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Kah G, Chandran R, Abrahamse H. Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Therapy and Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy. Cells 2023; 12:2012. [PMID: 37566091 PMCID: PMC10417642 DOI: 10.3390/cells12152012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Different conventional therapeutic procedures are utilized globally to manage cancer cases, yet the mortality rate in patients with cancer remains considerably high. Developments in the field of nanotechnology have included novel therapeutic strategies to deal with cancer. Biogenic (green) metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) obtained using plant-mediated protocols are attractive to researchers exploring cancer treatment. Biogenic AgNPs present advantages, since they are cost-effective, easy to obtain, energy efficient, and less toxic compared to chemically and physically obtained AgNPs. Also, they present excellent anticancer abilities thanks to their unique sizes, shapes, and optical properties. This review provides recent advancements in exploring biogenic AgNPs as a drug or agent for cancer treatment. Thus, great attention was paid to the anticancer efficacy of biogenic AgNPs, their anticancer mechanisms, their efficacy in cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT), their efficacy in targeted cancer therapy, and their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahul Chandran
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (G.K.); (H.A.)
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Erdogan O, Abbak M, Demirbolat GM, Birtekocak F, Aksel M, Pasa S, Cevik O. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Cynara scolymus leaf extracts: The characterization, anticancer potential with photodynamic therapy in MCF7 cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216496. [PMID: 31220110 PMCID: PMC6586393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the leaf extracts of Cynara scolymus (Artichoke) using microwave irradiation and the evaluation of its anti-cancer potential with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Silver nanoparticles formation was characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Silver nanoparticles formation was also investigated the surface charge, particle size and distribution using zetasizer analysis. The cytotoxic effect of AgNPs and/or PDT was studied by MTT assay and migration by the scratch assay. The apoptotic inducing ability of the AgNPs and/or PDT was investigated by intracellular ROS analysis, antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH), Hoechst staining and Bax/Bcl-2 analysis using western blotting. The mean particle size of produced AgNPs was found 98.47±2.04 nm with low polydispersity (0.301±0.033). Zeta potential values of AgNPs show -32.3± 0.8 mV. These results clearly indicate the successful formation of AgNPs for cellular uptake. Mitochondrial damage and intracellular ROS production were observed upon treatment with AgNPs (10μg/mL) and PDT (0.5 mJ/cm2) showed significant reducing cell migration, expression of Bax and suppression of Bcl-2. Significantly, biosynthesized AgNPs showed a broad-spectrum anti-cancer activity with PDT therapy and therefore represent promoting ROS generation by modulating mitochondrial apoptosis induction in MCF7 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Erdogan
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Muruvvet Abbak
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Scientific Technology Research and Application Centre, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Gülen Melike Demirbolat
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Fatih Birtekocak
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mehran Aksel
- Aydin Adnan University, School of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Salih Pasa
- Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Education, Department of Science, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cevik
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Aydin, Turkey
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Scientific Technology Research and Application Centre, Aydin, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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3
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Jhaveri A, Torchilin V. Intracellular delivery of nanocarriers and targeting to subcellular organelles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 13:49-70. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1086745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Song JH, Lee JE, Cho KM, Park SH, Kim HJ, Kim YC, Kim TS. 5-diphenylacetamido-indirubin-3′-oxime as a novel mitochondria-targeting agent with anti-leukemic activities. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:611-21. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Han Song
- Division of Life Sciences; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Lee
- Department of Life Science; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Cho
- Division of Life Sciences; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Ho Park
- Division of Life Sciences; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeoung-Joon Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases; Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital; Hwasun Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Department of Life Science; Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Division of Life Sciences; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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Monteiro JP, Oliveira PJ, Jurado AS. Mitochondrial membrane lipid remodeling in pathophysiology: a new target for diet and therapeutic interventions. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:513-28. [PMID: 23827885 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are arbiters in the fragile balance between cell life and death. These organelles present an intricate membrane system, with a peculiar lipid composition and displaying transverse as well as lateral asymmetry. Some lipids are synthesized inside mitochondria, while others have to be imported or acquired in the form of precursors. Here, we review different processes, including external interventions (e.g., diet) and a range of biological events (apoptosis, disease and aging), which may result in alterations of mitochondrial membrane lipid content. Cardiolipin, the mitochondria lipid trademark, whose biosynthetic pathway is highly regulated, will deserve special attention in this review. The modulation of mitochondrial membrane lipid composition, especially by diet, as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of some pathologies will be also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Monteiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Li Y, Nakagawara A. Apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma. Cells 2013; 2:432-59. [PMID: 24709709 PMCID: PMC3972687 DOI: 10.3390/cells2020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common malignant solid tumors in childhood, which derives from the sympathoadrenal lineage of the neural crest and exhibits extremely heterogeneous biological and clinical behaviors. The infant patients frequently undergo spontaneous regression even with metastatic disease, whereas the patients of more than one year of age who suffer from disseminated disease have a poor outcome despite intensive multimodal treatment. Spontaneous regression in favorable NBs has been proposed to be triggered by nerve growth factor (NGF) deficiency in the tumor with NGF dependency for survival, while aggressive NBs have defective apoptotic machinery which enables the tumor cells to evade apoptosis and confers the resistance to treatment. This paper reviews the molecules and pathways that have been recently identified to be involved in apoptotic cell death in NB and discusses their potential prospects for developing more effective therapeutic strategies against aggressive NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitona, Chuoh-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.
