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Yadav R, Kumar D, Singh J, Jangra A. Environmental toxicants and nephrotoxicity: Implications on mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Toxicology 2024; 504:153784. [PMID: 38518838 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Kidneys are one of the most important organs in the human body. In addition to filtering 200 liters of fluid every 24 hours, the kidney also regulates acid-base balance, maintains electrolyte balance, and removes waste and toxicants from the body. Nephrotoxicity is the term used to describe the deterioration of kidney function caused by the harmful effects of medications and various types of environmental toxicants. Exposure to environmental toxicants is an inevitable side effect in the world's increasing industrialization and even more prevalent in underdeveloped nations. Growing data over the past few years has illuminated the probable connection between environmental toxicants and nephrotoxicity. Phthalates, microplastics, acrylamide and bisphenol A are environmental toxicants of particular concern, which are known to have nephrotoxic effects. Such toxicants may accumulate in the kidneys of humans after being consumed, inhaled, or come into contact with the skin. They can enter cells through endocytosis and accumulate in the cytoplasm. Small-sized nephrotoxicants can cause a variety of ailments including inflammation with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and apoptosis. This study uncovers the potential for new insights concerning the relationship between various environmental toxicants and kidney health. The objectives of this review is to establish information gaps, assess and identify the toxicity mechanisms of different nephrotoxicants, identify innovative pharmacological therapies that demonstrate promising therapeutic benefits/ relevance, and discuss the predictions for the future based on the analysis of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh-123031, Haryana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh-123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Jiten Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh-123031, Haryana, India
| | - Ashok Jangra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh-123031, Haryana, India.
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Moscardi AC, Irioda AC, Mogharbel BF, Milhorini SDS, Ferreira JDS, Santos SGD, Martino Andrade AJ, Guiloski IC. Exposure to the plasticizer diisopentyl phthalate can cause Vero cell line death. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114521. [PMID: 38369054 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Phthalates are synthetic plasticizers present in the daily lives of humans, as part of the composition of different products, such as food packaging, water bottles, and toys. These compounds can migrate from plastic materials to the environment changing biological systems. Although diisopentyl phthalate (DiPeP) is largely used in Brazil, there is a lack of information on the possible toxic effects of this compound. This research aims to evaluate the toxicity of DiPeP in the Vero renal cells. These cells were exposed to the 1-1000 μM of DiPeP for 24 and 72 h and subsequently, the cytotoxicity, apoptosis and necrosis-inducing potential, and antioxidant system (SOD, GPx, and GST) were investigated. DiPeP neither caused cytotoxicity nor altered SOD and GPx activity, although GST has been increased at 100 or 1 μM (24 and 72 h, respectively). However, cell death by apoptosis and necrosis was observed. These results indicate that DiPeP caused cell death by a non-oxidative stress-mediated mechanism, which shows the relevance of investigate other process in further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catharina Moscardi
- Instituto de Pesquisas Pele Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Shayane da Silva Milhorini
- Instituto de Pesquisas Pele Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva Ferreira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Pele Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sheila Gabriel Dos Santos
- Instituto de Pesquisas Pele Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Izonete Cristina Guiloski
- Instituto de Pesquisas Pele Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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