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Li H, Meng F. Efficiency, mechanism, influencing factors, and integrated technology of biodegradation for aromatic compounds by microalgae: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122248. [PMID: 37490964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds have received widespread attention because of their threat to ecosystem and human health. However, traditional physical and chemical methods are criticized due to secondary pollution and high cost. As a result of ecological security and the ability of carbon sequestration, biodegradation approach based on microalgae has emerged as a promising alternative treatment for aromatic pollutants. In light of the current researches, the degradation efficiency of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phenolic compounds by microalgae was reviewed in this study. We summarized the degradation pathways and metabolites of p-xylene, benzo [a]pyrene, fluorene, phenol, bisphenol A, and nonylphenol by microalgae. The influence factors on the degradation of aromatic compounds by microalgae were also discussed. The integrated technologies based on microalgae for degradation of aromatic compounds were reviewed. Finally, this study discussed the limitations and future research needs of the degradation of these compounds by microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Wang R, Cao J, Zhu W, Lv Y. Integration of pre-precipitation optimizing performance of culture medium prepared from salvaged cyanobacterial slurry. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137805. [PMID: 36632957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial slurry is a waste biomass produced in the remediation of eutrophic lakes; it is obtained in large volume and is difficult to treat, but it has the potential to be used as raw material for culture medium for oil-producing microalgae. In this study, three kinds of oil-producing microalgae were tested, including Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Nannochloropsis oculate. On the basis of the medium preparation method "hydrothermal oxidation + ultrafiltration," the pre-precipitation phenomenon induced by pH adjustment was implemented to modify the culture medium and improve its performance. Ammonia nitrogen and macromolecules (mainly humic substances) were found to possibly have a joint-influence mechanism upon microalgae. Pre-precipitation changed the nitrogen species distribution in the medium and lowered the concentration of macromolecules, which improved the ability of microalgae to use different forms of nitrogen. This promoted the growth of, and oil production by, the microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Wang
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Center for Taihu Basin, Institute of Water Science and Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Center for Taihu Basin, Institute of Water Science and Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211111, China; National Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Engineering Safety, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Center for Taihu Basin, Institute of Water Science and Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211111, China.
| | - Yi Lv
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Center for Taihu Basin, Institute of Water Science and Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211111, China
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Gürkan EH, Akyol RB, Çoruh S. Kinetic, isotherm modeling analyses of the adsorption of phenol on activated carbon/alginate composites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 25:832-839. [PMID: 36028953 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2112936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to synthesize calcium alginate-commercial activated carbon composite beads (CA-AC) and calcium alginate-walnut shell biochar composite beads (CA-WSB) using activated carbon (AC), walnut shell biochar (WSB), and to apply its efficiency in phenol removal. The synthesized samples were characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.The Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method was used to obtain information about the samples' surface area and pore size. The kinetic model of phenol fitted well to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The isotherm model of phenol fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model compared with other models. The maximum adsorption capacity was 76.92, 0.419, 8.130 1.375 mg/g for AC, WSB, CA-AC, CA-WSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Hatice Gürkan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Rasim Berk Akyol
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Semra Çoruh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Limited Phosphorous Supply Improved Lipid Content of Chlorella vulgaris That Increased Phenol and 2-Chlorophenol Adsorption from Contaminated Water with Acid Treatment. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are toxic and ominously present in industrial effluents, which can end up in water bodies, causing potential damage to living organisms. This study employed the dried biomass of freshwater green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris to remove phenol and 2-chlorophenol from an aqueous environment. C. vulgaris was grown under different phosphorus- (P) starved conditions, and biomass was treated with sulfuric acid. It was observed that reducing the P level enhanced the lipid content by 7.8 times while decreasing protein by 7.2 times. P-starved C. vulgaris dried biomass removed phenol and 2-chlorophenol by 69 and 57%, respectively, after 180 min from the contaminated water. Acid-treated P-starved C. vulgaris dried biomass removed phenol and 2-chlorophenol by 77 and 75%, respectively, after 180 min. Thus, an economical and eco-friendly P-starved and acid treated C. vulgaris biomass has better potential to remove phenol and 2-chlorophenol from contaminated ground water and industrial wastewater.
