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Xue W, Wang J, Hou Y, Wu D, Wang H, Jia Q, Jiang Q, Wang Y, Song C, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Tian L. Lung decellularized matrix-derived 3D spheroids: Exploring silicosis through the impact of the Nrf2/Bax pathway on myofibroblast dynamics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33585. [PMID: 39040273 PMCID: PMC11261893 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is an occupational respiratory disease caused by long-term inhalation of high concentrations of free silica particles. Studies suggest that oxidative stress is a crucial initiator of silicosis fibrosis, and previous studies have linked the antioxidative stress transcription factor known as Nrf2 to fibrosis antagonism. Myofibroblasts play a pivotal role in tissue damage repair due to oxidative stress. Unlike physiological repair, myofibroblasts in fibrosis exhibit an apoptosis-resistant phenotype, continuously synthesising and secreting significant amounts of collagen and other extracellular matrices, which could be a direct cause of silicosis fibrosis. However, the relationship and mechanism of action between oxidative stress and myofibroblast apoptosis resistance remain unclear. In this study, a new 3D cell culture model using mice lung decellularised matrix particles and fibroblasts was developed, simulating the changes in myofibroblasts during the development of silicotic nodules. Western Blot results indicate that silica stimulation leads to increased collagen deposition and decreased apoptosis-related protein Bax and oxidative stress-related protein Nrf2 in the 3D spheroid model. Immunofluorescence experiments reveal co-localisation in their expression. In Nrf2 overexpressing spheroids, Bax exhibits significant upregulation. In the Nrf2 knockout spheroids, Bax is also significantly downregulated; after intervention with Bax inhibitors, a significant downregulation of Bax-induced apoptosis was also detected in the Nrf2-overexpressed spheroids. In contrast, Bax-induced apoptosis showed a significant upregulation trend in Nrf2-overexpressed spheroids after intervention with Bax agonists. The results demonstrate that the spheroid model can mimic the development process of silicotic nodules, and silica stimulation leads to an apoptosis-resistant phenotype in myofibroblasts in the model, acting through the Nrf2/Bax pathway. This research establishes a new methodology for silicosis study, identifies therapeutic targets for silicosis, and opens new avenues for studying the mechanisms of silicosis fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Xue
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yao Hou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qiyue Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qiyue Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chenzhao Song
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Experimental Teaching Center of Public Heatlh and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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Wang G, Xie W, Deng L, Huang X, Sun M, Liu W, Tang S. Nrf2 mediates the effects of shionone on silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Chin Med 2024; 19:88. [PMID: 38898509 PMCID: PMC11188511 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended contact with silica particles can lead to Silicosis, a chronic lung condition lacking established treatment protocols or clear mechanisms of development. The urgency for innovative treatments arises from the unavailability of effective treatment methodologies. The origin of silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis includes essential processes such as macrophage activation and the conversion of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, with oxidative stress playing a pivotal role. Shionone (SHI), a triterpenoid extracted from the Aster tataricus plant, is recognized for its extensive health benefits. This study explores the capability of SHI to alleviate the effects of silica-induced lung fibrosis in mice. METHODS This investigation explored the impact of SHI on lung inflammation and fibrosis at different stages (early and late) triggered by silica in mice, focusing specifically on the initial and more developed phases. It comprised an analysis of isolated peritoneal macrophages and fibroblasts extracted from mice to elucidate SHI's therapeutic potential and its underlying mechanism. The methodology employed encompassed quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and western blotting to examine macrophage activity and their transition into myofibroblasts. The activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway by SHI was confirmed via immunofluorescence and western blot studies. SHI's antioxidative properties were evidenced by the measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial ROS within both macrophages and fibroblasts, using 2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and MitoSOX, respectively. The relevance of SHI was further underscored by applying ML385 and Nrf2 siRNA to gauge its effectiveness. RESULTS Starting SHI treatment early countered the harmful effects of lung inflammation and fibrosis caused by silica, while initiating SHI at a later phase decelerated the advancement of fibrosis. SHI's action was linked to the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, a boost in antioxidant enzyme levels, and a decrease in oxidative stress and inflammation in macrophages affected by silica. Furthermore, SHI prevented the conversion of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts prompted by TGF-β, along with the resultant oxidative stress. The beneficial outcomes of SHI were negated when ML385 and Nrf2 siRNA were applied, highlighting the pivotal role of the Nrf2 pathway in SHI's efficacy. CONCLUSION SHI plays a significant role in stimulating the Nrf2 pathway, thereby defending against silica-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions in macrophages, and inhibiting the conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts due to TGF-β. This suggests that SHI is a viable option for treating lung inflammation and fibrosis in mice suffering from silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyun Wang
- Shandong Xiehe University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weixi Xie
