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de Souza FC, Miotelo L, Maloni G, Otero IVR, Nocelli RCF, Malaspina O. Thiamethoxam toxicity on the stingless bee Friesiomelitta varia: LC 50, survival time, and enzymatic biomarkers assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142853. [PMID: 39019173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Bees play a crucial role as pollinating insects in both natural and cultivated areas. However, the use of pesticides, such as thiamethoxam, has been identified as a contributing factor compromising bee health. The current risk assessment primarily relies on the model species Apis mellifera, raising concerns about the applicability of these assessments to other bee groups, including stingless bees. In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of thiamethoxam on the stingless bee Frieseomelitta varia by determining the average lethal concentration (LC50) and mean lethal time (LT50). Additionally, we evaluated the enzymatic profile of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Carboxylesterase-3 (CaE-3), and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST), in the heads and abdomens of F. varia after exposure to thiamethoxam (LC50/10). The LC50 of thiamethoxam was determined to be 0.68 ng ai/μL, and the LT50 values were 37 days for the control group, 25 days at LC50/10, and 27 days at LC50/100. The thiamethoxam significantly decreased the survival time of F. varia. Furthermore, the enzymatic profile exhibited differences in CaE3 activity within one day in the heads and ten days in the abdomen. GST activity showed differences in the abdomen after one and five days of thiamethoxam exposure. These findings suggests that the abdomen is more affected than the head after oral exposure to thiamethoxam. Our study provides evidence of the toxicity of thiamethoxam at both the cellular and organismal levels, reinforcing the need to include non-Apis species in pollinator risk assessments. and provide solid arguments for bee protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Carolaine de Souza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro. Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Programa de pós graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Biologia Celular, Molecular e Microbiologia, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Miotelo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro. Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Programa de pós graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Biologia Celular, Molecular e Microbiologia, Brazil.
| | - Geovana Maloni
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro. Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Programa de pós graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Biologia Celular, Molecular e Microbiologia, Brazil.
| | - Igor Vinicius Ramos Otero
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro. Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Programa de pós graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Biologia Celular, Molecular e Microbiologia, Brazil.
| | | | - Osmar Malaspina
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro. Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Programa de pós graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Biologia Celular, Molecular e Microbiologia, Brazil.
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Salomé Lourencetti AP, Azevedo P, Miotelo L, Malaspina O, Nocelli RCF. Reply to the letter to the editor regarding the article Lourencetti et al. (2023). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 352:121706. [PMID: 37172773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Salomé Lourencetti
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura e Meio Ambiente, Grupo de Pesquisa Abelhas e os Serviços Ambientais, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Azevedo
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Biologia, Grupo de Genética e Genômica da Conservação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miotelo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" campus Rio Claro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" campus Rio Claro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cornélio Ferreira Nocelli
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura e Meio Ambiente, Grupo de Pesquisa Abelhas e os Serviços Ambientais, Araras, SP, Brazil
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Paula Salomé Lourencetti A, Azevedo P, Miotelo L, Malaspina O, Cornélio Ferreira Nocelli R. Reply to the letter to the editor regarding the article Lourencetti et al. (2023). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121785. [PMID: 37196839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Salomé Lourencetti
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura e Meio Ambiente, Grupo de Pesquisa Abelhas e os Serviços Ambientais, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Azevedo
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Biologia, Grupo de Genética e Genômica da Conservação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miotelo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" campus Rio Claro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" campus Rio Claro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cornélio Ferreira Nocelli
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura e Meio Ambiente, Grupo de Pesquisa Abelhas e os Serviços Ambientais, Araras, SP, Brazil
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Araújo RDS, Lopes MP, Viana TA, Bastos DSS, Machado-Neves M, Botina LL, Martins GF. Bioinsecticide spinosad poses multiple harmful effects on foragers of Apis mellifera. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:66923-66935. [PMID: 37099096 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There are multifactorial causes for the recent decline in bee populations, which has resulted in compromised pollination and reduced biodiversity. Bees are considered one of the most important non-target insects affected by insecticides used in crop production. In the present study, we investigated the effects of acute oral exposure to spinosad on the survival, food consumption, flight behavior, respiration rate, activity of detoxification enzymes, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), brain morphology, and hemocyte count of Apis mellifera foragers. We tested six different concentrations of spinosad for the first two analyses, followed by LC50 (7.7 mg L-1) for other assays. Spinosad ingestion decreased survival and food consumption. Exposure to spinosad LC50 reduced flight capacity, respiration rate, and superoxide dismutase activity. Furthermore, this concentration increased glutathione S-transferase activity and the TAC of the brain. Notably, exposure to LC50 damaged mushroom bodies, reduced the total hemocyte count and granulocyte number, and increased the number of prohemocytes. These findings imply that the neurotoxin spinosad affects various crucial functions and tissues important for bee performance and that the toxic effects are complex and detrimental to individual homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Dos Santos Araújo