| | - Akira Nakagawara
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitona, Chuoh-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.
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Leucine to proline substitution by SNP at position 197 in Caspase-9 gene expression leads to neuroblastoma: a bioinformatics analysis. 3 Biotech 2013; 3:225-234. [PMID: 28324374 PMCID: PMC3646108 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-012-0088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of CASP9 (Caspase-9) gene products in relation to
neuroblastoma disease, we have analyzed the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
associated with this gene. This can help us understand the genetic variations that
can alter the function of the gene products. A total of 941 SNPs are investigated
for CASP9 gene. To determine whether a non-synonymous SNP (nsSNP) in this gene
affects its protein product, we used certain computational tools which predicted one
nsSNP, rs1052574, to have deleterious phenotypic effect. This polymorphic variant
results in amino acid substitution from leucine to proline at 197 position, i.e.,
from acyclic amino acid to a 5-membered amino acid which resides in the buried area
of the protein with a high level of conservation. This amino acid substitution shows
a transition from helix to coil in the mutant protein. Hence, due to the complete
alteration in the structural property of the amino acid side chain, the stability of
the protein is reduced which may affect the function of CASP9 protein, leading to
deregulation of apoptosis and neuroblastoma development.
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Manoharan S, Palanimuthu D, Baskaran N, Silvan S. Modulating Effect of Lupeol on the Expression Pattern of Apoptotic Markers in 7, 12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene Induced Oral Carcinogenesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:5753-7. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Jiang M, Stanke J, Lahti JM. The connections between neural crest development and neuroblastoma. Curr Top Dev Biol 2011; 94:77-127. [PMID: 21295685 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380916-2.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood, is an extremely heterogeneous disease both biologically and clinically. Although significant progress has been made in identifying molecular and genetic markers for NB, this disease remains an enigmatic challenge. Since NB is thought to be an embryonal tumor that is derived from precursor cells of the peripheral (sympathetic) nervous system, understanding the development of normal sympathetic nervous system may highlight abnormal events that contribute to NB initiation. Therefore, this review focuses on the development of the peripheral trunk neural crest, the current understanding of how developmental factors may contribute to NB and on recent advances in the identification of important genetic lesions and signaling pathways involved in NB tumorigenesis and metastasis. Finally, we discuss how future advances in identification of molecular alterations in NB may lead to more effective, less toxic therapies, and improve the prognosis for NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manrong Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Gogvadze V, Norberg E, Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B. Involvement of Ca2+ and ROS in α-tocopheryl succinate-induced mitochondrial permeabilization. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1823-32. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bettayeb K, Baunbæk D, Delehouze C, Loaëc N, Hole AJ, Baumli S, Endicott JA, Douc-Rasy S, Bénard J, Oumata N, Galons H, Meijer L. CDK Inhibitors Roscovitine and CR8 Trigger Mcl-1 Down-Regulation and Apoptotic Cell Death in Neuroblastoma Cells. Genes Cancer 2010; 1:369-80. [PMID: 21779453 PMCID: PMC3092200 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910369817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), the most frequent extracranial solid tumor of children accounting for nearly 15% of all childhood cancer mortality, displays overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 in aggressive forms of the disease. The clinical phase 2 drug roscovitine (CYC202, seliciclib), a relatively selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and CR8, a recently developed and more potent analog, induce concentration-dependent apoptotic cell death of NB cells (average IC(50) values: 24.2 µM and 0.4 µM for roscovitine and CR8, respectively). Both roscovitine and CR8 trigger rapid down-regulation of the short-lived survival factor Mcl-1 in the 9 investigated human NB cell lines. This effect was further analyzed in the human SH-SY5Y NB cell line. Down-regulation of Mcl-1 appears to depend on inhibition of CDKs rather than on interaction of roscovitine and CR8 with their secondary targets. CR8 is an adenosine triphosphate-competitive inhibitor of CDK9, and the structure of a CDK9/cyclin T/CR8 complex is described. Mcl-1 down-regulation occurs both at the mRNA and protein levels. This effect can be accounted for by a reduction in Mcl-1 protein synthesis, under stable Mcl-1 degradation conditions. Mcl-1 down-regulation is accompanied by a transient increase in free Noxa, a proapoptotic factor. Mcl-1 down-regulation occurs independently of the presence or up-regulation of p53 and of the MYCN status. Taken together, these results suggest that the clinical drug roscovitine and its novel analog CR8 induce apoptotic tumor cell death by down-regulating Mcl-1, a key survival factor expressed in all NB cell lines. CDK inhibition may thus constitute a new approach to treat refractory high-risk NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Bettayeb