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lang Deng
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Sun
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Siyuan Tang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Sherekar P, Suke SG, Dhok A, Harode R, Mangrulkar S, Pingle S. Nano-enabled delivery of diosgenin and emodin ameliorates respirable silica dust-induced pulmonary fibrosis silicosis in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116483. [PMID: 38788565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation play a fundamental role in the beginning and advancement of silicosis. Hence, questing active phytocompounds (APCs) with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties such as diosgenin (DG) and emodin (ED) can be a therapeutic intervention targeting silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Hydrophobicity and low bioavailability are the barriers that restrict the therapeutic efficacy of DG and ED against pulmonary defects. Encapsulating these APCs in polymeric nanoparticles can overcome this limitation. The present study has thus explored the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) individually loaded with DG (DGn) or ED (EDn) and in combine DG+ED [(DG+ED)n] in respirable silica dust (RSD)-induced pulmonary fibrosis silicosis rat model. Our study found that individual and combined NPs revealed physiochemical characteristics appropriate for IV administration with sustained-drug release purposes. Physiological evaluations of RSD-induced silicosis rats suggested that no treatment could improve the body weight. Still, they reduced the lung coefficient by maintaining lung moisture. Only (DG+ED)n significantly cleared free lung silica. All interventions were found to attribute the increased per cent cell viability in BALF, reduce cytotoxicity via minimizing LDH levels, and balance the oxidant-antioxidant status in silicotic rats. The expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TGF-β1) were efficiently down-regulated with NPs interventions compared to pure (DG+ED) treatment. All drug treatments significantly declined, the 8-HdG and HYP productions indicate that RSD-induced oxidative DNA damage and collagen deposition were successfully repaired. Moreover, histopathological investigations proposed that individual or combined drugs NPs interventions could decrease the fibrosis and alveolitis grades in RSD-induced silicosis rats. However, (DG+ED)n intervention significantly inhibited pulmonary fibrosis and alveolitis compared to pure (DG+ED) treatment. In conclusion, the RSD can induce oxidative stress and inflammation in rats, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cytotoxicity to pulmonary cells and leading to silicosis development. The IV administration of combined NP suppressed lung inflammation and collagen formation by maintaining oxidant-antioxidant status and effectively interrupting the fibrosis-silicosis progression. These results may be attributed to the improved bioavailability of DG and ED through their combined nano-encapsulation-mediated targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Sherekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology, Priyadarshini Campus, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440 019, India; Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, Maharashtra 442 005, India
| | - Sanvidhan G Suke
- Department of Biotechnology, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology, Priyadarshini Campus, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440 019, India; Department of Biotechnology, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Priyadarshini Campus, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440 019, India.
| | - Archana Dhok
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, Maharashtra 442 005, India
| | - Raunak Harode
- Department of Pharmacology, Priyadarshini J. L. College of Pharmacy, Electronic Zone Building, MIDC, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440 016, India
| | - Shubhada Mangrulkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Priyadarshini J. L. College of Pharmacy, Electronic Zone Building, MIDC, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440 016, India; Department of Pharmacology, Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441 002, India
| | - Shubhangi Pingle
- Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), ICMR Complex, Kannamangala PO, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562 110, India
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Malaviya R, Meshanni JA, Sunil VR, Venosa A, Guo C, Abramova EV, Vayas KN, Jiang C, Cervelli JA, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Role of macrophage bioenergetics in N-acetylcysteine-mediated mitigation of lung injury and oxidative stress induced by nitrogen mustard. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 485:116908. [PMID: 38513841 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a toxic vesicant that causes acute injury to the respiratory tract. This is accompanied by an accumulation of activated macrophages in the lung and oxidative stress which have been implicated in tissue injury. In these studies, we analyzed the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an inhibitor of oxidative stress and inflammation on NM-induced lung injury, macrophage activation and bioenergetics. Treatment of rats with NAC (150 mg/kg, i.p., daily) beginning 30 min after administration of NM (0.125 mg/kg, i.t.) reduced histopathologic alterations in the lung including alveolar interstitial thickening, blood vessel hemorrhage, fibrin deposition, alveolar inflammation, and bronchiolization of alveolar walls within 3 d of exposure; damage to the alveolar-epithelial barrier, measured by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein and cells, was also reduced by NAC, along with oxidative stress as measured by heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and Ym-1 expression in the lung. Treatment of rats with NAC attenuated the accumulation of macrophages in the lung expressing proinflammatory genes including Ptgs2, Nos2, Il-6 and Il-12; macrophages expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α protein were also reduced in histologic sections. Conversely, NAC had no