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Li M, Qiu L, Ai X, Xu K, Peng M, Sun G, Zhang K, Huang C. Effects of Selenium and Cadmium on Human Liver and Kidney Functions in Exposed Black Shale Areas. GEOHEALTH 2024; 8:e2024GH001040. [PMID: 38651003 PMCID: PMC11033549 DOI: 10.1029/2024gh001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Animal experiments suggest that selenium (Se) may alleviate cadmium (Cd) toxicity in animal liver and kidneys, but its effect on human liver and kidneys remains uncertain. In China, areas with black shale have shown elevated levels of Se and Cd. According to the USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) evaluation method, the soil and rice in these areas pose significant risks. In black shale regions such as Enshi and Zhuxi County, residents who long-term consume local rice may surpass safe Se and Cd intake levels. Significantly high median blood Se (B-Se) and urine selenium (U-Se) levels were detected in these areas, measuring 416.977 μg/L and 352.690 μg/L and 104.527 μg/L and 51.820 μg/L, respectively. Additionally, the median blood Cd (B-Cd) and urine Cd (U-Cd) levels were markedly elevated at 4.821 μg/L and 3.848 μg/L and at 7.750 μg/L and 7.050 μg/L, respectively, indicating substantial Cd exposure. Nevertheless, sensitive liver and kidney biomarkers in these groups fall within healthy reference ranges, suggesting a potential antagonistic effect of Se on Cd in the human body. Therefore, the USEPA method may not accurately assess Cd risk in exposed black shale areas. However, within the healthy ranges, residents in the Enshi study area had significantly greater median levels of serum creatinine and cystatin C, measuring 67.3 μmol/L and 0.92 mg/L, respectively, than those in Zhuxi did (53.6 μmol/L and 0.86 mg/L). In cases of excessive Se and Cd exposure, high Se and Cd levels impact the filtration function of the human kidney to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Eco‐environmental GeologyHubei Geological BureauWuhanChina
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological BureauEnshiChina
- School of Forestry and HorticultureHubei Minzu UniversityEnshiChina
| | - Liang Qiu
- School of Earth Science and ResourcesChina University of GeosciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xunru Ai
- School of Forestry and HorticultureHubei Minzu UniversityEnshiChina
| | - Keyuan Xu
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological BureauEnshiChina
| | - Min Peng
- Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth's Critical ZoneInstitute of Geophysical and Geochemical ExplorationChinese Academy of Geological SciencesLangfangChina
- Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land QualityChina Geological SurveyLangfangChina
| | - Guogen Sun
- Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous PrefectureEnshiChina
| | - Kai Zhang
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological BureauEnshiChina
| | - Chuying Huang
- Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous PrefectureEnshiChina
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Zou Y, Lou S, Zhang Z, Liu S, Zhou X, Zhou F, Radnaeva LD, Nikitina E, Fedorova IV. Predictions of heavy metal concentrations by physiochemical water quality parameters in coastal areas of Yangtze river estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115951. [PMID: 38150976 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to the degradation-resistant and strong toxicity, heavy metals pose a serious threat to the safety of water environment and aquatic ecology. Rapid acquisition and prediction of heavy metal concentrations are of paramount importance for water resource management and environmental preservation. In this study, heavy metal concentrations (Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd) and physicochemical parameters of water quality including Temperature (Temp), pH, Oxygen redox potential (ORP), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Electrical conductivity (EC), Electrical resistivity (RES), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Salinity (SAL), Cyanobacteria (BGA-PE), and turbidity (NTU) were measured at seven stations in the Yangtze river estuary. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Spearman correlation analysis were employed to analyze the main factors and sources of heavy metals. Results of PCA revealed that the main sources of Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cd were steel industry wastewater, domestic and industrial sewage, whereas shipping and vessel emissions were typically considered sources of Pb and Cu. Spearman correlation analysis identified Temp, pH, ORP, EC, RES, TDS, and SAL as the key physicochemical parameters of water quality, exhibiting the strongest correlation with heavy metal concentrations in sediment and water samples. Based on these results, multiple linear regression as well as non-linear models (SVM and RF) were constructed for predicting heavy metal concentrations. The results showed that the results of the nonlinear model were more suitable for predicting the concentrations of most heavy metals than the linear model, with average R values of the SVM test set and RF test set being 0.83 and 0.90. The RF model showed better applicability for simulating the concentration of heavy metals along the Yangtze river estuary. It was demonstrated that non-linear research methods provided efficient and accurate predictions of heavy metal concentrations in a simple and rapid manner, thereby offering decision-making support for watershed managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zou
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sha Lou
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhirui Zhang
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhou
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Larisa Dorzhievna Radnaeva
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Systems, Baikal Institute of Nature Management of Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Republic of Buryatia, Russia
| | - Elena Nikitina
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Systems, Baikal Institute of Nature Management of Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Republic of Buryatia, Russia
| | - Irina Viktorovna Fedorova
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034, 7-9 Universitetskaya Embankment, St Petersburg, Russia
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Liu J, Zheng Q, Pei S, Li J, Ma L, Zhang L, Niu J, Tian T. Ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils from northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 196:99. [PMID: 38157088 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Soil pollution by heavy metals can cause continuing damage to ecosystems and the human body. In this study, we collected nine fresh topsoil samples and 18 maize samples (including nine leaf samples and nine corn samples) from agricultural soils in the Baiyin mining areas. The results showed that the order of heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg) in agricultural soils was as follows: Zn (377.40) > Pb (125.06) > Cu (75.06) > Ni (28.29) > Cd (5.46) > Hg (0.37). Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb exceeded the Chinese risk limit for agricultural soil pollution. The average the pollution load index (4.39) was greater than 3, indicating a heavy contamination level. The element that contributed the most to contamination and high ecological risk in soil was Cd. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that the sources of Ni, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the soil were primarily mixed, involving both industrial and agricultural activities, whereas the sources of Hg and Pb included both industrial and transportation activities. Adults and children are not likely to experience non-carcinogenic impacts from the soil in this region. Nonetheless, it was important to be aware of the elevated cancer risk presented by Cd, Pb, and especially Ni. The exceedance rates of Cd and Pb in corn were 66.67% and 33.3%, respectively. The results of this research provide data to improve soil protection, human health monitoring, and crop management in the Baiyin district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyun Liu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Zheng
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwei Pei
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jingping Niu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian Tian
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, The People's Republic of China.