- C.N.R.S. USR3151, ‘Protein Phosphorylation & Human Disease’ Group, Station Biologique, Bretagne, France
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience (Prof. Paul Greengard), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dianne Baunbæk
- C.N.R.S. USR3151, ‘Protein Phosphorylation & Human Disease’ Group, Station Biologique, Bretagne, France
| | - Claire Delehouze
- C.N.R.S. USR3151, ‘Protein Phosphorylation & Human Disease’ Group, Station Biologique, Bretagne, France
- ManRos Therapeutics, Hôtel de Recherche, Centre de Perharidy, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Nadège Loaëc
- C.N.R.S. USR3151, ‘Protein Phosphorylation & Human Disease’ Group, Station Biologique, Bretagne, France
| | - Alison J. Hole
- University of Oxford, Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Oxford, UK
| | - Sonja Baumli
- University of Oxford, Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane A. Endicott
- University of Oxford, Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Oxford, UK
| | - Setha Douc-Rasy
- C.N.R.S. UMR8126, Département de Biologie et Pathologie Médicales, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean Bénard
- C.N.R.S. UMR8126, Département de Biologie et Pathologie Médicales, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Nassima Oumata
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, CNRS UMR8601, INSERM U 648, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience (Prof. Paul Greengard), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hervé Galons
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, CNRS UMR8601, INSERM U 648, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Meijer
- C.N.R.S. USR3151, ‘Protein Phosphorylation & Human Disease’ Group, Station Biologique, Bretagne, France
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De Preter K, Vermeulen J, Brors B, Delattre O, Eggert A, Fischer M, Janoueix-Lerosey I, Lavarino C, Maris JM, Mora J, Nakagawara A, Oberthuer A, Ohira M, Schleiermacher G, Schramm A, Schulte JH, Wang Q, Westermann F, Speleman F, Vandesompele J. Accurate outcome prediction in neuroblastoma across independent data sets using a multigene signature. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:1532-41. [PMID: 20179214 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reliable prognostic stratification remains a challenge for cancer patients, especially for diseases with variable clinical course such as neuroblastoma. Although numerous studies have shown that outcome might be predicted using gene expression signatures, independent cross-platform validation is often lacking. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using eight independent studies comprising 933 neuroblastoma patients, a prognostic gene expression classifier was developed, trained, tested, and validated. The classifier was established based on reanalysis of four published studies with updated clinical information, reannotation of the probe sequences, common risk definition for training cases, and a single method for gene selection (prediction analysis of microarray) and classification (correlation analysis). RESULTS Based on 250 training samples from four published microarray data sets, a correlation signature was built using 42 robust prognostic genes. The resulting classifier was validated on 351 patients from four independent and unpublished data sets and on 129 remaining test samples from the published studies. Patients with divergent outcome in the total cohort, as well as in the different risk groups, were accurately classified (log-rank P < 0.001 for overall and progression-free survival in the four independent data sets). Moreover, the 42-gene classifier was shown to be an independent predictor for survival (odds ratio, >5). CONCLUSION The strength of this 42-gene classifier is its small number of genes and its cross-platform validity in which it outperforms other published prognostic signatures. The robustness and accuracy of the classifier enables prospective assessment of neuroblastoma patient outcome. Most importantly, this gene selection procedure might be an example for development and validation of robust gene expression signatures in other cancer entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katleen De Preter