effect on macrophages expressing the anti-inflammatory proteins arginase-1 or mannose receptor, or on NM-induced increases in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 or proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), markers of tissue repair. Following NM exposure, lung macrophage basal and maximal glycolytic activity increased, while basal respiration decreased indicating greater reliance on glycolysis to generate ATP. NAC increased both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, in macrophages from both control and NM treated animals, NAC treatment resulted in increased S-nitrosylation of ATP synthase, protecting the enzyme from oxidative damage. Taken together, these data suggest that alterations in NM-induced macrophage activation and bioenergetics contribute to the efficacy of NAC in mitigating lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jaclynn A Meshanni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Changjiang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Elena V Abramova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Chenghui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jessica A Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Gu W, Chai Y, Huang Y, Cai Z, Li R, Chen R, Liu C, Sun Q. Desipramine ameliorates fine particulate matter-induced hepatic insulin resistance by modulating the ceramide metabolism in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115849. [PMID: 38134639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted a correlation between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and the development of systemic insulin resistance (IR) along with an elevated risk of diabetes. Ceramide has emerged as one of the pathogenic mechanisms contributing to IR. The inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activity by desipramine (DES) has been shown to effectively reduce ceramide levels. In the present study, 24 female C57BL/6 N mice were randomized into one of the four groups: the filtered air exposure (FA) group, the concentrated PM2.5 exposure (PM) group, the concentrated PM2.5 treated with low-dose DES (DL) group, and the concentrated PM2.5 treated with high-dose DES (DH) group. The PM, DL and DH groups were exposed to PM2.5 for an 8-week period within a whole-body exposure system. The study encompassed extensive examinations of glucose homeostasis, liver lipid profile, ceramide pathway, and insulin signaling pathway. Our results demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure caused impaired glucose tolerance, elevated ceramide levels, increased phosphorylation PP2A, reduced Akt phosphorylation, and hindered GLUT2 expression. Remarkably, DES administration mitigated PM2.5-induced IR by effectively lowering ceramide levels. In conclusion, the reduction of ceramide levels by DES may be a promising therapeutic strategy for coping PM2.5-induced IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Gu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanxi Chai
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Huang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Cai
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ran Li
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rucheng Chen
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuiqing Liu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Pollution and Health, Hangzhou, China.
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Mokra D, Mokry J, Barosova R, Hanusrichterova J. Advances in the Use of N-Acetylcysteine in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1713. [PMID: 37760016 PMCID: PMC10526097 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is widely used because of its mucolytic effects, taking part in the therapeutic protocols of cystic fibrosis. NAC is also administered as an antidote in acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdosing. Thanks to its wide antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, NAC may also be of benefit in other chronic inflammatory and fibrotizing respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, idiopathic lung fibrosis, or lung silicosis. In addition, NAC exerts low toxicity and rare adverse effects even in combination with other treatments, and it is cheap and easily accessible. This article brings a review of information on the mechanisms of inflammation and oxidative stress in selected chronic respiratory diseases and discusses the use of NAC in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mokra
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia; (R.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Juraj Mokry
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Romana Barosova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia; (R.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Juliana Hanusrichterova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, SK-03601 Martin, Slovakia; (R.B.); (J.H.)
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Li R, Kang H, Chen S. From Basic Research to Clinical Practice: Considerations for Treatment Drugs for Silicosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098333. [PMID: 37176040 PMCID: PMC10179659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicosis, characterized by irreversible pulmonary fibrosis, remains a major global public health problem. Nowadays, cumulative studies are focusing on elucidating the pathogenesis of silicosis in order to identify preventive or therapeutic antifibrotic agents. However, the existing research on the mechanism of silica-dust-induced pulmonary fibrosis is only the tip of the iceberg and lags far behind clinical needs. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), as a pulmonary fibrosis disease, also has the same problem. In this study, we examined the relationship between silicosis and IPF from the perspective of their pathogenesis and fibrotic characteristics, further discussing current drug research and limitations of clinical application in silicosis. Overall, this review provided novel insights for clinical treatment of silicosis with the hope of bridging the gap between research and practice in silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Huimin Kang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
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