Risk factors for mortality caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in cancer patients

Catheter salvage or removal in catheter-related bloodstream infections with Staphylococcus aureus in children with chronic intestinal failure receiving home parenteral nutrition and the use of prophylactic taurolidine catheter lock solution: A descriptive cohort study

BACKGROUND

Children with chronic IF require long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN), administered through a central venous catheter. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) with Staphylococcus aureus is known to be a serious infection with a high mortality rate and risk of complications. A standardized protocol on the management of S aureus CRBSIs in children receiving HPN is lacking. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the current management in an HPN expertise center in the Netherlands.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective descriptive cohort study between 2013 and 2022 on children 0-18 years of age with chronic IF requiring long-term HPN. Our primary outcomes were the incidence of S aureus CRBSI per 1000 catheter days, catheter salvage attempt rate, and successful catheter salvage rate. Our secondary outcomes included complications and mortality.

RESULTS

A total of 74 patients (39 male; 53%) were included, covering 327.8 catheter years. Twenty-eight patients (38%) had a total of 52 S aureus CRBSIs, with an incidence rate of 0.4 per 1000 catheter days. The catheter salvage attempt rate was 44% (23/52). The successful catheter salvage rate was 100%. No relapse occurred, and no removal was needed after catheter salvage. All complications that occurred were already present at admission before the decision to remove the catheter or not. No patients died because of an S aureus CRBSI.

CONCLUSION

Catheter salvage in S aureus CRBSIs in children receiving HPN can be attempted after careful consideration by a multidisciplinary team in an HPN expertise center.

Molecular and Clinical Data of Antimicrobial Resistance in Microorganisms Producing Bacteremia in a Multicentric Cohort of Patients with Cancer in a Latin American Country

Patients with cancer have a higher risk of severe bacterial infections. This study aims to determine the frequency, susceptibility profiles, and resistance genes of bacterial species involved in bacteremia, as well as risk factors associated with mortality in cancer patients in Colombia. In this prospective multicenter cohort study of adult patients with cancer and bacteremia, susceptibility testing was performed and selected resistance genes were identified. A multivariate regression analysis was carried out for the identification of risk factors for mortality. In 195 patients, 206 microorganisms were isolated. Gram-negative bacteria were more frequently found, in 142 cases (68.9%): 67 Escherichia coli (32.5%), 36 Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.4%), and 21 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.1%), and 18 other Gram-negative isolates (8.7%). Staphylococcus aureus represented 12.4% (n = 25). Among the isolates, resistance to at least one antibiotic was identified in 63% of them. Genes coding for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases, blaCTX-M and blaKPC, respectively, were commonly found. Mortality rate was 25.6% and it was lower in those with adequate empirical antibiotic treatment (22.0% vs. 45.2%, OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.1-0.63, in the multivariate model). In Colombia, in patients with cancer and bacteremia, bacteria have a high resistance profile to beta-lactams, with a high incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases. Adequate empirical treatment diminishes mortality, and empirical selection of treatment in this environment of high resistance is of key importance.

Prevalence, predictors, and mortality of bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients with malignancy: systemic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Cancer patients are more likely to develop and die of bloodstream infection (BSI) than noncancer patients. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is associated with immense mortality and economic burden worldwide, is not covered by the recommended initial antibiotic therapy for cancer patients with BSI. This systemic review was performed to estimate the global methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalence among bacteremia in patients with malignancy, and further study the predictors and mortality of cancer patients with MRSA bacteremia.

METHODS

The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for studies published from Jan. 2000 to Mar. 2020 that provided primary data on the prevalence, predictors, or mortality of MRSA bacteremia in cancer patients. A random-effects model meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled prevalence of MRSA with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

RESULTS

The pooled prevalence of MRSA was 3% (95% CI 2-5%) among all bloodstream infections (BSIs) and 44% (95% CI 32-57%) among S. aureus bacteremia in cancer patients. Based on geographical stratification, the pooled prevalence was 5% in Africa (95% CI 1-14%), 1% in Americas (95% CI 1-2%), 2% in Europe (95% CI 1-4%), 4% in Western Pacific (95% CI 2-7%), 8% in South-east Asia (95% CI 4-14%) and 0% in Eastern Mediterranean (95% CI 0-3%). No significant temporal change in MRSA rates was detected in this analysis (R2 = 0.06; P = 0.24). Predictors for MRSA BSIs among cancer patients were identified by comparison with their methicillin-susceptible counterparts, and they were mainly related to healthcare-associated infections and immunosuppression. Finally, the 60-day mortality in adult cancer patients with MRSA BSIs was reported to be 12%, and the 6-month overall mortality was 43.2%, with community-onset infection, secondary BSI, and vancomycin MIC≥2 g/mL being the risk factors for mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the prevalence of MRSA BSIs among cancer patients is relatively low, it did not decline over time as MRSA BSIs in the general hospital population and the high mortality rate was related to MRSA BSIs in patients with malignancy.