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Gogvadze V, Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S. The Warburg effect and mitochondrial stability in cancer cells. Mol Aspects Med 2009; 31:60-74. [PMID: 19995572 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a renaissance of Otto Warburg's fundamental hypothesis, which he put forward more than 80 years ago, that mitochondrial malfunction and subsequent stimulation of cellular glucose utilization lead to the development of cancer. Since most tumor cells demonstrate a remarkable resistance to drugs that kill non-malignant cells, the question has arisen whether such resistance might be a consequence of the abnormalities in tumor mitochondria predicted by Warburg. The present review discusses potential mechanisms underlying the upregulation of glycolysis and silencing of mitochondrial activity in cancer cells, and how pharmaceutical intervention in cellular energy metabolism might make tumor cells more susceptible to anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gogvadze
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
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Thorell K, Bergman A, Carén H, Nilsson S, Kogner P, Martinsson T, Abel F. Verification of genes differentially expressed in neuroblastoma tumours: a study of potential tumour suppressor genes. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:53. [PMID: 19686582 PMCID: PMC2743704 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most striking features of the childhood malignancy neuroblastoma (NB) is its clinical heterogeneity. Although there is a great need for better clinical and biological markers to distinguish between tumours with different severity and to improve treatment, no clear-cut prognostic factors have been found. Also, no major NB tumour suppressor genes have been identified. METHODS In this study we performed expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) on primary NB tumours divided into two groups, of favourable and unfavourable outcome respectively. Candidate genes were selected on basis of lower expression in unfavourable tumour types compared to favourables in our microarray expression analysis. Selected genes were studied in two steps: (1) using TaqMan Low Density Arrays (TLDA) targeting 89 genes on a set of 12 NB tumour samples, and (2) 12 genes were selected from the TLDA analysis for verification using individual TaqMan assays in a new set of 13 NB tumour samples. RESULTS By TLDA analysis, 81 out of 87 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed between groups, of which 14 have previously been reported as having an altered gene expression in NB. In the second verification round, seven out of 12 transcripts showed significantly lower expression in unfavourable NB tumours, ATBF1, CACNA2D3, CNTNAP2, FUSIP1, GNB1, SLC35E2, and TFAP2B. The gene that showed the highest fold change in the TLDA analysis, POU4F2, was investigated for epigenetic changes (CpG methylation) and mutations in order to explore the cause of the differential expression. Moreover, the fragile site gene CNTNAP2 that showed the largest fold change in verification group 2 was investigated for structural aberrations by copy number analysis. However, the analyses of POU4F2 and CNTNAP2 showed no genetic alterations that could explain a lower expression in unfavourable NB tumours. CONCLUSION Through two steps of verification, seven transcripts were found to significantly discriminate between favourable and unfavourable NB tumours. Four of the transcripts, CACNA2D3, GNB1, SLC35E2, and TFAP2B, have been observed in previous microarray studies, and are in this study independently verified. Our results suggest these transcripts to be markers of malignancy, which could have a potential usefulness in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Thorell
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Gothenburg University, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Abstract
Medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma are malignant embryonal childhood tumours of the central and peripheral nervous systems, respectively, which often show poor clinical prognosis due to resistance to current chemotherapy. Both these tumours have deficient apoptotic machineries adopted from their respective progenitor cells. This review focuses on the specific background for tumour development, and highlights biological pathways that present potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Inge Johnsen
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mitochondria as targets for cancer chemotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 19:57-66. [PMID: 19101636 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity of tumors dictates an individual approach to anticancer treatment. Despite their variability, almost all cancer cells demonstrate enhanced uptake and utilization of glucose, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect, whereas mitochondrial activity in tumor cells is suppressed. Considering the key role of mitochondria in cell death, it appears that resistance of most tumors towards treatment can be, at least in part, explained by mitochondrial silencing in cancer cells. This review is devoted to the role of mitochondria in cell death, and describes how targeting of mitochondria can make tumor cells more susceptible to anticancer treatment.
