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Wang R, Liu N, Huang N, Shu F, Lou Y, Zhang S, Zhu H, Chen C. Combined toxicity assessment of a naturally occurring toxin and a triazole fungicide on different biological processes through toxicogenomic data mining with mixtures. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:105440. [PMID: 37248011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are widely used to prevent fungal growth and reduce mycotoxin contamination in food, which provides the opportunity for the co-occurrence of mycotoxins and fungicide residues in food and poses a greater risk to human health. To assess the combined effects of a naturally occurring mycotoxin, citrinin (CIT), and a widely used triazole fungicide, triadimefon (TAD) on different biological processes, the comparative toxicogenomics database was used to obtain phenotypes and response genes for CIT or TAD exposure. Then individual and combined exposure models were developed with zebrafish embryos, and the interaction between CIT and TAD was analyzed using the 2 × 2 factorial design approach to observe the toxic effects. Through data mining analysis, our results showed that CIT or TAD exposure is related to different biological phenotypes, such as cell death, regulation of antioxidant systems, and thyroid hormone metabolism. Our results also showed that CIT (4-day LC50 value of 12.7 mg/L) exposure possessed higher toxicity to zebrafish embryos compared with TAD (4-day LC50 value of 29.6 mg/L). Meanwhile, individual exposure to CIT and TAD altered the expression levels of biomarkers related to oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Notably, combined exposure to CIT and TAD induced changes in the mentioned biological processes and had an interactive effect on the expression of multiple biomarkers. In conclusion, we evaluated the toxic effects of CIT and TAD in isolation and combination by in-vivo experiments, which provide a new methodological basis and reference for future risk assessment and setting of safety limits for foodborne toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruike Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Huang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Shu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yancen Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.
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Ivell R, Mamsen LS, Andersen CY, Anand-Ivell R. Expression and Role of INSL3 in the Fetal Testis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:868313. [PMID: 35464060 PMCID: PMC9019166 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.868313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a small peptide hormone of the insulin-relaxin family which is produced and secreted by the fetal Leydig cells in the testes only. It appears to be undetectable in female fetuses. In the human fetus INSL3 synthesis begins immediately following gonadal sex determination at weeks 7 to 8 post coitum and the peptide can be detected in amniotic fluid 1 to 2 weeks later. INSL3 acts through a unique G-protein-coupled receptor, called RelaXin-like Family Peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2), which is expressed by the mesenchymal cells of the gubernacular ligament linking the testes to the inguinal wall. The role of INSL3 in the male fetus is to cause a thickening of the gubernaculum which then retains the testes in the inguinal region, while the remainder of the abdominal organs grow away in an antero-dorsal direction. This represents the first phase of testis descent and is followed later in pregnancy by the second inguino-scrotal phase whereby the testes pass into the scrotum through the inguinal canal. INSL3 acts as a significant biomarker for Leydig cell differentiation in the fetus and may be reduced by maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as xenoestrogens or phthalates, leading to cryptorchidism. INSL3 may have other roles within the fetus, but as a Leydig cell biomarker its reduction acts also as a surrogate for anti-androgen action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ivell
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Linn Salto Mamsen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Section 5712, Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Section 5712, Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ravinder Anand-Ivell
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
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