Intravenous to oral switch therapy in cancer patients with catheter-related bloodstream infection due to methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus: A single-center retrospective observational study

The most common complication in cancer patients is catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), of which Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen. Although S. aureus CRBSI patients are recommended for prolonged intravenous therapy, this is often not feasible. We assessed the effectiveness of switching from intravenous to oral antimicrobial therapy in cancer patients with CRBSI due to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). We conducted a retrospective observational study of 60 patients at one tertiary-care cancer center between April 2005 and March 2016. Patients who received effective intravenous (IV) antibiotics for at least 10 days (IV group) were compared to the IV group of patients who had switched to effective oral (PO) antibiotics after IV treatment for at least 10 days (IV + PO group). The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality within 90 days. Univariate and propensity score-adjusted multivariate logistic regression analyses using variables likely to influence the outcomes were performed. Of the 60 patients, 32 (53.3%) and 28 (46.7%) were in the IV and IV + PO groups, respectively. The median antibiotic treatment durations in the IV and IV + PO groups were 17 (13-31) and 33 (26-52) days, respectively (p<0.001). The 90-day mortality in the IV and IV + PO groups were 53.1% (17/32) and 10.7% (3/28), respectively (p = 0.001). Univariate logistic regression model showed that the odds ratios of oral switch therapy for 90-day mortality was 0.106 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.027-0.423; p = 0.001). The propensity score-adjusted multivariate logistic regression model estimated the odds ratios of oral switched therapy for 90-day mortality as 0.377 (95% CI: 0.037-3.884; p = 0.413). Our results suggest that oral switch therapy was not associated with mortality in cancer patients with CRBSI due to MSSA compared with no oral switch therapy. Oral switch therapy may be a reasonable option for patients with CRBSI due to MSSA.

Chronic heart failure and mortality in patients with community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a population-based cohort study

Background

Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) may experience higher mortality of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) than patients without CHF due to insufficient cardiovascular responses during systemic infection. We investigated 90-day mortality in SAB patients with and without CHF.

Methods

Using population-based medical databases, we conducted a cohort study of all adult patients with community-acquired SAB (CA-SAB) in Northern Denmark, 2000-2011. Ninety-day mortality after SAB for patients with and without CHF was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Based on Cox regression analysis, we computed hazard ratios as estimates of mortality rate ratios (MRRs) overall and stratified by CHF-related conditions (e.g., cardiomyopathy and valvular heart disease), CHF severity (defined by daily dosage of loop-diuretics), and CHF duration while adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Among 2638 SAB patients, 390 (14.8 %) had a history of CHF. Ninety-day mortality was 45 % in patients with CHF and 30 % in patients without CHF, which yielded an adjusted MRR (aMRR) of 1.24 (95 % CI, 1.04-1.48). Compared to patients without CHF, the excess risk of death was most pronounced among patients with valvular heart disease (aMRR = 1.73 (95 % CI, 1.26–2.38)), patients with daily loop-diuretic dosages of 81–159 mg/day (aMRR = 1.55 (95 % CI, 1.11–2.14)) and ≥160 mg/day (aMRR = 1.62 (95 % CI, 1.21–2.18)), and among patients with <3 years of CHF duration (aMRR = 1.43 (95 % CI, 1.14–1.78)).

Conclusion

CA-SAB patients with CHF experienced increased 90-day mortality compared to patients without CHF.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1570-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Characteristics and outcomes of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections in patients with cancer treated with vancomycin: 9-year experience at a comprehensive cancer center

BACKGROUND

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections (BSIs) can cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. However, data on outcomes of patients treated with vancomycin are lacking.

METHODS

We identified 223 patients with cancer who developed MRSA BSIs between January 2001 and June 2009 and were treated with vancomycin. Treatment failure was defined as death within 60 days of infection, persistent bacteremia ≥5 days, fever ≥4 days, recurrence or relapse, and secondary MRSA infection.

RESULTS

The treatment failure rate was 52% (116 of 223 patients). These patients were more likely to have been hospitalized, been treated with steroids within the previous 3 months, developed acute respiratory distress syndrome, required mechanical ventilation, required intensive care unit care, and community-onset infections (all p < .05). Risk factors for MRSA-associated mortality (27 of 223 patients; 12%) included hematologic malignancy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, community-onset infection, secondary BSI, MRSA with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥2.0 μg/mL, mechanical ventilation, and a late switch to an alternative therapy (≥4 days after treatment failure; all p < .05). On multivariate analysis, mechanical ventilation and recent hospitalization were identified as independent predictors of vancomycin failure, and community-onset infection, secondary BSIs, and MIC ≥2 μg/mL were identified as significant predictors of MRSA-associated mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

We found a high treatment failure rate for vancomycin in patients with cancer and MRSA BSIs, as well as a higher mortality. A vancomycin MIC ≥2 μg/mL was an independent predictor of MRSA-associated mortality. An early switch to an alternative therapy at the earliest sign of failure may improve outcome.

[Daptomycin in Gram-positive bacterial infections in oncohematological patients and transplant recipients]

Gram-positive infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in oncohematological patients and transplant recipients. The most frequently isolated Gram-positive organisms are the coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp., and viridans group streptococci. Antibiotic resistance in these organisms is increasing and poses a challenge to clinicians. Daptomycin is rapidly bactericidal against a broad spectrum of gram-positive bacteria, including strains resistant to other drugs. The present article reviews some aspects of Gram-positive infections in these immunocompromised patients and provides a detailed analysis of experience with daptomycin in the treatment of these infections.