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Pereira Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Thaís Andrade Viana
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel Silva Sena Bastos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Machado-Neves
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lisbetd Botina
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
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Niu XJ, Sun YH, Wang LJ, Huang YY, Wang Y, Guo XQ, Xu BH, Wang C. Fox transcription factor AccGRF1 in response to glyphosate stress in Apis cerana cerana. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:105419. [PMID: 37105625 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is an herbicide commonly used in agriculture, and its widespread use has adversely affected the survival of nontarget organisms. Among these organisms, bees in particular are important pollinators, and declining bee populations have severely affected crop yields around the world. However, the molecular mechanism by which glyphosate harms bees remains unclear. In our experiment, we screened and cloned a glyphosate-induced gene in Apis cerana cerana (A. c. cerana) and named glyphosate response factor 1 (AccGRF1). Sequence analysis showed that AccGRF1 contains a winged-helix DNA binding domain, which suggests that it belongs to the Forkhead box (Fox) protein family. qRT-PCR and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and yeast showed that AccGRF1 can respond to glyphosate and oxidative stress. After AccGRF1 knockdown by means of RNA interference (RNAi), the resistance of A. c. cerana to glyphosate stress improved. The results suggested that AccGRF1 is involved in A. c. cerana glyphosate stress tolerance. This study reveals the functions of Fox transcription factors in response to glyphosate stress and provides molecular insights into the regulation of glyphosate responses in honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xing-Qi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Bao-Hua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China.
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Miotelo L, Ferro M, Maloni G, Otero IVR, Nocelli RCF, Bacci M, Malaspina O. Transcriptomic analysis of Malpighian tubules from the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris reveals thiamethoxam-induced damages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:158086. [PMID: 35985603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The concern about pesticide exposure to neotropical bees has been increasing in the last few years, and knowledge gaps have been identified. Although stingless bees, (e.g.: Melipona scutellaris), are more diverse than honeybees and they stand out in the pollination of several valuable economical crops, toxicity assessments with stingless bees are still scarce. Nowadays new approaches in ecotoxicological studies, such as omic analysis, were pointed out as a strategy to reveal mechanisms of how bees deal with these stressors. To date, no molecular techniques have been applied for the evaluation of target and/or non-target organs in stingless bees, such as the Malpighian tubules (Mt). Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the Mt of M. scutellaris after one and eight days of exposure to LC50/100 (0.000543 ng a.i./μL) of thiamethoxam (TMX). Through functional annotation analysis of four transcriptome libraries, the time course line approach revealed 237 DEGs (nine clusters) associated with carbon/energy metabolism and cellular processes (lysosomes, autophagy, and glycan degradation). The expression profiles of Mt were altered by TMX in processes, such as detoxification, excretion, tissue regeneration, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Transcriptome analysis showed that cell metabolism in Mt was mainly affected after 8 days of exposure. Nine genes were selected from different clusters and validated by RT-qPCR. According to our findings, TMX promotes several types of damage in Mt cells at the molecular level. Therefore, interference of different cellular processes directly affects the health of M. scutellaris by compromising the function of Mt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Miotelo
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Milene Ferro
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Geovana Maloni
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Vinicius Ramos Otero
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mauricio Bacci
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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The Panel Spatial Econometric Analysis for Development of Green Intensive Agriculture Based on Edge Computing and Internet of Things. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:2811119. [PMID: 36200078 PMCID: PMC9527413 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2811119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To further promote the modernization of agriculture and the prosperity of green industry, the analyses are made on the intensive level of agriculture by using spatial econometric model under the Internet of Things (IoT), and the optimal defense strategy is adopted for edge network equipment to ensure the security of agricultural information. Initially, the present work introduces the related concepts of agricultural intensive development and analyzes the important role of IoT in the development process of agricultural modernization. Next, it briefly explains the spatial econometric analysis method, introduces two basic spatial analysis models-spatial lag model (SLM) and spatial error model (SEM), and explains their principles in detail. Then, it signifies the characteristics of IoT and edge computing (EC) and designs the optimal defense strategy of edge network equipment from the perspective of IoT. Finally, the simulation experiment is carried out based on the edge network defense strategy, and the spatial econometric analysis is carried out by taking the agricultural intensive development of counties in a Chinese province as an example. The experimental results show that with the increase of the number of edge network devices, the optimal strategy of edge network defense can be adopted while consuming certain computing resources. The agricultural technology input and intensive level in the jurisdiction have high spatial correlation, so it is necessary to establish a spatial econometric model for analysis. Additionally, the statistics of SLM is higher than that of SEM, which shows that SLM can better reflect the technology investment and spatial correlation than SEM does. Both industrial and agricultural division of labor and agricultural production link division of labor can promote the level of intensification, among which the promotion of industrial and agricultural division of labor is not very significant, while the promotion of agricultural production link division of labor is very significant.
