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Barhum H, McDonnell C, Peltek O, Jain R, Amer M, Kain D, Elad-Sfadia G, Athamna M, Blinder P, Ginzburg P. In-Brain Multiphoton Imaging of Vaterite Cargoes Loaded with Carbon Dots. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8232-8239. [PMID: 38781101 PMCID: PMC11247546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Biocompatible fluorescent agents are key contributors to the theranostic paradigm by enabling real-time in vivo imaging. This study explores the optical properties of phenylenediamine carbon dots (CDs) and demonstrates their potential for fluorescence imaging in cells and brain blood vessels. The nonlinear absorption cross-section of the CDs was measured and achieved values near 50 Goeppert-Mayer (GM) units with efficient excitation in the 775-895 nm spectral range. Mesoporous vaterite nanoparticles were loaded with CDs to examine the possibility of a biocompatible imaging platform. Efficient one- and two-photon imaging of the CD-vaterite composites uptaken by diverse cells was demonstrated. For an in vivo scenario, CD-vaterite composites were injected into the bloodstream of a mouse, and their flow was monitored within the blood vessels of the brain through a cranial window. These results show the potential of the platform for high-brightness biocompatible imaging with the potential for both sensing and simultaneous drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Barhum
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Triangle Regional Research and Development Center, Kfar Qara 3007500, Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Cormac McDonnell
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Oleksii Peltek
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation
| | - Rudhvi Jain
- Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, Wise Life Science Faculty, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Mariam Amer
- Triangle Regional Research and Development Center, Kfar Qara 3007500, Israel
| | - David Kain
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Galit Elad-Sfadia
- Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, Wise Life Science Faculty, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Muhammad Athamna
- Triangle Regional Research and Development Center, Kfar Qara 3007500, Israel
- Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, Wise Life Science Faculty, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Pablo Blinder
- Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics School, Wise Life Science Faculty, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Pavel Ginzburg
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Light-Matter Interaction Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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2
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Guan S, Tang M. Exposure of quantum dots in the nervous system: Central nervous system risks and the blood-brain barrier interface. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:936-952. [PMID: 38062852 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Quantum dots currently possess significant importance in the field of biomedical science. Upon introduction into the body, quantum dots exhibit a tendency to accumulate in diverse tissues including the central nervous system (CNS). Consequently, it becomes imperative to devote specific attention to their potential toxic effects. Moreover, the preservation of optimal CNS function relies heavily on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, thereby necessitating its prioritization in neurotoxicological investigations. A more comprehensive understanding of the BBB and CNS characteristics, along with the underlying mechanisms that may contribute to neurotoxicity, will greatly aid researchers in the development of effective design strategies. This article offers an in-depth look at the methods used to reduce the harmful effects of quantum dots on the nervous system, alongside the progression of effective treatments for brain-related conditions. The focal point of this discussion is the BBB and its intricate association with the CNS and neurotoxicology. The discourse commences by recent advancements in the medical application of quantum dots are examined. Subsequently, elucidating the mechanisms through which quantum dots infiltrate the human body and traverse into the brain. Additionally, the discourse delves into the factors that facilitate the passage of quantum dots across the BBB, primarily encompassing the physicochemical properties of quantum dots and the BBB's inherent capacity for self-permeability alteration. Furthermore, a concluding summary is presented, emphasizing existing research deficiencies and identifying promising avenues for further investigation within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Guan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Yu X, Li H, Xu C, Xu Z, Chen S, Liu W, Zhang T, Sun H, Ge Y, Qi Z, Liu J. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation-Mediated Photocatalytic Subcellular Hybrid System for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Production. