouse GC-1 spg cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110960. [PMID: 32800232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been extensively used in various industries and reported to inhibit spermatogenesis, however, ZnO NPs-induced spermatogenesis failure is yet to be fully elucidated. Herein, mouse-derived spermatogonia cell line GC-1 spg cells were treated with ZnO NPs for 24 h in the presence or absence of radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), then cell viability was observed by MTT assay; apoptosis was observed by western blotting analysis and AnnexinV-FITC/PI assay, respectively; autophagy was detected by western blotting analysis and transmission electron microscopy, respectively; and the contents of MDA and GSH and the activities of SOD and GSH-PX were measured by oxidative stress kits. The present study showed that ZnO NPs exposure inhibited viability and induced apoptosis of mouse GC-1 spg cells. Intriguingly, ZnO NPs markedly increased the protein content of LC3-II, the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, and the protein levels of ATG 5 and Beclin 1 in the cells. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that autophagic vesicles in the cytoplasm increased significantly in the ZnO NPs-treated cells, indicating that ZnO NPs could induce autophagy of the cells. Oxidative stress could be induced by ZnO NPs; moreover, inhibition of oxidative stress could alleviate the induction of apoptosis and autophagy by ZnO NPs. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA could rescue the inhibition of cell viability and induction of apoptosis by ZnO NPs, which indicated that autophagy might have cytotoxic effect on ZnO NPs-induced apoptosis. In summary, oxidative stress was involved in ZnO NPs-induced apoptosis and autophagy of mouse GC-1 spg cells, and autophagy might play a cytotoxic role in ZnO NPs-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Si Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Jinglei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Mei Yu
- Library, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Jiaxiang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang, 330006, PR China.
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11
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Wang L, Guo D, Wang Z, Yin X, Wei H, Hu W, Chen R, Chen C. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce human tenon fibroblast apoptosis through reactive oxygen species and caspase signaling pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 683:108324. [PMID: 32112740 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world and trabeculectomy remains still the most commonly performed filtration surgery. Failure of trabeculectomy is due to the formation of scarring, which is associated with the increased fibroblast proliferation, activation, and collagen deposition at the site of the drainage channel with subconjunctival fibrosis. Our previous study has revealed that zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles could efficiently decrease the expressions of TGF-β1 and inhibit fibroblast-mediated collagen lattice contraction. However, the mechanism underlying ZnO nanoparticle-induced fibroblast apoptosis is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in human Tenon fibroblasts (HTFs). Moreover, we also explored the influence of ZnO nanoparticles on the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1), collagen III, and E-cadherin. The results indicated that ZnO nanoparticles markedly inhibit HTFs viability and decrease the Δψm in a concentration-dependent pattern. Exposure of HTFs to ZnO nanoparticles could also induce the elevated Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and Apaf-1 expression, decrease the levels of FSP-1, collagen III, and E-cadherin expression, leading to HTFs apoptosis. Our results suggested that elevated ROS and activated Caspase signaling play a fundamental role in ZnO nanoparticle-induced HTFs apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zaozhuang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zaozhuang, 277000, China
| | - Xuewei Yin
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Huixia Wei
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Wanli Hu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4655#, Daxue Road, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Ruihong Chen
- Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First People's Hospital of Jining, Jining, 272002, Shandong Province, China.
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12
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Ren L, Huang J, Wei J, Zang Y, Zhao Y, Wu S, Zhao X, Zhou X, Sun Z, Lu H. Maternal exposure to fine particle matters cause autophagy via UPR-mediated PI3K-mTOR pathway in testicular tissue of adult male mice in offspring. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109943. [PMID: 31761553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that particulate matters are closely related to human infertility. However, the long-term risk of particulate matters exposure in early life is rarely considered. For the first time this study is designed to explore and elucidate the mechanism of maternal exposure to fine particle matters (PM2.5) on autophagy in spermatogenic cells of adult offspring. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups. The 4.8 mg/kg.b.w group and the 43.2 mg/kg.b.w group were administered with different doses of PM2.5. The membrane control group was administered with PM2.5 sampling membrane and the control group received no treatment. The exposure was performed every three days from the day after vaginal plug was checked until delivery for a total of 6 times. The results showed that sperms motility and sperms concentration decreased, and sperm deformity increased in adult male offspring. The expression of SOD decreased and MDA increased. Moreover, the level of GRP78/ATF6 and P62 was upregulated, and the expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p-mTOR was down-regulated. This suggests that early-life exposure to PM2.5 can induce autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway mediated by unfolded protein response in adult testicular tissue. PM2.5 may pose a significant role and long-term threat to adult after early-life exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ren
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jialiu Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yu Zang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- College of Applied Arts and Science of Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hong Lu
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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13