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Lan G, Li X, Yao J, Yu X, Liu Q, Qiu C, Mao X. Rapid and sensitive determination of Se and heavy metals in foods using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a novel transportation system. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1201801. [PMID: 37351193 PMCID: PMC10282127 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1201801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive and simultaneous determination of trace multi-elements in various plant food samples such as grain, oilseed, vegetable and tea is always a challenge thus far. In this work, a rapid determination method for Se, Cd, As and Pb in food samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization (SS-ETV) was developed. To improve the analytical sensitivity and precision as well as eliminate the memory effect, a gas turbulator line and signal delay device (SDD) were for the first time designed for the graphite furnace (GF) ETV coupled with ICP-MS. The signal acquisition parameters of ICP-MS, ashing and vaporization conditions, and the flow rates of carrier gas and gas turbulator were investigated for Se, Cd, As and Pb in food samples. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of determination (LODs) for Se, Cd, As and Pb were 0.5 ng g-1, 0.3 ng g-1, 0.3 ng g-1 and 0.6 ng g-1, respectively; the limits of quantification (LOQs) for Se, Cd, As and Pb were 1.7 ng g-1, 1.0 ng g-1, 1.0 ng g-1 and 1.9 ng g-1, respectively; linearity (R2) in the range of 1 to 4,000 ng g-1 was >0.999 using the standard addition method. This method was used to analyze 5 CRMs including rice, tea and soybeans, and the concentrations detected by this method were within the range of the certified values. The recoveries of Se, Cd, As and Pb in plant food matrices including grain, oilseed, celery, spinach, carrot and tea samples were 86-118% compared to the microwave digestion ICP-MS method; and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.2-8.9% for real food sample analysis, proving a good precision and accuracy for the simultaneous determination of multi-elements. The analysis time was less than 3 min, slurry preparation time < 5 min without sample digestion process. The proposed direct slurry sampling ICP-MS method is thus suitable for rapid and sensitive determination of Se, Cd, As and Pb in food samples with advantages such as simplicity, green and safety, as well as with a promising application potential in detecting more elements to protect food safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Lan
- Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet, China
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jijun Yao
- Hangzhou Puyu Technology Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Hangzhou Puyu Technology Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinghai Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Cheng Qiu
- Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Xuefei Mao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li M, Yang B, Ju Z, Qiu L, Xu K, Wang M, Chen C, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Xiang S, Zheng J, Yang B, Huang C, Zheng D. Do high soil geochemical backgrounds of selenium and associated heavy metals affect human hepatic and renal health? Evidence from Enshi County, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 883:163717. [PMID: 37116803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) method can accurately assess heavy metal risks in high-Se areas. Herein, a black shale outcropping in Enshi County, China, was taken as the study area, and a carbonate outcropping in Lichuan County was the control area. Selenium and associated heavy metal concentrations in rock, soil, rice, human blood and urine samples and human sensitive hepatic and renal biomarkers were measured. The results showed that the contents of selenium, cadmium, molybdenum and copper in the study area were 3.68 ± 2.72 μg/g, 2.65 ± 1.42 μg/g, 16.3 ± 15.5 μg/g, and 57.3 ± 17.6 μg/g, respectively, in soil (n = 47) and 1.072 ± 0.924 μg/g, 0.252 ± 0.310 μg/g, 2.800 ± 2.167 μg/g, and 10.91 ± 27.42 μg/g, respectively, in rice (n = 47). The daily adult intake levels of selenium, cadmium and molybdenum from rice consumption in the study area (exposure group) exceed the recommended tolerance values in China. According to the US EPA method, these environmental media pose a significant risk to human health. However, in the exposure group (n = 111), the median levels of the sensitive hepatic biomarkers alanine aminotransferase (18 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (28 U/L) and total bilirubin (10.9 μmol/L) and the sensitive renal biomarkers serum creatinine (70.1 μmol/L), urinary nitrogen (5.73 mmol/L) and uric acid (303.80 μmol/L) were within reference ranges and had values equivalent to those of the control group (P > 0.05). The elements tended to differentiate during migration from one medium to another. Due to the complex interaction between selenium and heavy metals, a survey of human health indicators is indispensable when the US EPA method is used to assess the heavy metal risks in high-Se areas. The recommended molybdenum tolerable intake in the U.S. (2000 μg/d) is reasonable based on a comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Li
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China; Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of resources and eco-environmental geology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Boyong Yang
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Zhaoqing Ju
- Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Keyuan Xu
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Can Chen
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Zixiong Zhang
- Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Sufang Xiang
- Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Jinlong Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of resources and eco-environmental geology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Baohong Yang
- Second Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Chuying Huang
- Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China; Hubei Provincial Key Lab of Selenium Resources and Bioapplications, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Deshun Zheng
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China.