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Sveinbjörnsson B, Rasmuson A, Baryawno N, Wan M, Pettersen I, Ponthan F, Orrego A, Haeggström JZ, Johnsen JI, Kogner P. Expression of enzymes and receptors of the leukotriene pathway in human neuroblastoma promotes tumor survival and provides a target for therapy. FASEB J 2008; 22:3525-36. [PMID: 18591367 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-103457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase (LO) pathways generates eicosanoids that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including cancer. In this study, we examined the expression and significance of components within the 5-LO pathway in human neuroblastoma, an embryonal tumor of the sympathetic nervous system. High expression of 5-LO, 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP), leukotriene A(4) hydrolase, leukotriene C(4) synthase, and leukotriene receptors was detected in a majority of primary neuroblastoma tumors and all cell lines investigated. Expression of 5-LO and FLAP was evident in tumor cells but not in nonmalignant adrenal medulla where neuroblastomas typically arise. Moreover, neuroblastoma cells produce leukotrienes, and stimulation of neuroblastoma cells with leukotrienes increased neuroblastoma cell viability. Inhibitors of 5-LO (AA-861), FLAP (MK-886), or the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast inhibited neuroblastoma cell growth by induction of G(1)-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Similarly, specific 5-LO and leukotriene receptor silencing by small interfering RNA decreased neuroblastoma cell growth. These findings provide new insights into the pathobiology of neuroblastoma, and the use of leukotriene pathway inhibitors as a novel adjuvant therapy for children with neuroblastoma warrants further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baldur Sveinbjörnsson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gogvadze V, Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B. Mitochondria in cancer cells: what is so special about them? Trends Cell Biol 2008; 18:165-73. [PMID: 18296052 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has revealed a new role for the mitochondria in cell metabolism--regulation of cell death pathways. Considering that most tumor cells are resistant to apoptosis, one might question whether such resistance is related to the particular properties of mitochondria in cancer cells that are distinct from those of mitochondria in non-malignant cells. This scenario was originally suggested by Otto Warburg, who put forward the hypothesis that a decrease in mitochondrial energy metabolism might lead to development of cancer. This review is devoted to the analysis of mitochondrial function in cancer cells, including the mechanisms underlying the upregulation of glycolysis, and how intervention with cellular bioenergetic pathways might make tumor cells more susceptible to anticancer treatment and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gogvadze
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
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20
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Carén H, Fransson S, Ejeskär K, Kogner P, Martinsson T. Genetic and epigenetic changes in the common 1p36 deletion in neuroblastoma tumours. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:1416-24. [PMID: 17940511 PMCID: PMC2360241 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 1p is frequently deleted in neuroblastoma (NB) tumours. The commonly deleted region has been narrowed down by loss of heterozygosity studies undertaken by different groups. Based on earlier mapping data, we have focused on a region on 1p36 (chr1: 7 765 595–11 019 814) and performed an analysis of 30 genes by exploring features such as epigenetic regulation, that is DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, mutations at the DNA level and mRNA expression. Treatment of NB cell lines with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A led to increased gene transcription of four of the 30 genes, ERRFI1 (MIG-6), PIK3CD, RBP7 (CRBPIV) and CASZ1, indicating that these genes could be affected by epigenetic downregulation in NBs. Two patients with nonsynonymous mutations in the PIK3CD gene were detected. One patient harboured three variations in the same exon, and p.R188W. The other patient had the variation p.M655I. In addition, synonymous variations and one variation in an intronic sequence were also found. The mRNA expression of this gene is downregulated in unfavourable, compared to favourable, NBs. One nonsynonymous mutation was also identified in the ERRFI1 gene, p.N343S, and one synonymous. None of the variations above were found in healthy control individuals. In conclusion, of the 30 genes analysed, the PIK3CD gene stands out as one of the most interesting for further studies of NB development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Carén
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg SE-41345, Sweden
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21