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400097. [PMID: 38572522 PMCID: PMC11165473 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Plant chloroplasts have a highly compartmentalized interior, essential for executing photocatalytic functions. However, the construction of a photocatalytic reaction compartment similar to chloroplasts in inorganic-biological hybrid systems (IBS) has not been reported. Drawing inspiration from the compartmentalized chloroplast and the phenomenon of liquid-liquid phase separation, herein, a new strategy is first developed for constructing a photocatalytic subcellular hybrid system through liquid-liquid phase separation technology in living cells. Photosensitizers and in vivo expressed hydrogenases are designed to coassemble within the cell to create subcellular compartments for synergetic photocatalysis. This compartmentalization facilitates efficient electron transfer and light energy utilization, resulting in highly effective H2 production. The subcellular compartments hybrid system (HM/IBSCS) exhibits a nearly 87-fold increase in H2 production compared to the bare bacteria/hybrid system. Furthermore, the intracellular compartments of the photocatalytic reactor enhance the system's stability obviously, with the bacteria maintaining approximately 81% of their H2 production activity even after undergoing five cycles of photocatalytic hydrogen production. The research brings forward visionary prospects for the field of semi-artificial photosynthesis, offering new possibilities for advancements in areas such as renewable energy, biomanufacturing, and genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational TechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational TechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Chengchen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Zhengwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Shuheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Wang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Tianlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Hongcheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
| | - Yan Ge
- Sino‐German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational TechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Zhenhui Qi
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Lab for Space Biomaterials and Translational TechnologySchool of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of MaterialChemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
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4
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Fang Q, Tang M. Oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity of quantum dots and influencing factors. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:1013-1028. [PMID: 38606672 PMCID: PMC11225328 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have significant potential for treating and diagnosing CNS diseases. Meanwhile, the neurotoxicity of QDs has garnered attention. In this review, we focus on elucidating the mechanisms and consequences of CNS oxidative stress induced by QDs. First, we discussed the pathway of QDs transit into the brain. We then elucidate the relationship between QDs and oxidative stress from in vivo and in vitro studies. Furthermore, the main reasons and adverse outcomes of QDs leading to oxidative stress are discussed. In addition, the primary factors that may affect the neurotoxicity of QDs are analyzed. Finally, we propose potential strategies for mitigating QDs neurotoxicity and outline future perspectives for their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
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Mohkam M, Sadraeian M, Lauto A, Gholami A, Nabavizadeh SH, Esmaeilzadeh H, Alyasin S. Exploring the potential and safety of quantum dots in allergy diagnostics. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:145. [PMID: 38025887 PMCID: PMC10656439 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical investigations in nanotherapeutics and nanomedicine have recently intensified in pursuit of new therapies with improved efficacy. Quantum dots (QDs) are promising nanomaterials that possess a wide array of advantageous properties, including electronic properties, optical properties, and engineered biocompatibility under physiological conditions. Due to these characteristics, QDs are mainly used for biomedical labeling and theranostic (therapeutic-diagnostic) agents. QDs can be functionalized with ligands to facilitate their interaction with the immune system, specific IgE, and effector cell receptors. However, undesirable side effects such as hypersensitivity and toxicity may occur, requiring further assessment. This review systematically summarizes the potential uses of QDs in the allergy field. An overview of the definition and development of QDs is provided, along with the applications of QDs in allergy studies, including the detection of allergen-specific IgE (sIgE), food allergens, and sIgE in cellular tests. The potential treatment of allergies with QDs is also described, highlighting the toxicity and biocompatibility of these nanodevices. Finally, we discuss the current findings on the immunotoxicity of QDs. Several favorable points regarding the use of QDs for allergy diagnosis and treatment are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mohkam
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadraeian
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Antonio Lauto
- School of Science, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560 Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560 Australia
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hesamodin Nabavizadeh
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Esmaeilzadeh
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soheila Alyasin
- Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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6