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Wang Z, Su J, Zhang R, Li K, Hu R, Liu Y, Zhang L, Li J. Enhanced nitrate, fluoride, and phenol removal using polyurethane sponges loaded with rice husk biochar in immobilized bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128098. [PMID: 36241068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane sponges loaded with rice husk biochar were prepared to immobilize Aquabacterium sp. CZ3 for intensified removal of nitrate, fluoride (F-), and phenol, with the maximum efficiency of 100 %, 91 %, and 99 %, respectively. The biochar load and increased carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio (below 3.0) stimulated the secretion of soluble microbial product, improved the electron transport system activity, and promoted denitrification, phenol co-metabolism, and F- and calcium crystallization. The characterization results suggested that F- was removed as fluoride-containing calcium precipitates. According to the microbial community analyses, Aquabacterium was the dominant bacterium. PICRUSt analyses showed that biochar and adequate carbon sources (C:N ratio 3.0) significantly increased the functional abundances of amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, and cell motility. The introduction of biochar reduces the demand for C:N ratio in the system, and expands the application potential of biomineralization technique in the remediation of multiple pollutants contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Junfeng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ruizhu Hu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Lingfei Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Zhang R, Wang X, Ali A, Su J, Wang Z, Li J, Liu Y. Single-step removal of calcium, fluoride, and phenol from contaminated water by Aquabacterium sp. CZ3 via facultative anaerobic microbially induced calcium precipitation: Kinetics, mechanism, and characterization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 361:127707. [PMID: 35905871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Confronting the complex contaminated water, Aquabacterium sp. CZ3 could perform microbially induced calcium precipitation (MICP) under facultative anaerobic condition using phenol as supplementary carbon source. Strain CZ3 exhibited a remarkable ability to remove nitrate, fluoride, calcium and phenol with removal rates of 100.00, 87.50, 66.24 and 100.00%, respectively. The Modified Gompertz model was used for kinetic analysis to determine the optimum conditions for denitrification and degradation of phenol. The mechanism of anaerobic MICP was enhanced by measuring the self-aggregation properties of the isolates. The mechanism of fluoride removal was identified as co-precipitation and adsorption by characterization analysis of the bioprecipitation. Furthermore, the changes in soluble metabolites under phenol stress explained the utilization of phenol as a co-substrate by microorganisms. This is a novel report on phenol degradation by anaerobic MICP, which provides a theoretical basis for expanding its practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xumian Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Junfeng Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Capacity of Marine Microalga Tetraselmis suecica to Biodegrade Phenols in Aqueous Media. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are toxic and dangerous to the environment and human health. Although the removal of phenols and their derivatives is very difficult, it has been achieved by applying some biological processes. The capacity of microalga to remove phenolic compounds has been demonstrated; however, few reports of the removal of these compounds in a mixture have been published. The removal of phenol, p-cresol and o-cresol was performed by batch kinetics at 50 and 100 mg L−1, and the simultaneous degradation of phenol, p-cresol and o-cresol was carried out in a mixture at 40 mg L−1 using the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica. The kinetic study was carried out for 192 h. For concentrations of 50 mg L−1 and 100 mg L−1, phenolic compound consumption efficiencies greater than 100% and 85%, respectively, were obtained, and up to 73.6% removal in the mixture. The results obtained indicate that the marine microalga carries out a process of the oxidation of organic matter and phenolic compounds, mineralizing up to 31.4% to CO2 in the mixture. Biological treatments using the marine microalga T. suecica can be considered feasible to treat effluents with concentrations similar to those of the present study.
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Toxic Effects of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S on Chlorella Pyrenoidosa under Single and Combined Action. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074245. [PMID: 35409929 PMCID: PMC8998786 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important industrial chemical; bisphenol S (BPS) is a substitute for BPA. Both are frequently detected in rivers, sewage, and surface water, and have a great impact on the water environment. The effects of BPA and BPS on cell growth, chlorophyll a content, and oxidative stress of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) were studied. When BPA and BPS acted alone or in combination, compared with the blank control group, the growth of C. pyrenoidosa in the experimental group showed a pattern of “low promotion and high inhibition”, and the inhibition rate reached the maximum on the 6th day. Under the combined action, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of C. pyrenoidosa first increased, and then decreased. In addition, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased with the increase in combined concentration. In the 0.5 P treatment group, SOD and POD activity reached peak values of 29.59 U/mg∙prot and 1.35 U/mg∙prot, respectively. The combined toxicity of BPA and BPS to C. pyrenoidosa was evaluated as a synergistic effect by using toxicity unit and additive index methods. This study evaluated the effects of BPA and BPS on algae in the aquatic environment, providing some data support for their potential ecological risks.