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Wang Q, Diskin S, Rappaport E, Attiyeh E, Mosse Y, Shue D, Seiser E, Jagannathan J, Shusterman S, Bansal M, Khazi D, Winter C, Okawa E, Grant G, Cnaan A, Zhao H, Cheung NK, Gerald W, London W, Matthay KK, Brodeur GM, Maris JM. Integrative genomics identifies distinct molecular classes of neuroblastoma and shows that multiple genes are targeted by regional alterations in DNA copy number. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6050-62. [PMID: 16778177 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is remarkable for its clinical heterogeneity and is characterized by genomic alterations that are strongly correlated with tumor behavior. The specific genes that influence neuroblastoma biology and are targeted by genomic alterations remain largely unknown. We quantified mRNA expression in a highly annotated series of 101 prospectively collected diagnostic neuroblastoma primary tumors using an oligonucleotide-based microarray. Genomic copy number status at the prognostically relevant loci 1p36, 2p24 (MYCN), 11q23, and 17q23 was determined by PCR and was aberrant in 26, 20, 40, and 38 cases, respectively. In addition, 72 diagnostic neuroblastoma primary tumors assayed in a different laboratory were used as an independent validation set. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering showed that gene expression was highly correlated with genomic alterations and clinical markers of tumor behavior. The vast majority of samples with MYCN amplification and 1p36 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) clustered together on a terminal node of the sample dendrogram, whereas the majority of samples with 11q deletion clustered separately and both of these were largely distinct from the copy number neutral group of tumors. Genes involved in neurodevelopment were broadly overrepresented in the more benign tumors, whereas genes involved in RNA processing and cellular proliferation were highly represented in the most malignant cases. By combining transcriptomic and genomic data, we showed that LOH at 1p and 11q was associated with significantly decreased expression of 122 (61%) and 88 (27%) of the genes mapping to 1p35-36 and all of 11q, respectively, suggesting that multiple genes may be targeted by LOH events. A total of 71 of the 1p35-36 genes were also differentially expressed in the independent validation data set, providing a prioritized list of candidate neuroblastoma suppressor genes. Taken together, these data are consistent with the hypotheses that the neuroblastoma transcriptome is a sensitive marker of underlying tumor biology and that chromosomal deletion events in this cancer likely target multiple genes through alteration in mRNA dosage. Lead positional candidates for neuroblastoma suppressor genes can be inferred from these data, but the potential multiplicity of transcripts involved has significant implications for ongoing gene discovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, USA
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22
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Niizuma H, Nakamura Y, Ozaki T, Nakanishi H, Ohira M, Isogai E, Kageyama H, Imaizumi M, Nakagawara A. Bcl-2 is a key regulator for the retinoic acid-induced apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2006; 25:5046-55. [PMID: 16568081 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) has been shown to induce neuronal differentiation and/or apoptosis, and is widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent for treating the patients with neuroblastoma. However, the therapeutic effect of RA is still limited. To unveil the molecular mechanism(s) inducing differentiation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells, we compared CHP134 and NB-39-nu cell lines, in which all-trans-RA (ATRA) induces apoptosis, with LA-N-5 and RTBM1 cell lines, in which it induces neuronal differentiation. Here, we found that Bcl-2 was strongly downregulated in CHP134 and NB-39-nu cells, whereas it was abundantly expressed in LA-N-5 and RTBM1 cells. ATRA-mediated apoptosis in CHP134 and NB-39-nu cells was associated with a significant activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 as well as cytoplasmic release of cytochrome c from mitochondria in a p53-independent manner. Enforced expression of Bcl-2 significantly inhibited ATRA-mediated apoptosis in CHP134 cells. In addition, treatment of RTBM1 cells with a Bcl-2 inhibitor, HA14-1, enhanced apoptotic response induced by ATRA. Of note, two out of 10 sporadic neuroblastomas expressed bcl-2 at undetectable levels and underwent cell death in response to ATRA in primary cultures. Thus, our present results suggest that overexpression of Bcl-2 is one of the key mechanisms to give neuroblastoma cells the resistance against ATRA-mediated apoptosis. This may provide a new therapeutic strategy against the ATRA-resistant and aggressive neuroblastomas by combining treatment with ATRA and a Bcl-2 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Niizuma
