Impacts of an azo food dye tartrazine uptake on intestinal barrier, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and intestinal microbiome in crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

Environmentally Benign Freeze-dried Biopolymer-Based Cryogels for Textile Wastewater Treatments: A review

Motivated by sustainability and environmental protection, great efforts have been paid towards water purification and attaining complete decolorization and detoxification of polluted water effluent. Textile effluent, the main participant in water pollution, is a complicated mixture of toxic pollutants which seriously impact human health and the entire ecosystem. Developing effective materials for potential removal of the water contaminants is urgent. Recently, cryogels have been applied in wastewater sectors due to their unique physiochemical attributes(e.g. high surface area, lightweight, porosity, swelling-deswelling, and high permeability). These features robustly affected the cryogel's performance, as adsorbent material, particularly in wastewater sectors. This review serves as a detailed reference to the cryogels derived from biopolymers and applied as adsorbents for the purification of textile drainage. We displayed an overview of: the existing contaminants in textile effluents (dyes and heavy metals), their sources, and toxicity; advantages and disadvantages of the most common treatment techniques (biodegradation, advanced chemical oxidation, membrane filtration, coagulation/flocculation, adsorption). A simple background about cryogels (definition, cryogelation technique, significant features as adsorbents, and the adsorption mechanisms) is also discussed. Finally, the bio-based cryogels dependent on biopolymers such as chitosan, xanthan, cellulose, PVA, and PVP, are fully discussed with evaluating their maximum adsorption capacity.

Alteration in oxidative stress markers, digestive physiology and gut microbiota of Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus exposed to eriochrome black T

Synthetic dyes are the primary cause of water pollution in industrial regions. Azo dyes account for 60-70% of such dyes used in the textile sector due to their numerous beneficial characteristics. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the toxicity of Eriochrome Black T (EBT), a widely used azo dye in the textile industry. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of EBT exposure on two catfish species, Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias batrachus. Following 96 h exposure to 1, 10 and 20 mgL-1 of EBT, the MDA content and activities of SOD, CAT and GR exhibited a rising trend. However, as the concentration of EBT increased in both species, GPx showed decreased activity. EBT exposure also altered gut morphometry as well as the three main digestive enzymes activity (increase in lipase and trypsin activity, while decrease in amylase activity). In addition, the exposure of EBT had a significant impact on the gut microbiota of both species. C. batrachus demonstrated the suppression or absence of beneficial gut commensals (Bacillus and Cetobacterium), whereas H. fossilis revealed the proliferation and appearance of beneficial commensal microbes (Bacillus, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Megashaera). Furthermore, the expansion or absence of these microbial communities indicated that the gut microbiota of both species was involved in dye digestion, immunity and detoxification. Overall, the percent change calculation of all the selected biomarkers, together with gut microbiota analysis, indicates that C. batrachus was more vulnerable to EBT exposure than H. fossilis. The present investigation effectively demonstrated the toxic impact of EBT on fish health by employing oxidative stress markers, digestive enzymes, and the fish gut microbiota as a promising tool for screening the impact of dye exposure on digestive physiology in toxicological research.

Investigating the synergy of rapidly synthesized iron oxide predecessor and plasma-gaseous species for dye-removal to reuse water in irrigation

This study explores a novel and sustainable approach to reusing textile wastewater for irrigation. This is investigated by degrading Evans blue dye, a model azo dye, in wastewater by combining iron oxide predecessor (IOP) catalyst with gaseous species generated by multi-electrode cylindrical plasma device (MCPD). Analysis of IOP-plasma gaseous species revealed the generation of different types of reactive oxygen species in solution which were responsible for degradation of model dye. Key factors influencing the degradation process were studied by performing optimization experiments that resulted in rates of up to 0.008 L mg-1 min-1, more than twice as fast as using plasma gas treatment alone. These studies included mechanistic response of MCPD generated gaseous species with the IOP. In particular, reusability testing of IOP affirmed the robustness and performance efficiency up to three cycles. Finally, toxicity analysis revealed not only reduced negative effects on plant growth by the treated wastewater, but also it can used as minerals to plants. These findings highlight the feasibility of the IOP-MCPD system as a sustainable and eco-friendly solution to reduce scarcity of water in irrigation by treating textile effluent.