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Zhang B, Xu J, Sun M, Yu P, Ma Y, Xie L, Chen L. Comparative secretomic and proteomic analysis reveal multiple defensive strategies developed by Vibrio cholerae against the heavy metal (Cd 2+, Ni 2+, Pb 2+, and Zn 2+) stresses. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1294177. [PMID: 37954246 PMCID: PMC10637575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1294177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a common waterborne pathogen that can cause pandemic cholera in humans. The bacterium with heavy metal-tolerant phenotypes is frequently isolated from aquatic products, however, its tolerance mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated for the first time the response of such V. cholerae isolates (n = 3) toward the heavy metal (Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) stresses by comparative secretomic and proteomic analyses. The results showed that sublethal concentrations of the Pb2+ (200 μg/mL), Cd2+ (12.5 μg/mL), and Zn2+ (50 μg/mL) stresses for 2 h significantly decreased the bacterial cell membrane fluidity, but increased cell surface hydrophobicity and inner membrane permeability, whereas the Ni2+ (50 μg/mL) stress increased cell membrane fluidity (p < 0.05). The comparative secretomic and proteomic analysis revealed differentially expressed extracellular and intracellular proteins involved in common metabolic pathways in the V. cholerae isolates to reduce cytotoxicity of the heavy metal stresses, such as biosorption, transportation and effluxing, extracellular sequestration, and intracellular antioxidative defense. Meanwhile, different defensive strategies were also found in the V. cholerae isolates to cope with different heavy metal damage. Remarkably, a number of putative virulence and resistance-associated proteins were produced and/or secreted by the V. cholerae isolates under the heavy metal stresses, suggesting an increased health risk in the aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics (Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai), Institute of Genome and Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Wang X, Wu T. An update on the biological effects of quantum dots: From environmental fate to risk assessment based on multiple biological models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163166. [PMID: 37011691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are zero-dimension nanomaterials with excellent physical and chemical properties, which have been widely used in environmental science and biomedicine. Therefore, QDs are potential to cause toxicity to the environment and enter organisms through migration and bioenrichment effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis on the adverse effects of QDs in different organisms based on recently available data. Following PRISMA guidelines, this study searched PubMed database according to the pre-set keywords, and included 206 studies according to the inclusion and elimination criteria. CiteSpace software was firstly used to analyze the keywords of included literatures, search for breaking points of former studies, and summarize the classification, characterization and dosage of QDs. The environment fate of QDs in the ecosystems were then analyzed, followed with comprehensively summarized toxicity outcomes at individual, system, cell, subcellular and molecular levels. After migration and degradation in the environment, aquatic plants, bacteria, fungi as well as invertebrates and vertebrates have been found to be suffered from toxic effects caused by QDs. Aside from systemic effects, toxicity of intrinsic QDs targeting to specific organs, including respiratory system, cardiovascular system, hepatorenal system, nervous system and immune system were confirmed in multiple animal models. Moreover, QDs could be taken up by cells and disturb the organelles, which resulted in cellular inflammation and cell death, including autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. Recently, several innovative technologies, like organoids have been applied in the risk assessment of QDs to promote the surgical interventions of preventing QDs' toxicity. This review not only aimed at updating the research progress on the biological effects of QDs from environmental fate to risk assessment, but also overcame the limitations of available reviews on basic toxicity of nanomaterials by interdisciplinarity and provided new insights for better applications of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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8
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Zhang L, Wu Y, Luo X, Jia T, Li K, Zhou L, Mao Z, Huang P. A novel insight into mechanism of derangement of coagulation balance: interactions of quantum dots with coagulation-related proteins. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:17. [PMID: 35260173 PMCID: PMC8903618 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantum dots (QDs) have gained increased attention for their extensive biomedical and electronic products applications. Due to the high priority of QDs in contacting the circulatory system, understanding the hemocompatibility of QDs is one of the most important aspects for their biosafety evaluation. Thus far, the effect of QDs on coagulation balance haven’t been fully understood, and limited studies also have yet elucidated the potential mechanism from the perspective of interaction of QDs with coagulation-related proteins. Results QDs induced the derangement of coagulation balance by prolonging the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time as well as changing the expression levels of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. The contact of QDs with PTM (prothrombin), PLG (plasminogen) and FIB (fibrinogen) which are primary coagulation-related proteins in the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems formed QDs-protein conjugates through hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interaction. The affinity of proteins with QDs followed the order of PTM > PLG > FIB, and was larger with CdTe/ZnS QDs than CdTe QDs. Binding with QDs not only induced static fluorescence quenching of PTM, PLG and FIB, but also altered their conformational structures. The binding of QDs to the active sites of PTM, PLG and FIB may promote the activation of proteins, thus interfering the hemostasis and fibrinolysis processes. Conclusions The interactions of QDs with PTM, PLG and FIB may be key contributors for interference of coagulation balance, that is helpful to achieve a reliable and comprehensive evaluation on the potential biological influence of QDs from the molecular level. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00458-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China.,School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, 31# Jianshe Road, Donghe District, Baotou, 014040, China