- Division of Biochemistry, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuoh-ku, Chiba, Japan
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23
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Stauffer JK, Khan T, Salcedo R, Hixon JA, Lincoln E, Back TC, Wigginton JM. Multicolor fluorescence-based approaches for imaging cytokine-induced alterations in the neovascularization, growth, metastasis, and apoptosis of murine neuroblastoma tumors. J Immunother 2006; 29:151-64. [PMID: 16531816 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000190167.76663.c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common solid tumors in children. The prognosis of patients with advanced neuroblastoma is poor overall despite standard therapeutic modalities and has stimulated substantial interest in the potential role for biologics such as immunotherapeutic and/or antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of neuroblastoma. To facilitate preclinical investigation of the efficacy and mechanisms of action of new biologic agents for the treatment of neuroblastoma, a comprehensive panel of disease-specific fluorescence-based model systems has been developed by our group to image the growth, neovascularization, metastasis, and apoptosis of neuroblastoma tumors. These model systems use fluorescent proteins to monitor cytokine-induced alterations in the growth and metastasis of neuroblastoma and allow for monitoring and/or quantitation of even minimal residual disease that is localized to visceral organ sites such as the liver, lung, and/or bone marrow. Further, based on the differential spectra of red fluorescent protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP), and agents such as 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (green), multicolor systems have now been established by our group that allow for combined assessment of parameters, including the macroscopic relation of tumors to their associated vasculature and, within tissue sections, simultaneous quantitation of tumor neovascularization and evaluation of therapy-induced apoptosis within the tumor and vascular endothelial compartments. Further, by engineering cells to express specific mediators of apoptosis that have been linked to GFP (ie, BID-EGFP), these systems can also be used to dissect mechanisms by which neuroblastoma cells are induced to undergo apoptosis in vitro as well as in vivo. Collectively, these model systems provide important tools for investigation of the biology of neuroblastoma tumors and evaluation of mechanisms that mediate the regression of these tumors in response to novel therapeutic agents, including cytokines such as interleukin-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy K Stauffer
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI)--Center for Cancer Research (CCR), NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Halder SK, Beauchamp RD, Datta PK. Smad7 induces tumorigenicity by blocking TGF-beta-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2005; 307:231-46. [PMID: 15922743 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2004] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Smad proteins play a key role in the intracellular signaling of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of extracellular polypeptides that initiate signaling to regulate a wide variety of biological processes. The inhibitory Smad, Smad7, has been shown to function as intracellular antagonists of TGF-beta family signaling and is upregulated in several cancers. To determine the effect of Smad7-mediated blockade of TGF-beta signaling, we have stably expressed Smad7 in a TGF-beta-sensitive, well-differentiated, and non-tumorigenic cell line, FET, that was derived from human colon adenocarcinoma. Smad7 inhibits TGF-beta-induced transcriptional responses by blocking complex formation between Smad 2/3 and Smad4. While Smad7 has no effect on TGF-beta-induced activation of p38 MAPK and ERK, it blocks the phosphorylation of Akt by TGF-beta and enhances TGF-beta-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun. FET cells expressing Smad7 show anchorage-independent growth and enhance tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. Smad7 blocks TGF-beta-induced growth inhibition by preventing TGF-beta-induced G1 arrest. Smad7 inhibits TGF-beta-mediated downregulation of c-Myc, CDK4, and Cyclin D1, and suppresses the expression of p21(Cip1). As a result, Smad7 inhibits TGF-beta-mediated downregulation of Rb phosphorylation. Furthermore, Smad7 inhibits the apoptosis of these cells. Together, Smad7 may increase the tumorigenicity of FET cells by blocking TGF-beta-induced growth inhibition and by inhibiting apoptosis. Thus, this study provides a mechanism by which a portion of human colorectal tumors may become refractory to tumor-suppressive actions of TGF-beta that might result in increased tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Halder
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, D5230 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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