Gender Impacted Gut Microbiota and Growth Performance in the Blotched Snakehead (Channa maculata)

The blotched snakehead Channa maculata is an important economical freshwater species in East Asia. However, there has been relatively little research conducted on the correlation between gender and gut microbes. In this study, 36 of 1000 blotched snakeheads were randomly selected for growth performance measurement and gut microbiota high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that microbial diversity, composition, and metabolic functions were altered by gender and growth performance except the microbial network. In our study, Proteobacteria were the most abundant phylum, with Fusobacteria showing enrichment in males and Bacteroidetes in females. Notably, phylum Deinococcus-Thermus was identified as a significant biomarker. The Cetobacterium was the most abundant genus-level taxon. Furthermore, gut microbes specializing in the production of gut-healthy substances, such as coenzymes and vitamins, were identified as biomarkers in the fast-growing group. Our investigation highlighted the impact of gender on the composition and abundance of gut microbial biomarkers in both males and females, thereby influencing differential growth performance through the modulation of specific metabolic functions.

The toxicity of polystyrene micro- and nano-plastics on rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) varies with the particle size and concentration

How the particle size and concentration of microplastics impact their toxicity is largely unknown. Herein, the effects of polystyrene microplastics (1 μm, MPs) and nanoplastics (100 nm, NPs) exposed at 1 mg/L (L) and 10 mg/L (H), respectively, on the growth, histopathology, oxidative stress, gut microbiome, and metabolism of rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) were investigated by chemical analysis and multi-omics. MPs and NPs inhibited the growth, induced histopathological injury and aggravated oxidative stress markedly with contrasting significance of particle size and concentration. The composition of core gut microbiota changed dramatically especially for the MPs-H. Similarly, gut bacterial communities were reshaped by the MPs and NPs but only NPs-H decreased both richness and Shannon indexes significantly. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the potential keystone genera underwent great changes in exposed groups compared to the control. MPs-H increased the network complexity and the frequency of positive interactions which was opposite to other exposed groups. Moreover, the metabolomic profiles associated with amino acid, lipid, unsaturated fatty acid and hormone metabolism were disturbed significantly especially for MPs-H and NPs-H. In conclusion, the toxicity of MPs depends on both the particle size and concentration, and varies with the specific indicators as well.

High-throughput screening of the effects of 90 xenobiotics on the simplified human gut microbiota model (SIHUMIx): a metaproteomic and metabolomic study

The human gut microbiota is a complex microbial community with critical functions for the host, including the transformation of various chemicals. While effects on microorganisms has been evaluated using single-species models, their functional effects within more complex microbial communities remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the response of a simplified human gut microbiota model (SIHUMIx) cultivated in an in vitro bioreactor system in combination with 96 deep-well plates after exposure to 90 different xenobiotics, comprising 54 plant protection products and 36 food additives and dyes, at environmentally relevant concentrations. We employed metaproteomics and metabolomics to evaluate changes in bacterial abundances, the production of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), and the regulation of metabolic pathways. Our findings unveiled significant changes induced by 23 out of 54 plant protection products and 28 out of 36 food additives across all three categories assessed. Notable highlights include azoxystrobin, fluroxypyr, and ethoxyquin causing a substantial reduction (log2FC < -0.5) in the concentrations of the primary SCFAs: acetate, butyrate, and propionate. Several food additives had significant effects on the relative abundances of bacterial species; for example, acid orange 7 and saccharin led to a 75% decrease in Clostridium butyricum, with saccharin causing an additional 2.5-fold increase in E. coli compared to the control. Furthermore, both groups exhibited up- and down-regulation of various pathways, including those related to the metabolism of amino acids such as histidine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine, as well as bacterial secretion systems and energy pathways like starch, sucrose, butanoate, and pyruvate metabolism. This research introduces an efficient in vitro technique that enables high-throughput screening of the structure and function of a simplified and well-defined human gut microbiota model against 90 chemicals using metaproteomics and metabolomics. We believe this approach will be instrumental in characterizing chemical-microbiota interactions especially important for regulatory chemical risk assessments.

