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Temporal Trends and Geographic Variability in the Prescription of Antiretroviral Treatments in People Living with HIV in Spain, 2004-2020. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11071896. [PMID: 35407504 PMCID: PMC8999235 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to describe temporal trends in the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV (PLWHIV) from the cohort of the Spanish HIV/AIDS research network (CoRIS), 2004–2020. Methods: We described the yearly evolution of the proportion of patients receiving ART and the most frequently prescribed antiretroviral drugs among newly recruited treatment-naïve patients and among all patients with active follow-up. Results: Of 15,539 patients included, 14,618 (94.1%) started ART during their follow-up. Regarding initial regimens, the use of 2NRTI plus 1NNRTI (which were the most frequently prescribed until 2014) and 2NRTI plus 1bPI decreased after 2014, being gradually replaced by INI-based triple therapies. Since 2019, other regimens started to be prescribed, mainly dual therapies. TDF/FTC/EFV was the single-tablet regimen (STR) most frequently prescribed as initial ART until 2012, decreasing thereafter as TDF/FTC/RPV, TDF/FTC/EVG/COBI, and ABC/3TC/DTG became available. TAF/FTC/BIC accounted for 53.6% of initial prescriptions in 2020, followed by DTG/3TC (24%). The percentage of patients on ART increased from 45.7% in 2004 to 98.2% in 2020. Among all patients receiving ART, regimens based on 2NRTI plus 1INI increased from 0.1% in 2007 to 53.3% in 2020. During 2007–2015, most patients were receiving TDF/FTC/EFV, which was replaced after 2017 by ABC/3TC/DTG. In 2020, 13.0% of patients were receiving dual therapies. Conclusions: Robust real-world data on ART use in PLWHIV over more than 15 years show historical trends in prescriptions with an unprecedented visualization of the contemporary treatment patterns.
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Fontela C, Aguinaga A, Moreno-Iribas C, Repáraz J, Rivero M, Gracia M, Floristán Y, Fresán U, Miguel RS, Ezpeleta C, Castilla J. Trends and causes of mortality in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected adults in Spain: comparison with the general population. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8922. [PMID: 32488053 PMCID: PMC7265289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy reduces mortality of HIV-infected persons. In Spain, where this therapy is widely available, we aim to evaluate mortality trends and causes of death in HIV-infected adults, and to estimate the excess mortality compared to the general population. From 1999 to 2018 mortality by causes was analyzed in a population-based cohort of adults aged 25 to 74 years diagnosed with HIV infection in Spain. Observed deaths and expected deaths according mortality in the general population of the same sex and age were compared using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). HIV-infected people increased from 839 in 1999–2003 to 1059 in 2014–2018, median age increased from 37 to 47 years, the annual mortality rate decreased from 33.5 to 20.7 per 1000 person-years and the proportion of HIV-related deaths declined from 64% to 35%. HIV-related mortality declined from 21.4 to 7.3 (p < 0.001), while non-HIV-related mortality remained stable: 12.1 and 13.4 per 1000, respectively. Mortality decreased principally in persons diagnosed with AIDS-defining events. In the last decade, 2009–2018, mortality was still 8.1 times higher among HIV-infected people than in the general population, and even after excluding HIV-related deaths, remained 4.8 times higher. Excess mortality was observed in non-AIDS cancer (SMR = 3.7), cardiovascular disease (SMR = 4.2), respiratory diseases (SMR = 7.9), liver diseases (SMR = 8.8), drug abuse (SMR = 47), suicide (SMR = 5.3) and other external causes (SMR = 6). In conclusion, HIV-related mortality continued to decline, while non-HIV-related mortality remained stable. HIV-infected people maintained important excess mortality. Prevention of HIV infections in the population and promotion of healthy life styles in HIV-infected people must be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fontela
- Department of Pharmacy, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aitziber Aguinaga
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Conchi Moreno-Iribas
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Repáraz
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Rivero
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Gracia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yugo Floristán
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ujué Fresán
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ramón San Miguel
- Department of Pharmacy, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Ezpeleta
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra- IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Castilla
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Pamplona, Spain.
