Effect of dietary supplements on Se bioavailability: A comprehensive in vitro and in vivo study

The Bioavailability of Drugs-The Current State of Knowledge

Drug bioavailability is a crucial aspect of pharmacology, affecting the effectiveness of drug therapy. Understanding how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated in patients' bodies is essential to ensure proper and safe treatment. This publication aims to highlight the relevance of drug bioavailability research and its importance in therapy. In addition to biochemical activity, bioavailability also plays a critical role in achieving the desired therapeutic effects. This may seem obvious, but it is worth noting that a drug can only produce the expected effect if the proper level of concentration can be achieved at the desired point in a patient's body. Given the differences between patients, drug dosages, and administration forms, understanding and controlling bioavailability has become a priority in pharmacology. This publication discusses the basic concepts of bioavailability and the factors affecting it. We also looked at various methods of assessing bioavailability, both in the laboratory and in the clinic. Notably, the introduction of new technologies and tools in this field is vital to achieve advances in drug bioavailability research. This publication also discusses cases of drugs with poorly described bioavailability, providing a deeper understanding of the complex challenges they pose to medical researchers and practitioners. Simultaneously, the article focuses on the perspectives and trends that may shape the future of research regarding bioavailability, which is crucial to the development of modern pharmacology and drug therapy. In this context, the publication offers an essential, meaningful contribution toward understanding and highlighting bioavailability's role in reliable patient treatment. The text also identifies areas that require further research and exploration.

Lowered oral bioaccessibility of cadmium and selenium and associated health risk by co-digestion of rice and vegetables

Since foods are not ingested individually, co-digestion, in accordance with human daily diet conditions, should be stressed when assessing elements bioaccessibility and associated health risks. The oral bioaccessibility of cadmium (Cd) and selenium (Se) in 11 types of crops (rice, maize, pakchoi, eggplant, red pepper, towel gourd, kidney bean, soybean, cowpea, sweet potato, and taro) were determined, and the effects of co-digestion of 7 types of rice and vegetables on the bioaccessibility of Cd and Se were evaluated and validated with in vitro PBET method. The underlying mechanism was revealed by observing the surface morphological characteristics of digested substrates, and the exposure risk of Cd and Se were assessed. The results showed that the average bioaccessibility of Cd and Se in 11 types of crops varied from 58.7 % to 39.1 % and 48.4 % to 62.6 % from the gastric phase (GP) to the intestinal phase (IP). Interestingly, co-digestion of rice and vegetables reduced the bioaccessibility of Cd and Se to varying degrees compared to theoretical values. Great reduction in the bioaccessibility of Cd and Se in the GP (16.9-36.4 % and 9.9-23.2 %) than that in the IP (0.2-6.62 % and 0.23-12.3 %) were detected, which was attributed to the rice-vegetable aggregates formed during co-digestion. Rice-vegetable aggregates inhibited the release of Cd and Se, which was more pronounced in the GP than in the IP. Consequently, co-digestion of rice and vegetables reduced the oral exposure to Cd by 35.8 % and to Se by 19.6 %. The areas with higher non-carcinogenic risk of Cd and Se in the study region were reduced by 17 % and 10 %, respectively. Therefore, the role of co-digestion in assessing Cd and Se bioaccessibility and associated health risk cannot be neglected. This study has significant implications for investigating elements bioaccessibility and optimizing associated health risk assessment from a novel perspective.

Enhancing the Activity of Carboxymethyl Cellulase Enzyme Using Highly Stable Selenium Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Bacillus paralicheniformis Y4

The inorganic selenium is absorbed and utilized inefficiently, and the range between toxicity and demand is narrow, so the application is strictly limited. Selenium nanoparticles have higher bioactivity and biosafety properties, including increased antioxidant and anticancer properties. Thus, producing and applying eco-friendly, non-toxic selenium nanoparticles in feed additives is crucial. Bacillus paralicheniformis Y4 was investigated for its potential ability to produce selenium nanoparticles and the activity of carboxymethyl cellulases. The selenium nanoparticles were characterized using zeta potential analyses, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, evaluations of the anti-α-glucosidase activity and the antioxidant activity of the selenium nanoparticles and the ethyl acetate extracts of Y4 were conducted. B. paralicheniformis Y4 exhibited high selenite tolerance of 400 mM and the selenium nanoparticles had an average particle size of 80 nm with a zeta potential value of −35.8 mV at a pH of 7.0, suggesting that the particles are relatively stable against aggregation. After 72 h of incubation with 5 mM selenite, B. paralicheniformis Y4 was able to reduce it by 76.4%, yielding red spherical bio-derived selenium nanoparticles and increasing the carboxymethyl cellulase activity by 1.49 times to 8.96 U/mL. For the first time, this study reports that the carboxymethyl cellulase activity of Bacillus paralicheniforis was greatly enhanced by selenite. The results also indicated that B. paralicheniformis Y4 could be capable of ecologically removing selenite from contaminated sites and has great potential for producing selenium nanoparticles as feed additives to enhance the added value of agricultural products.