Innovations in textile wastewater management: a review of zero liquid discharge technology

Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) technology emerges as a transformative solution for sustainable wastewater management in the textile industry, emphasizing water recycling and discharge minimization. This review comprehensively explores ZLD's pivotal role in reshaping wastewater management practices within the textile sector. With a primary focus on water recycling and minimized discharge, the review thoroughly examines the economic and environmental dimensions of ZLD. Additionally, it includes a comparative cost analysis against conventional wastewater treatment methods and offers a comprehensive outlook on the global ZLD market. Presently valued at US $0.71 billion, the market is anticipated to reach US $1.76 billion by 2026, reflecting a robust annual growth rate of 12.6%. Despite ZLD's efficiency in wastewater recovery, environmental challenges, such as heightened greenhouse gas emissions, increased carbon footprint, elevated energy consumption, and chemical usage, are discussed. Methodologies employed in this review involve an extensive analysis of existing literature, empirical data, and case studies on ZLD implementation in the textile industry worldwide. While acknowledging existing adoption barriers, the review underscores ZLD's potential to guide the textile industry toward a more sustainable and environmentally responsible future.

Biochemical and molecular assessment of oxidative stress in fruit fly exposed to azo dye Brilliant Black PN

BACKGROUND

Azo dyes are widely used in the food industry to prevent color loss during processing and storage of products. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a diazo dye Brilliant Black PN (E151) on oxidative stress-related parameters in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) at biochemical and molecular levels.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Third instar larvae were transferred to a medium containing the dye at different doses (1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL). Gene expression and activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes were determined in the heads of adult flies obtained from these larvae. In addition, the glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde levels were measured using spectrophotometric analysis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number was also detected by real-time PCR. The results showed that treatment with 5 mg/mL of the dye caused a decrease in both gene expression and enzyme activity of CAT and GPx. Moreover, the same dose of dye treatment decreased AChE activity, GSH level, and mtDNA copy number.

CONCLUSIONS

As a result, Brilliant Black PN dye can trigger toxicity by altering the level and activity of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, more comprehensive studies are needed to elucidate the side effect mechanism and toxicity of this dye.

AfuPmV-1-Infected Aspergillus fumigatus Is More Susceptible to Stress Than Virus-Free Fungus

Infection with Aspergillus fumigatus polymycovirus 1 (AfuPmV-1) affects Aspergillus fumigatus Af293's growth in vitro, iron metabolism, resistance in intermicrobial competition with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistance to osmotic stress, and resistance to the chitin synthase inhibitor nikkomycin Z. Here, we show that response to high temperature, Congo Red-induced stress, and hydrogen peroxide are also dependent on the viral infection status of A. fumigatus. AfuPmV-1- infected Af293 was more susceptible than virus-free Af293 to growth inhibition by high temperature, hydrogen peroxide, Congo Red exposure, and nutrient restriction. Increased resistance of virus-free fungus was observed when cultures were started from conidia but, in the case of high temperature and hydrogen peroxide, not when cultures were started from hyphae. This indicates that the virus impairs the stress response during the growth phase of germination of conidia and development into hyphae. In conclusion, our work indicates that AfuPmV-1 infection in A. fumigatus impairs host responses to stress, as shown by exposure to high temperature, oxidative stress such as hydrogen peroxide, and some cell wall stresses, as shown by exposure to Congo Red (in agreement with our previous observations using nikkomycin Z) and nutrient restriction.