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Jiao L, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wang R, Liu X, Lu B. Prediction models for monitoring selenium and its associated heavy-metal accumulation in four kinds of agro-foods in seleniferous area. Front Nutr 2022; 9:990628. [PMID: 36211511 PMCID: PMC9537640 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.990628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Se-rich agro-foods are effective Se supplements for Se-deficient people, but the associated metals have potential risks to human health. Factors affecting the accumulation of Se and its associated metals in Se-rich agro-foods were obscure, and the prediction models for the accumulation of Se and its associated metals have not been established. In this study, 661 samples of Se-rich rice, garlic, black fungus, and eggs, four typical Se-rich agro-foods in China, and soil, matrix, feed, irrigation, and feeding water were collected and analyzed. The major associated metal for Se-rich rice and garlic was Cd, and that for Se-rich black fungus and egg was Cr. Se and its associated metal contents in Se-rich agro-foods were positively correlated with Se and metal contents in soil, matrix, feed, and matrix organic contents. The Se and Cd contents in Se-rich rice grain and garlic were positively and negatively correlated with soil pH, respectively. Eight models for predicting the content of Se and its main associated metals in Se-rich rice, garlic, black fungus, and eggs were established by multiple linear regression. The accuracy of the constructed models was further validated with blind samples. In summary, this study revealed the main associated metals, factors, and prediction models for Se and metal accumulation in four kinds of Se-rich agro-foods, thus helpful in producing high-quality and healthy Se-rich.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshu Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Liuquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory For Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianjin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xianjin Liu,
| | - Baiyi Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory For Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Baiyi,
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Liu Y, Liu S, Zhao W, Xia C, Wu M, Wang Q, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Zuza AV, Tian X. Assessment of heavy metals should be performed before the development of the selenium-rich soil: A case study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112990. [PMID: 35217010 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of selenium (Se)-rich soils in China is an effective method for rural revitalization, but assessment of heavy metals is essential prior to the development of Se-rich soils. This study was focused on the Jiangjin district, a typical Se-rich area located in Sichuan Basin of China, to investigate contamination, influencing factors, and sources of As, Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn based on 156 topsoil samples. This study analyzed and compared the enrichment factor (EF), Nemerow index (PN), geographical information system (GIS), and positive matrix factorization (PMF). Results demonstrate that the average values of As, Cu, Cd, Sb, and Zn in topsoil were higher than the soil background values of western Chongqing by approximately 1.75, 1.11, 1.27, 1.71, and 2.58 times, respectively, indicating that some heavy metals have been enriched in the soils. The polluted areas of As, Cu, Cd, and Zn in topsoil were mainly distributed in the northern and central Jiangjin district, whereas high-Sb soils were located in the southeast. The Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Sb were concentrated in Se-rich soils, indicating that heavy metals pollution should be carefully considered for the utilization of Se-rich soils. Four potential sources of heavy metals were found in this study area: 1) the parent materials (Cr, Ni, Cu); 2) industrial activities with high coal consumption (As); 3) mechanical and chemical industrial activities (Zn, Sb); and 4) transportation and agricultural activities (Pb, Cd). These observations provide a scientific basis for the development, utilization, and protection of Se-rich soil resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of GIS Application Research, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Geography and Tourism College, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shuling Liu
- The Key Laboratory of GIS Application Research, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Geography and Tourism College, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan, 250013, China; Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resource Utilization, MNR, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Geological Process and Resource Utilization, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Chuanbo Xia
- Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan, 250013, China; Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resource Utilization, MNR, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Geological Process and Resource Utilization, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Mei Wu
- The Key Laboratory of GIS Application Research, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Geography and Tourism College, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan, 250013, China; Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resource Utilization, MNR, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Geological Process and Resource Utilization, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan, 250013, China; Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resource Utilization, MNR, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Geological Process and Resource Utilization, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan, 250013, China; Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resource Utilization, MNR, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Geological Process and Resource Utilization, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Andrew V Zuza
- Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Xinglei Tian
- Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan, 250013, China; Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Processes and Resource Utilization, MNR, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Geological Process and Resource Utilization, Jinan, 250013, China.
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