Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphisms are not related to the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a study in the Spanish population

N-Acetyltransferase 2, Glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma in an Algerian population

This study was conducted to investigate the potential association of genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1/T1 (GSTM1, GSTT1), and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genes and epidemiological parameters with the risk of HCC in the Algerian population.A case-control study including 132 confirmed HCC patients and 141 cancer-free controls was performed. Genotyping analysis was performed using conventional multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).GSTM1 null and NAT2 slow acetylator genotypes confer an increased risk to HCC (OR =1.88, 95% CI 1.16-3.05; OR =2.30, 95% CI 1.26-4.18, respectively). This association was prevalent in smokers (OR =2.00, 95% CI 1.05-3.8 and OR =2.55, 95% CI 1.22-5.34, respectively). No significant association was observed for GSTT1 null genotype in the contribution to HCC risk (OR =0.76, 95% CI 0.46-1.27).In conclusion, the GSTM1 and NAT2 gene polymorphisms are positively associated with the risk of HCC in older men and especially in smokers.

Glutathione-S-transferases genes-promising predictors of hepatic dysfunction

One of the most commonly known genes involved in chronic diffuse liver diseases pathogenesis are genes that encodes the synthesis of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), known as the second phase enzyme detoxification system that protects against endogenous oxidative stress and exogenous toxins, through catalisation of glutathione sulfuric groups conjugation and decontamination of lipid and deoxyribonucleic acid oxidation products. The group of GST enzymes consists of cytosolic, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. Recently, eight classes of soluble cytoplasmic isoforms of GST enzymes are widely known: α-, ζ-, θ-, κ-, μ-, π-, σ-, and ω-. The GSTs gene family in the Human Gene Nomenclature Committee, online database recorded over 20 functional genes. The level of GSTs expression is considered to be a crucial factor in determining the sensitivity of cells to a broad spectrum of toxins. Nevertheless, human GSTs genes have multiple and frequent polymorphisms that include the complete absence of the GSTM1 or the GSTT1 gene. Current review supports the position that genetic polymorphism of GST genes is involved in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases, particularly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis and liver cirrhosis of different etiology and hepatocellular carcinoma. Certain GST allelic variants were proven to be associated with susceptibility to hepatological pathology, and correlations with the natural course of the diseases were subsequently postulated.

Association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Null Deletions and GSTP1 rs1695 Polymorphism with the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Context: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as the most common type of primary liver cancer (accounting for 70% - 90% of all liver cancers), is the seventh most common malignancy worldwide. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a specific group of enzymes that are responsible for the detoxification of carcinogens. According to the available literature, genetic variations in this group of enzymes may be associated with the risk of HCC. In this study, we aimed to assess the association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null deletions and GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism with the risk of HCC. Methods: We systematically searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, using appropriate keywords to gather relevant data until March 2019. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis, using either fixed- or random-effects models based on the presence of heterogeneity. Results: This meta-analysis pooled 19 studies for GSTM1 null deletions, 14 studies for GSTT1 null deletions, and five studies for GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism. In terms of heterogeneity, the pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated in a random-effects model for both Asian and non-Asian populations. HCC was found to be associated with GSTM1 null deletions (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.58, P = 0.05) and GSTT1 null deletions (OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.10 - 1.74, P = 0.005); however, no significant association was found between HCC and GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.86 - 1.50, P = 0.36). Conclusions: We found that GSTM1 and GSTT1 null deletions increased the risk of HCC; however, the GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism did not have a similar effect.

GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence based on 46 studies

Background

It is well known that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been one of the most life-threatening diseases all over the world. Plenty of internal and extrinsic factors have been proven to be related to HCC, such as gene mutation, viral hepatitis, and Nitrosamines. Though previous studies demonstrated that glutathione S-transferase (GST) genotypes are associated with HCC, the conclusions are inconsistent. Therefore, we carried on a renewed meta-analysis to expound the connection between the null GSTM1, GSTT1 polymorphisms and the risk of HCC.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and CNKI databases to select qualified researches which satisfied the inclusion criteria up to July 31, 2018. Finally, we selected 41 articles with 6124 cases and 9781 controls in this meta-analysis. We use ORs and 95% confidence interval (CI) to evaluate the correlation intension between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genes and the risk of HCC. All the statistical processes were executed by Stata (version 12.0).

Results

The pooled analysis showed that both GSTM1 null genotypes (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.18–1.59) and GSTT1 null genotypes (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.23–1.66) increased the risk of HCC. And GSTM1–GSTT1 dual-null genotypes also increased the risk of HCC (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.22–2.05). In the subgroup analysis, we obtained significant results among Asians when stratified by race, and the results are GSTM1 null OR = 1.44, 95% CI = (1.22–1.71), GSTT1 null OR = 1.48, 95% CI = (1.25–1.77), GSTM1–GSTT1 null OR = 1.58, 95% CI = (1.19–2.09), while we didn’t obtain significant results among Caucasians or Africans. Stratified analyses on the type of control indicated a higher risk of HCC associated with GSTM1, GSTT1 single null genotypes and GSTM1–GSTT1 dual-null genotypes in healthy people. No evidence of significant connection was discovered in chronic liver disease (CLD) except in GSTT1 single null.