The impact of common pharmaceutical excipients on the gut microbiota

INTRODUCTION

Increasing attention is being afforded to understanding the bidirectional relationships that exist between oral medications and the gut microbiota, in an attempt to optimize pharmacokinetic performance and mitigate unwanted side effects. While a wealth of research has investigated the direct impact of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) on the gut microbiota, the interactions between inactive pharmaceutical ingredients (i.e. excipients) and the gut microbiota are commonly overlooked, despite excipients typically representing over 90% of the final dosage form.

AREAS COVERED

Known excipient-gut microbiota interactions for various classes of inactive pharmaceutical ingredients, including solubilizing agents, binders, fillers, sweeteners, and color additives, are reviewed in detail.

EXPERT OPINION

Clear evidence indicates that orally administered pharmaceutical excipients directly interact with gut microbes and can either positively or negatively impact gut microbiota diversity and composition. However, these relationships and mechanisms are commonly overlooked during drug formulation, despite the potential for excipient-microbiota interactions to alter drug pharmacokinetics and interfere with host metabolic health. The insights derived from this review will inform pharmaceutical scientists with the necessary design considerations for mitigating potential adverse pharmacomicrobiomic interactions when formulating oral dosage forms, ultimately providing clear avenues for improving therapeutic safety and efficacy.

Effects of Aeromonas hydrophila infection on the intestinal microbiota, transcriptome, and metabolomic of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Aeromonas hydrophila frequently has harmful effects on aquatic organisms. The intestine is an important defense against stress. In this study, we investigated the intestinal microbiota and transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of Cyprinus carpio subjected to A. hydrophila infection. The results showed that obvious variation in the intestinal microbiota was observed after infection, with increased levels of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and decreased levels of Proteobacteria. Several genera of putatively beneficial microbiota (Cetobacterium, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus) were abundant, while Demequina, Roseomonas, Rhodobacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, and Cellvibrio were decreased; pathogenic bacteria of the genus Vibrio were increased after microbiota infection. The intestinal transcriptome revealed several immune-related differentially expressed genes associated with the cytokines and oxidative stress. The metabolomic analysis showed that microbiota infection disturbed the metabolic processes of the carp, particularly amino acid metabolism. This study provides insight into the underlying mechanisms associated with the intestinal microbiota, immunity, and metabolism of carp response to A. hydrophila infection; eleven stress-related metabolite markers were identified, including N-acetylglutamic acid, capsidiol, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, prostaglandin B1, 8,9-DiHETrE, 12,13-DHOME, ADP, cellobiose, 1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde, sinapic acid and 5,7-dihydroxyflavone.

Comprehensive Analysis of Microbiome, Metabolome, and Transcriptome Revealed the Mechanisms of Intestinal Injury in Rainbow Trout under Heat Stress

Global warming is one of the most common environmental challenges faced by cold-water fish farming. Intestinal barrier function, gut microbiota, and gut microbial metabolites are significantly altered under heat stress, posing serious obstacles to the healthy artificial culture of rainbow trout. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal injury in rainbow trout under heat stress remain unclear. In the present study, the optimal growth temperature for rainbow trout (16 °C) was used for the control group, and the maximum temperature tolerated by rainbow trout (24 °C) was used for the heat stress group, which was subjected to heat stress for 21 days. The mechanism of intestinal injury in rainbow trout under heat stress was explored by combining animal histology, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that the antioxidant capacity of rainbow trout was enhanced under heat stress, the levels of stress-related hormones were significantly increased, and the relative expression of genes related to heat stress proteins was significantly increased, indicating that the heat stress model of rainbow trout was successfully established. Secondly, the intestinal tract of rainbow trout showed inflammatory pathological characteristics under heat stress, with increased permeability, activation of the inflammatory factor signaling pathway, and increased relative expression of inflammatory factor genes, suggesting that the intestinal barrier function was impaired. Thirdly, heat stress caused an imbalance of intestinal commensal microbiota and changes in intestinal metabolites in rainbow trout, which participated in the stress response mainly by affecting lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Finally, heat stress promoted intestinal injury in rainbow trout by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α signaling pathway. These results not only expand the understanding of fish stress physiology and regulation mechanisms, but also provide a scientific basis for healthy artificial culture and the reduction of rainbow trout production costs.