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Sun H, Jiang C, Wu L, Bai X, Zhai S. Cytotoxicity-Related Bioeffects Induced by Nanoparticles: The Role of Surface Chemistry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:414. [PMID: 31921818 PMCID: PMC6920110 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in a variety of fields, including those related to consumer products, architecture, energy, and biomedicine. Once they enter the human body, NPs contact proteins in the blood and interact with cells in organs, which may induce cytotoxicity. Among the various factors of NP surface chemistry, surface charges, hydrophobicity levels and combinatorial decorations are found to play key roles inregulating typical cytotoxicity-related bioeffects, including protein binding, cellular uptake, oxidative stress, autophagy, inflammation, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the recent progress made in directing the levels and molecular pathways of these cytotoxicity-related effects by the purposeful design of NP surface charge, hydrophobicity, and combinatorial decorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Vocational College of Light Industry, Zibo, China
| | - Cuijuan Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shumei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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14
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Song WJ, Jeong MS, Choi DM, Kim KN, Wie MB. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis via Oxidative Injury and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Primary Astrocyte Cultures. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9071043. [PMID: 31330912 PMCID: PMC6669602 DOI: 10.3390/nano9071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the potential toxic concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and associated autophagy and apoptosis-related injuries in primary neocortical astrocyte cultures. Concentrations of ZnO NPs ≥3 μg/mL induced significant toxicity in the astrocytes. At 24 h after exposure to the ZnO NPs, transmission electron microscopy revealed swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and increased numbers of autophagolysosomes in the cultured astrocytes, and increased levels of LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3)-mediated autophagy were identified by flow cytometry. Apoptosis induced by ZnO NP exposure was confirmed by the elevation of caspase-3/7 activity and 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Significant (p < 0.05) changes in the levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 were observed by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) assay following the exposure of astrocyte cultures to ZnO NPs. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) dual activation was induced by ZnO NPs in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the Akt (protein kinase B) inhibitor BML257 and the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor rapamycin contributed to the survival of astrocytes. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 and lipoxygenase attenuated ZnO NP-induced toxicity. Calcium-modulating compounds, antioxidants, and zinc/iron chelators also decreased ZnO NP-induced toxicity. Together, these results suggest that ZnO NP-induced autophagy and apoptosis may be associated with oxidative stress and the inflammatory process in primary astrocyte cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Ju Song
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Myung-Seon Jeong
- Chuncheon Center, Korean Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Dong-Min Choi
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Kil-Nam Kim
- Chuncheon Center, Korean Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Myung-Bok Wie
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
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15
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Jiang L, Li Z, Xie Y, Liu L, Cao Y. Cyanidin chloride modestly protects Caco-2 cells from ZnO nanoparticle exposure probably through the induction of autophagy. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:251-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Zhang H, Wei X, Lu S, Lin X, Huang J, Chen L, Huang X, Jiang L, Li Y, Qin L, Wei J, Huang R. Protective effect of DMDD, isolated from the root of Averrhoa carambola L., on high glucose induced EMT in HK-2 cells by inhibiting the TLR4-BAMBI-Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 113:108705. [PMID: 30877882 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia stimulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role in initiating and progressing renal fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It is crucial to explore novel renal protective drugs for the treatment of DKD. OBJECTIVE The present study is to confirm our hypothesis and to accumulate the information for the application of DMDD (2-Dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione) as a novel therapeutic agent to potentially inhibit renal fibrogenesis and EMT in the DKD. METHODS High glucose induced renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2 cells) was cultured and treated with DMDD. The cell viability and DMDD cytotoxicity were assessed by CCK8. Immunofluorescence was used for detection of TLR4 and downstream protein in normal and high glucose induced HK-2 cells. HK-2 cells were transfected with lentivirus codifying for BAMBI (BMP and activin membrane bound inhibitor) and interfering RNA for determination of the effect of BAMBI over-expression and silencing, respectively. TLR4-BAMBI-Smad2/3 pathway was analyzed by means of RT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS A high concentration (60mM) of glucose induced significant EMT process and TLR4 expression was increased obviously in this circumstance. DMDD inhibited high expressions of TLR4 and Smad2/3 in HG induced cells and decreased the expression of BAMBI. In addition, the effects of decreased BAMBI expression and increased Smad2/3 expression in HG cultured cells were reversed in the cells of TAK-242 (TLR4 signaling inhibitor) intervention. BAMBI gene silencing dramatically increased EMT process and the over-expression of BAMBI was opposite in HK-2 cells with HG condition. These observations of EMT were ameliorated when the HK-2 cells were pre-treated with DMDD. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that DMDD treatment improves EMT in the HG induced HK-2 cells. In addition, DMDD significantly inhibits EMT by TLR4-BAMBI-Smad2/3 pathway, which hints that DMDD may be an alternative approach in diabetic renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Pharmacy Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Shunyu Lu
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xing Lin
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianchun Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lixiu Chen
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Luhui Jiang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuchun Li
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Luhui Qin
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinbin Wei
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Renbin Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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