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Radziff SBM, Ahmad SA, Shaharuddin NA, Merican F, Kok YY, Zulkharnain A, Gomez-Fuentes C, Wong CY. Potential Application of Algae in Biodegradation of Phenol: A Review and Bibliometric Study. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2677. [PMID: 34961148 PMCID: PMC8709323 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the most severe environmental issues affecting the sustainable growth of human society is water pollution. Phenolic compounds are toxic, hazardous and carcinogenic to humans and animals even at low concentrations. Thus, it is compulsory to remove the compounds from polluted wastewater before being discharged into the ecosystem. Biotechnology has been coping with environmental problems using a broad spectrum of microorganisms and biocatalysts to establish innovative techniques for biodegradation. Biological treatment is preferable as it is cost-effective in removing organic pollutants, including phenol. The advantages and the enzymes involved in the metabolic degradation of phenol render the efficiency of microalgae in the degradation process. The focus of this review is to explore the trends in publication (within the year of 2000-2020) through bibliometric analysis and the mechanisms involved in algae phenol degradation. Current studies and publications on the use of algae in bioremediation have been observed to expand due to environmental problems and the versatility of microalgae. VOSviewer and SciMAT software were used in this review to further analyse the links and interaction of the selected keywords. It was noted that publication is advancing, with China, Spain and the United States dominating the studies with total publications of 36, 28 and 22, respectively. Hence, this review will provide an insight into the trends and potential use of algae in degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syahirah Batrisyia Mohamed Radziff
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.M.R.); (S.A.A.); (N.A.S.)
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.M.R.); (S.A.A.); (N.A.S.)
- Center for Research and Antarctic Environmental Monitoring (CIMAA), Universidad de Magallanes, Avda. Bulnes, Punta Arenas 01855, Chile;
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.M.R.); (S.A.A.); (N.A.S.)
| | - Faradina Merican
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Yih-Yih Kok
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Azham Zulkharnain
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama-shi 337-8570, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Claudio Gomez-Fuentes
- Center for Research and Antarctic Environmental Monitoring (CIMAA), Universidad de Magallanes, Avda. Bulnes, Punta Arenas 01855, Chile;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Magallanes, Avda. Bulnes, Punta Arenas 01855, Chile
| | - Chiew-Yen Wong
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Isolation of Industrial Important Bioactive Compounds from Microalgae. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040943. [PMID: 33579001 PMCID: PMC7916812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are known as a rich source of bioactive compounds which exhibit different biological activities. Increased demand for sustainable biomass for production of important bioactive components with various potential especially therapeutic applications has resulted in noticeable interest in algae. Utilisation of microalgae in multiple scopes has been growing in various industries ranging from harnessing renewable energy to exploitation of high-value products. The focuses of this review are on production and the use of value-added components obtained from microalgae with current and potential application in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, energy and agri-food industries, as well as for bioremediation. Moreover, this work discusses the advantage, potential new beneficial strains, applications, limitations, research gaps and future prospect of microalgae in industry.
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El-Gendy NS, Nassar HN. Phycoremediation of phenol-polluted petro-industrial effluents and its techno-economic values as a win-win process for a green environment, sustainable energy and bioproducts. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1621-1638. [PMID: 33386652 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of the toxic phenol-polluted petro-industrial effluents (PPPIE) has severe environmental negative impacts, thus it is mandatory to be treated before its discharge. The objective of this review was to discuss the sustainable application of microalgae in phenols degradation, with a special emphasis on the enzymes involved in this bioprocess and the factors affecting the success of PPPIE phycoremediation. Moreover, it confers the microalgae bioenergetic strategies to degrade different forms of phenols in PPPIE. It also points out the advantages of the latest application of bacteria, fungi and microalgae as microbial consortia in phenols biodegradation. Briefly, phycoremediation of PPPIE consumes carbon dioxide emitted from petro-industries for; valorization of the polluted water to be reused and production of algal biomass which can act as a source of energy for such integrated bioprocess. Besides, the harvested algal biomass can feasibly produce; third-generation biofuels, biorefineries, bioplastics, fish and animal feed, food supplements, natural dyes, antioxidants and many other valuable products. Consequently, this review precisely confirms that the phycoremediation of PPPIE is a win-win process for a green environment and a sustainable future. Thus, to achieve the three pillars of sustainability; social, environmental and economic; it is recommendable to integrate PPPIE treatment with algal cultivation. This integrated process would overcome the problem of greenhouse gas emissions, global warming and climate change, solve the problem of water-scarce, and protect the environment from the harmful negative impacts of PPPIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sh El-Gendy
- Department of Process Design and Development, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, PO 11727, Egypt.,Center of Excellence, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October City, Giza, PO 12566, Egypt.,Nanobiotechnology Program, Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Sheikh Zayed Branch Campus, Sheikh Zayed City, Giza, PO 12588, Egypt
| | - H N Nassar
- Department of Process Design and Development, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, PO 11727, Egypt.,Center of Excellence, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October City, Giza, PO 12566, Egypt.,Nanobiotechnology Program, Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Sheikh Zayed Branch Campus, Sheikh Zayed City, Giza, PO 12588, Egypt
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Zhu Y, Cheng J, Zhang Z, Liu J. Mutation of Arthrospira platensis by gamma irradiation to promote phenol tolerance and CO2 fixation for coal-chemical flue gas reduction. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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