Impacts of dietary supplementation of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and gut microflora of large-scale loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus

Although accumulating data demonstrate that dietary supplementation of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder (BVC) can significantly strengthen the immunity and boost the growth of domestic animals, its application potency still awaits verification in commercial fish species such as the large-scale loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus. The impacts of 90-day dietary supplementation of 1% and 2% BVC on survival and growth performance of the loach, and on the intestinal morphological characteristics and gut microflora were analyzed. Our data show that the large-scale loach supplied with BVC at the experimental doses had significant higher survival rates and better growth performance (indicated by greater weight gain (1.13-1.14 times), higher specific growth rate (1.04 times), and lower feed conversion ratio (0.88-0.89 times)) compared to that of the control (P<0.05). Histological examination revealed significant longer villus (3.22-5.54 times), deeper crypt (1.77-1.87 times), and thicker muscle (1.59-3.17 times) in the intestines of large-scale loach fed with BVC (P<0.05). Furthermore, we found that the gut microflora consisted of significantly fewer proportions of potential pathogenic bacterial species (Aeromonas veronii and Escherichia coli), but significantly greater proportions of beneficial microbes (Lactococus raffinolactis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii). Therefore, dietary intake of BVC can promote intestinal tract development and optimize gut microflora, by which the survival and growth of large-scale loach may be improved.

In vivo toxicity assessment of Remazol Gelb-GR (RG-GR) textile dye in zebrafish embryos/larvae (Danio rerio): Teratogenic effects, biochemical changes, immunohistochemical changes

Dyes, which are very important for various industries, have very adverse effects on the aquatic environment and aquatic life. However, there are limited studies on the toxic properties of dyes on living things. This research elucidated the sublethal toxicity of acute exposure of the textile dye remazol gelb-GR (RG-GR) using zebrafish embryos and larvae for 96 h. The 96 h-LC₅₀ for RG-GR in zebrafish embryos/larvae was determined to be 151.92 mg/L. Sublethal 96 hpf exposure was performed in RG-GR concentrations (0.5; 1.0; 10.0; 100.0 mg/L) to determine the development of toxicity in zebrafish embryos/larvae. RG-GR dye affected morphological development, and decreased heart rate, hatching, blood flow, and survival rates in zebrafish embryos/larvae. The immunopositivity of 8-hydroxy 2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in larvae exposed to RG-GR at high concentrations was found to be intense. Depending on the RG-GR dose increase, some biochemical parameters such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH) level, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, catalase (CAT) activities, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf-2) levels were detected to be decreased in larvae, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content, nuclear factor kappa (NF-kB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), DNA damage (8-OHdG level), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and apoptosis (Caspase-3) levels were found to be increased. The experimental results revealed that RG-GR dye has high acute toxicity on zebrafish embryo/larvae.

Food Additives Associated with Gut Microbiota Alterations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Friends or Enemies?

During the 21st century, the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising globally. Despite the pathogenesis of IBD remaining largely unclear, the interactions between environmental exposure, host genetics and immune response contribute to the occurrence and development of this disease. Growing evidence implicates that food additives might be closely related to IBD, but the involved molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Food additives may be categorized as distinct types in accordance with their function and property, including artificial sweeteners, preservatives, food colorant, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners and so on. Various kinds of food additives play a role in modifying the interaction between gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation. Therefore, this review comprehensively synthesizes the current evidence on the interplay between different food additives and gut microbiome alterations, and further elucidates the potential mechanisms of food additives–associated microbiota changes involved in IBD.