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Alejos B, Suárez-García I, Bisbal O, Iribarren JA, Asensi V, Górgolas M, Muga R, Moreno S, Jarrín I. Choice of the initial antiretroviral treatment for HIV-positive individuals in the era of integrase inhibitors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221598. [PMID: 31449566 PMCID: PMC6709901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to describe the most frequently prescribed initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens in recent years in HIV-positive persons in the Cohort of the Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS) and to investigate factors associated with the choice of each regimen. METHODS We analyzed initial ART regimens prescribed in adults participating in CoRIS from 2014 to 2017. Only regimens prescribed in >5% of patients were considered. We used multivariable multinomial regression to estimate Relative Risk Ratios (RRRs) for the association between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the choice of the initial regimen. RESULTS Among 2874 participants, abacavir(ABC)/lamivudine(3TC)/dolutegavir(DTG) was the most frequently prescribed regimen (32.1%), followed by tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC)/elvitegravir(EVG)/cobicistat(COBI) (14.9%), TDF/FTC/rilpivirine (RPV) (14.0%), tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)/FTC/EVG/COBI (13.7%), TDF/FTC+DTG (10.0%), TDF/FTC+darunavir/ritonavir or darunavir/cobicistat (bDRV) (9.8%) and TDF/FTC+raltegravir (RAL) (5.6%). Compared with ABC/3TC/DTG, starting TDF/FTC/RPV was less likely in patients with CD4<200 cells/μL and HIV-RNA>100.000 copies/mL. TDF/FTC+DTG was more frequent in those with CD4<200 cells/μL and HIV-RNA>100.000 copies/mL. TDF/FTC+RAL and TDF/FTC+bDRV were also more frequent among patients with CD4<200 cells//μL and with transmission categories other than men who have sex with men. Compared with ABC/3TC/DTG, the prescription of other initial ART regimens decreased from 2014-2015 to 2016-2017 with the exception of TDF/FTC+DTG. Differences in the choice of the initial ART regimen were observed by hospitals' location. CONCLUSIONS The choice of initial ART regimens is consistent with Spanish guidelines' recommendations, but is also clearly influenced by physician's perception based on patient's clinical and sociodemographic variables and by the prescribing hospital location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Alejos
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Suárez-García
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofia, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
| | - Otilia Bisbal
- Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Asensi
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel Górgolas
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Muga
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Inma Jarrín
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Executive summary of the GESIDA/National AIDS Plan Consensus Document on Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults Infected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Updated January 2016). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 34:439-51. [PMID: 27068257 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this update, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for all patients infected by type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). The objective of ART is to achieve an undetectable plasma viral load (PVL). Initial ART should comprise 3 drugs, namely, 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), and 1 drug from another family. Four of the recommended regimens, all of which have an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) as the third drug, are considered a preferred regimen; a further 6 regimens, which are based on an INSTI, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), or a protease inhibitor boosted with cobicistat or ritonavir (PI/COBI, PI/r), are considered alternatives. The reasons and criteria for switching ART are presented both for patients with an undetectable PVL and for patients who experience virological failure, in which case the rescue regimen should include 3 (or at least 2) drugs that are fully active against HIV. The specific criteria for ART in special situations (acute infection, HIV-2 infection, pregnancy) and comorbid conditions (tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections, kidney disease, liver disease, and cancer) are updated.
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Executive summary of the GESIDA/National AIDS Plan Consensus Document on antiretroviral therapy in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (updated January 2015). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2015; 33:544-56. [PMID: 26021186 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this update, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for all patients infected by type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). The strength and grade of the recommendation vary depending on the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count, the presence of opportunistic infections or comorbid conditions, age, and the efforts to prevent the transmission of HIV. The objective of ART is to achieve an undetectable plasma viral load (PVL). Initial ART should comprise three drugs, namely, two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and one drug from another family. Three of the recommended regimens, all of which have an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) as the third drug, are considered a preferred regimen; a further seven regimens, which are based on an INSTI, an non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), or a protease inhibitor boosted with ritonavir (PI/r), are considered alternatives. The reasons and criteria for switching ART are presented both for patients with an undetectable PVL and for patients who experience virological failure, in which case the rescue regimen should include three (or at least two) drugs that are fully active against HIV. The specific criteria for ART in special situations (acute infection, HIV-2 infection, pregnancy) and comorbid conditions (tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections, kidney disease, liver disease, and cancer) are updated.
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