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Sales VR, Azevedo P, Zucchi MI, Nocelli RCF. A systematic review of research conducted by pioneer groups in ecotoxicological studies with bees in Brazil: advances and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62711-62732. [PMID: 35793026 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brazil presents the most threatened endemic or rare species among neotropical regions, with the Hymenoptera order, to which bees belong, classified as a high-risk category. In Brazil, the main cause of bee death is the indiscriminate use of pesticides. In this context, groups such as Bee Ecotoxicology and Conservation Laboratory (LECA in Portuguese) and Bees and Environmental Services (ASAs in Portuguese) have become a reference in studies evaluating the impacts of pesticides on bees since 1976. Thus, the objective of this review was to conduct a quantitative and qualitative review of the studies conducted by these groups to evaluate and compile the advances made over the years, identify potential knowledge gaps for future studies, and support the sensitivities of stingless bees when compared to the species Apis mellifera. The quantitative analyses showed that most studies were carried out in the genus Apis, under laboratory conditions. However, more recently (since 2003), studies have also focused on stingless bees and the neonicotinoid class of insecticides. The most relevant gaps identified were the lack of studies under field conditions and on bee biology. The qualitative analyses indicated that Brazilian stingless bees are more susceptible to pesticides than A. mellifera and require a much lower average dose, concentration, or lethal time to display morphological and behavioral damage or decreased lifespan. Thus, future studies should work towards establishing more representative protocols for stingless bees. Furthermore, public policies must be created for the protection and conservation of bees native to Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ribeiro Sales
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Patricia Azevedo
- Instituto de Biologia, Grupo de Genética E Genômica da Conservação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rodovia SP 127, km 30, Piracicaba, SP, 13412-050, Brazil.
| | - Maria Imaculada Zucchi
- Agência Paulista de Tecnologia Dos Agronegócios (APTA) - Polo Centro Sul - Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cornélio Ferreira Nocelli
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
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The mitochondrial RNA polymerase POLRMT promotes skin squamous cell carcinoma cell growth. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:347. [PMID: 35922422 PMCID: PMC9349297 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RNA polymerase mitochondrial (POLRMT) expression and the potential biological functions in skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were explored. We showed that POLRMT is significantly elevated in skin SCC. Genetic depletion of POLRMT, using shRNA-induced knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout (KO), resulted in profound anti-skin SCC cell activity. In patient-derived primary skin SCC cells or immortalized lines (A431 and SCC-9), POLRMT shRNA or KO potently suppressed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription and suppressed cell viability, proliferation and migration. POLRMT shRNA or KO impaired mitochondrial functions in different skin SCC cells, leading to production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), depolarization of mitochondria and depletion of ATP. Moreover, mitochondrial apoptosis cascade was induced in POLRMT-depleted skin SCC cells. IMT1, a POLRMT inhibitor, largely inhibited proliferation and migration, while inducing depolarization of mitochondria and apoptosis in primary skin SCC cells. Contrarily, ectopic overexpression of POLRMT increased mtDNA transcription and augmented skin SCC cell growth. Importantly, POLRMT shRNA adeno-associated virus injection robustly hindered growth of the subcutaneous A431 xenografts in mice. In the POLRMT shRNA virus-treated A431 xenograft tissues, POLRMT depletion, mtDNA transcription inhibition, cell apoptosis, lipid peroxidation and ATP depletion were detected. Together, overexpressed POLRMT increases mtDNA transcription and promotes skin SCC growth.
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Benchaâbane S, Ayad AS, Loucif-Ayad W, Soltani N. Multibiomarker responses after exposure to a sublethal concentration of thiamethoxam in the African honeybee (Apis mellifera intermissa). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 257:109334. [PMID: 35351619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Thiamethoxam is an insecticide mainly used in agriculture to control insect pests. However, non-target insect species, such as honeybees, may also be impacted. In this study, adults of Apis mellifera intermissa were orally exposed under laboratory conditions to a sublethal concentration of thiamethoxam (CL25= 0.17 ng/μl) for 9 days and the effects were evaluated at the biochemical level, by monitoring specific oxidative stress and neuronal biomarkers. Results showed an increase in the antioxidant enzymes, glutatione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and in content of malondialdehyde (MDA). The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was downregulated as evidence of a neurotoxic action and no significant change was observed in glutathione (GSH). Exposure to the insecticide thiamethoxam induced oxidative stress and defense mechanisms affecting honeybee physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benchaâbane
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba 23000, Algeria.
| | - A S Ayad
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba 23000, Algeria
| | - W Loucif-Ayad
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba 23000, Algeria; Faculty of Medicine, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba 23000, Algeria
| | - N Soltani
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba 23000, Algeria
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