| | - Yingting Wu
- Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xingling Luo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tianjiang Jia
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Kexin Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Peili Huang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Shaw ZL, Kuriakose S, Cheeseman S, Dickey MD, Genzer J, Christofferson AJ, Crawford RJ, McConville CF, Chapman J, Truong VK, Elbourne A, Walia S. Antipathogenic properties and applications of low-dimensional materials. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3897. [PMID: 34162835 PMCID: PMC8222221 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A major health concern of the 21st century is the rise of multi-drug resistant pathogenic microbial species. Recent technological advancements have led to considerable opportunities for low-dimensional materials (LDMs) as potential next-generation antimicrobials. LDMs have demonstrated antimicrobial behaviour towards a variety of pathogenic bacterial and fungal cells, due to their unique physicochemical properties. This review provides a critical assessment of current LDMs that have exhibited antimicrobial behaviour and their mechanism of action. Future design considerations and constraints in deploying LDMs for antimicrobial applications are discussed. It is envisioned that this review will guide future design parameters for LDM-based antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Shaw
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sruthi Kuriakose
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group, MicroNano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Chris F McConville
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - James Chapman
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sumeet Walia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group, MicroNano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
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10
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Hu L, Liu B, Li S, Zhong H, He Z. Study on the oxidative stress and transcriptional level in Cr(VI) and Hg(II) reducing strain Acinetobacter indicus yy-1 isolated from chromium-contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128741. [PMID: 33127119 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The bioreduction of Cr(VI) and Hg(II) has become a hot topic in the field of heavy metals bioremediation. However, the mechanism of antioxidant stress in Cr(VI) and Hg(II) reducing bacteria is still not clear. In this work, a novel Cr(VI) and Hg(II) reducing strain Acinetobacter indicus yy-1, was isolated from chromium landfill at a chromate factory, which was used to investigate the mechanism of antioxidant stress during the Cr(VI) and Hg(II) reduction process. The results demonstrated that the removal of Cr(VI) and Hg(II) by A. indicus yy-1 from solution was through reduction rather than biosorption. The reduction rates of Cr(VI) and Hg(II) by resting cells reached 59.71% and 31.73% at 24 h with initial concentration of 10 mg L-1, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis further showed that Cr(III) and Hg(0) were mainly the Cr(VI)- and Hg(II)-reduced productions, respectively. Results of physiological assays showed Hg(II) was more toxic to A. indicus yy-1 than Cr(VI), and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) were significantly increased in A. indicus yy-1 for relieving the oxidative stress. The transcriptional level of genes related to Cr(VI) and Hg(II) reductases and antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated, indicating that the reductases have participated in the reduction of Cr(VI) and Hg(II), and SOD and CAT served as the vital antioxidant enzymes for defending the oxidative stress. This work provides a deep insight into the mechanism of antioxidant stress in Cr(VI) and Hg(II) reducing bacteria, which helps seek the highly resistant heavy metal reducing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Bang Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Zhiguo He
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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11
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Wang Z, Tang M. The cytotoxicity of core-shell or non-shell structure quantum dots and reflection on environmental friendly: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110593. [PMID: 33352186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots are widely applicated into bioindustry and research owing to its superior properties such as broad excitation spectra, narrow bandwidth emission spectra and high resistance to photo-bleaching. However, the toxicity of quantum dots should not be underestimated and aroused widespread concern. The surface properties and size of quantum dots are critical relevant properties on toxicity. Then, the core/shell structure becomes one common way to affect the activity of quantum dots such as enhance biocompatibility and stability. Except those toxicity it induced, the problem it brought into the environment such as the degradation of quantum dot similarly becomes a hot issue. This review initially took a brief scan of current research on the cytotoxicity of QDs and the mechanism behind that over the past five years. Mainly discussion concentrated on the diversity of structure on quantum dots whether played a key role on the cytotoxicty of quantum dots. It also discussed the role of different shells with metal or nonmetal cores and the influence on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Hu L, Zhong H, He Z. Toxicity evaluation of cadmium-containing quantum dots: A review of optimizing physicochemical properties to diminish toxicity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 200:111609. [PMID: 33588242 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) have received extensive attention because of their excellent optical