Kinetics and Adsorption Equilibrium in the Removal of Azo-Anionic Dyes by Modified Cellulose

This study introduces a new and bio-friendly adsorbent based on natural and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC)-modified adsorbent prepared from wheat straw residues for the removal of Congo red (CR) and tartrazine azo-anionic dyes from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), calorimetric differential (DSC), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and pH point of zero charge (pHPZC) techniques. It was found that decreasing the adsorbent dose and increasing the initial concentration favors the removal of tartrazine and Congo red. Tartrazine adsorption capacities were 2.31 mg/g for the cellulose extracted from wheat residues (WC) and 18.85 mg/g for the modified wheat residue cellulose (MWC) for tartrazine as well as 18.5 mg/g for WC and 19.92 for MWC during Congo red (CR) adsorption, respectively. Increasing the initial and decreasing the adsorbent dose concentration favored the adsorption process. From time effect analysis, it was found that the equilibrium time was reached at 120 min when modified wheat cellulose was used and at 480 min when wheat cellulose was used. The kinetics of adsorption were described by pseudo-second-order in all cases with R2 > 0.95. The obtained data equilibrium from this research was well-fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model.

A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety

The synthetic dyes used in the textile industry pollute a large amount of water. Textile dyes do not bind tightly to the fabric and are discharged as effluent into the aquatic environment. As a result, the continuous discharge of wastewater from a large number of textile industries without prior treatment has significant negative consequences on the environment and human health. Textile dyes contaminate aquatic habitats and have the potential to be toxic to aquatic organisms, which may enter the food chain. This review will discuss the effects of textile dyes on water bodies, aquatic flora, and human health. Textile dyes degrade the esthetic quality of bodies of water by increasing biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, impairing photosynthesis, inhibiting plant growth, entering the food chain, providing recalcitrance and bioaccumulation, and potentially promoting toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. Therefore, dye-containing wastewater should be effectively treated using eco-friendly technologies to avoid negative effects on the environment, human health, and natural water resources. This review compares the most recent technologies which are commonly used to remove dye from textile wastewater, with a focus on the advantages and drawbacks of these various approaches. This review is expected to spark great interest among the research community who wish to combat the widespread risk of toxic organic pollutants generated by the textile industries.

Tartrazine exposure results in histological damage, oxidative stress, immune disorders and gut microbiota dysbiosis in juvenile crucian carp (Carassius carassius)

Tartrazine (TZ) is an azo dye widely used in foods, cosmetics, beverages, textile, and leather. In recent years, there are reports on detecting azo dyes in the aquatic environment, so the impact of these compounds on aquatic organisms could not be ignored. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of TZ exposure on teleosts' embryo development and juvenile's health by using crucian carp (Carassius carassius) as the experimental fish. The results showed that embryos exposed to TZ (0.19, 0.76 and 1.5 mM) exhibited a deformity, delayed egg resorption and decreased fertilization and hatching rate. When the juvenile fish were exposed to TZ at a level higher than those present in water for 30 days caused severe histopathological damages of the gill, intestine, kidney and liver. Antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and GSH-Px) activities in the gill, intestine and liver, exhibited a decreasing trend after TZ exposure, while MDA contents elevated. TZ exposure also resulted in the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (il1 and il6), lysozymes (lyz), complement component 3 (c3), and β-defensin 3 (defb3). In addition, TZ exposure also affected the intestinal microbiota structure. In summary, the data in the present study indicated that TZ exposure  reduce the embryo fertilization and hatching rate; cause histopathological damage of tissues, trigger oxidative stress, innate immune disorders and dysbiosis of gut microbiota in juvenile crucian carp. Therefore, it is necessary to be informed about the hazards of TZ exposure and the discharge of the dye into waters should be strictly administrated to prevent environmental pollution.