properties and wide utilization in biological and biomedical areas. Nonetheless, there have been intense concerns on the cytotoxicity assessment of cadmium-containing QDs due to free cadmium ions release and nano-size effects. This paper reviews the representative synthetic strategies for preparation of cadmium-containing QDs and their applications. Then the toxicity assessments of QDs from cell studies to animal models are discussed, which can aid in improving our understanding of the cytotoxicity of QDs, and the toxicity mechanism is proposed. Several critical physicochemical properties of QDs are discussed and suggestions are provided for optimizing QDs design in view of minimal cytotoxicity. Finally, accurate detection techniques and systematic methodologies for the toxicity assessment of QDs are expected to achieve further breakthroughs in the future, especially in-situ, real-time, and rapid quantitative analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Zhiguo He
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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13
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Nikazar S, Sivasankarapillai VS, Rahdar A, Gasmi S, Anumol PS, Shanavas MS. Revisiting the cytotoxicity of quantum dots: an in-depth overview. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:703-718. [PMID: 32140918 PMCID: PMC7311601 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, medical research has been shifting its focus to nanomedicine and nanotherapeutics in the pursuit of drug development research. Quantum dots (QDs) are a critical class of nanomaterials due to their unique properties, which include optical, electronic, and engineered biocompatibility in physiological environments. These properties have made QDs an attractive biomedical resource such that they have found application as both in vitro labeling and in vivo theranostic (therapy-diagnostic) agents. Considerable research has been conducted exploring the suitability of QDs in theranostic applications, but the cytotoxicity of QDs remains an obstacle. Several types of QDs have been investigated over the past decades, which may be suitable for use in biomedical applications if the barrier of cytotoxicity can be resolved. This review attempts to report and analyze the cytotoxicity of the major QDs along with relevant related aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Nikazar
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Engineering College, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
| | - Salim Gasmi
- Cellular and Applied Toxicology, Larbi Tebessi University, Tebessa, Algeria
| | - P S Anumol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
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Hu L, Zhong H, He Z. Alleviating the toxicity of quantum dots to Phanerochaete chrysosporium by sodium hydrosulfide and cysteine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11116-11126. [PMID: 31955336 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have caused large challenges in clinical tests and biomedical applications due to their potential toxicity from nanosize effects and heavy metal components. In this study, the physiological responses of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) to CdSe/ZnS QDs with either an inorganic sulfide NaHS or an organic sulfide cysteine as antidote have been investigated. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that the hyphal structure and morphology of P. chrysosporium have obviously changed after exposure to 100 nM of COOH CdSe/ZnS 505, NH2 CdSe/ZnS 505, NH2 CdSe/ZnS 565, or NH2 CdSe/ZnS 625. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the existence of hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl groups on cell surface could possibly conduct the stabilization of QDs in an aqueous medium. However, after NaHS or cysteine treatment, the cell viability of P. chrysosporium exposed to CdSe/ZnS QDs increased as compared to control group, since NaHS and cysteine have assisted P. chrysosporium to alleviate oxidative damage by regulating lipid peroxidation and superoxide production. Meanwhile, NaHS and cysteine have also stimulated P. chrysosporium to produce more antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase), which played significant roles in the defense system. In addition, NaHS and cysteine were used by P. chrysosporium as sulfide sources to promote the glutathione biosynthesis to relieve CdSe/ZnS QDs-induced oxidative stress. This work revealed that sulfide sources (NaHS and cysteine) exerted a strong positive effect in P. chrysosporium against the toxicity induced by CdSe/ZnS QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Zhiguo He
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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15
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Khan MN, AlSolami MA, Basahi RA, Siddiqui MH, Al-Huqail AA, Abbas ZK, Siddiqui ZH, Ali HM, Khan F. Nitric oxide is involved in nano-titanium dioxide-induced activation of antioxidant defense system and accumulation of osmolytes under water-deficit stress in Vicia faba L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110152. [PMID: 31927357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nano-titanium dioxide (nTiO2) has been reported to improve tolerance of plants against different environmental stresses by modulating various physiological and biochemical processes. Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to act as an important stress signaling molecule during plant responses to abiotic stresses. The present work was planned to investigate the involvement of endogenous NO in nTiO2-induced activation of defense system of fava bean (Vicia faba L.) plants under water-deficit stress (WDS) conditions. Water-suffered plants showed increased concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2-) content coupled with increased electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation which adversely affected nitrate reductase (NR) activity, chlorophyll content and growth of the plants. However, application of 15 mg L-1 nTiO2 to stressed plants significantly induced NR activity and synthesis of NO which elevated enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense system of the stressed plants and suppressed the generation of H2O2 and O2- content, leakage of electrolytes, and lipid peroxidation. Application of nTiO2, in association with NO, also enhanced the accumulation of osmolytes (proline and glycine betaine) that assisted the stressed plants in osmotic adjustment as witnessed by improved hydration level of the plants. Involvement of NO in nTiO2-induced activation of defense system was confirmed with NO scavenger cPTIO [2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide] which caused recurrence of WDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nasir Khan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mazen A AlSolami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyadh A Basahi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzer H Siddiqui
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development and Vegetation Cover, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma A Al-Huqail
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development and Vegetation Cover, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zahid Khorshid Abbas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahid H Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development and Vegetation Cover, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faheema Khan
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development and Vegetation Cover, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Wang Y, Ge L, Chendi S, Wang H, Han J, Guo Z, Lu Y. Analysis on hydraulic characteristics of improved sandy soil with soft rock. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227957. [PMID: 31978135 PMCID: PMC6980543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydraulic properties of sandy soil from the Mu Us sandy land of Shaanxi Province were analyzed by using SEM technology. Soil porosity, the water characteristic curve, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of aeolian sandy soil with added soft rock were analyzed, and fractal characteristics were established. Soil hydraulic properties revealed the effect of soft rock application on soil structure and hydraulic properties. Mass ratios of soft rock to aeolian sand were 1:5, 1:2, and 1:1. Results showed that the addition of soft rock can significantly increase the bulk density of sandy soil and reduce the total porosity and macroporosity. The mass fraction of water-stable aggregates greater than 0.25mm increases significantly, increasing the fractal dimension of soil pores; reducing the soil saturated water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity. SEM technology and pore fractal theory were used to predict the soil salinity curve and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the improved saline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Wang
- Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, the Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Ge
- Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, the Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Shi Chendi
- Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, the Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Huanyuan Wang
- Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, the Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Jichang Han
- Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, the Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, the Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Yangjie Lu
- Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, the Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
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17
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Mengke-Li, Yuting-Zhuo, Yuting-Hu, Shuzhen-Li, Liang-Hu, Hui-Zhong, Zhiguo-He. Exploration on the bioreduction mechanism of Cr(Ⅵ) by a gram-positive bacterium: Pseudochrobactrum saccharolyticum W1. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109636. [PMID: 31536849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation of chromium (Cr(Ⅵ)) contaminations has been widely reported, but the research on its removal mechanism is still scarce. Studies on Cr(Ⅵ) removal by strains affiliated to genus Pseudochobactrum revealed the Cr(Ⅵ) efficiency removal through the reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) to Cr(Ⅲ). However, the location of Cr(Ⅵ) reduction reaction and exact mechanism are still unspecified. In this work, a Gram-positive bacterial strain, Pseudochrobactrum saccharolyticum W1 (P. saccharolyticum W1) was isolated and tested to remove approximately 53.7% of Cr(Ⅵ) (initial concentration was 200 mg L-1) from the MSM medium. Analysis of SEM-EDS and TEM-EDS indicated that chromium-containing particles precipitated both on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm. Batch experiments indicated that the heat-treated bacterial cells almost had no ability to remove Cr(Ⅵ) from solution, while the resting cells could remove 62.0% of Cr(Ⅵ) at the initial concentration of 10 mg L-1. Additionally, at this concentration, 64.8% and 70.8% of Cr(Ⅵ) was reduced by cell envelope components and intracellular soluble substances after 6 h, respectively. These results suggested that the removal of Cr(Ⅵ) by P. saccharolyticum W1 was through direct reduction, which occurred on both cell envelop and cytoplasm. The results also showed that cytoplasm was the main site for Cr(Ⅵ) reduction compared to the cell envelop. Further analysis of FTIR and XPS verified that C-H, C-C, CO, C-OH and C-O-C groups of cells involved in correlation with chromium during Cr(Ⅵ) reduction. The study offered an insight into the Cr(VI) reduction mechanism of P. saccharolyticum W1.
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