Conclusions

Our study indicated that an individual who carries the GSTM1, GSTT1 single null genotypes and GSTT1–GSTM1 dual-null genotypes is more likely to develop HCC.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0792-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Quantitative assessment of the effect of glutathione S-transferase genes GSTM1 and GSTT1 on hepatocellular carcinoma risk

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most serious health problems worldwide. As in many other diseases, environment and genetic factors are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of HCC. Numerous epidemiologic investigations including case-control and cohort studies have suggested the association of glutathione S-transferase (GST) genetic polymorphisms and HCC risk. However, some studies have produced conflicting results. Therefore, we performed an updated meta-analysis to clarify this inconsistency and to establish a comprehensive picture of the association of the polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 with HCC susceptibility. We searched PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Science, and CNKI databases to identify eligible studies meeting the inclusion criteria up to August 30, 2013. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. Finally, there were a total of 33 studies with 4,232 cases and 6,601 controls included in this meta-analysis. In the pooled analysis, significantly increased HCC risks were found for null genotype of GSTM1 (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.07-1.61, P = 0.010, P heterogeneity < 10(-5)) and GSTT1 (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.25-1.74, P < 10(-5), P heterogeneity < 10(-5)). Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analysis based on ethnicity, sample size, and source of control. Significant results were found among East Asians and Indians when stratified by ethnicity, while no evidence of significant associations was observed among Caucasian and African populations. In the gene-gene interaction analysis, a statistically significant increased risk for HCC was detected for individuals with combined deletion mutations in both genes compared to those with wild genotypes (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.41-2.50, P < 10(-4), P heterogeneity = 0.004). The present meta-analysis demonstrated that the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype may be associated with an increased risk of HCC and that individuals having the combination of both defective GST genotypes may be more susceptible to developing HCC.

Etiological and molecular profile of hepatocellular cancer from India

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases are underreported in India. Our study was designed to investigate the etiological profile of HCC cases in India and compare with global incidence. The study included 348 HCC and 375 chronic liver disease cases without HCC as controls. Samples were screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HBV-DNA and HCV-RNA genotyping was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. All cases were also assessed for other possible risk factors of HCC. Among HCC cases, 62.6% were positive for HBV, 26.7% for HCV and 3.2% had coinfection. Around 17% of HCC cases had aflatoxin-B1 exposure. HBV genotype D (odds ratio, OR = 1.76) and mixed genotypes (OR = 6.86) had higher risk of HCC development. The risk of HCC was twofold (OR = 2.26) in patients with high HBV-DNA levels. Moreover, our findings were unable to establish a clear differential effect of HCV genotype (OR = 1.48) and high viral load (OR = 1.21) on HCC development. In India, HBV is the major risk factors, whereas alcohol, smoking and diabetes are nonsignificantly associated. Asian countries such as Hong Kong and Taiwan also had high incidence of HBV-related HCC. Contrarily, countries from Europe and USA reported HCV as predominant cause of HCC. Further, aflatoxin could be a possible risk of HCC in the population. However, in comparison to the countries such as China and Taiwan (high Aflatoxin exposure), the aflatoxin level is relatively low in our patients. High HBV-DNA levels and HBV/D increased the risk of HCC. However, neither genotype nor virus loads of HCV affected prognosis of HCC patients in our study.

Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase genes GSTM1, GSTT1 and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

A number of case-control studies were conducted to investigate the association of glutathione S-transferase (GST) genetic polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk. However, these studies have yielded contradictory results. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to derive a more precise estimation of the association between polymorphisms on GSTM1, GSTT1 and HCC.

METHODOLOGY/PRINICPAL FINDINGS

PubMed, EMBASE, ISI web of science and the CNKI databases were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. Data were abstracted independently by two reviewers. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. Potential sources of heterogeneity were also assessed by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Funnel plots and Egger's linear regression were used to test publication bias among the articles. A total of 34 studies including 4,463 cases and 6,857 controls were included in this meta-analysis. In a combined analysis, significantly increased HCC risks were found for null genotype of GSTM1 (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.06-1.58; P = 0.01) and GSTT1 (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.22-1.68; P<10(-5)). Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Significant results were found in East Asians and Indians when stratified by ethnicity; whereas no significant associations were found among Caucasians and African populations. By pooling data from 12 studies that considered combinations of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes, a statistically significant increased risk for HCC (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.41-2.50; P<10(-4)) was detected for individuals with combined deletion mutations in both genes compared with positive genotypes.

CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE

This meta-analysis suggests that the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype may slightly increase the risk of HCC and that interaction between unfavourable GSTs genotypes may exist.

Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) polymorphisms are associated with relapse after radical prostatectomy

BACKGROUND

Organ confined prostate cancer (PCa) can be cured by radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP); however, some tumors will still recur. Current tools fail to identify patients at risk of recurrence. Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in the metabolism of carcinogens, hormones and drugs. Thus, genetic polymorphisms that modify the GST activities may modify the risk of PCa recurrence.

METHODS

We retrospectively recruited Argentine PCa patients treated with RRP to study the association between GST polymorphisms and PCa biochemical relapse after RRP. We genotyped germline DNA in 105 patients for: GSTP1 c.313A>G (p.105 Ile>Val, rs1695) by PCR-RFLP; and GSTT1 null and GSTM1 null polymorphisms by multiplex PCR. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate these associations.

RESULTS

Patients with GSTP1 c.313GG genotype showed shorter biochemical relapse-free survival (BRFS) (P = 0.003) and higher risk for recurrence in unadjusted (Hazard ratio (HR) = 3.16, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.41-7.06, P = 0.005) and multivariate models (HR = 3.01, 95% CI = 1.13-8.02, P = 0.028). We did not find significant associations for GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes. In addition, we found shorter BRFS (P = 0.010) and increased risk for recurrence for patients having two or more risk alleles when we combined the genotypes of the three GSTs in multivariate models (HR = 3.06, 95% CI = 1.20-7.80, P = 0.019).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results give support to the implementation of GSTs genotyping for personalized therapies as a novel alternative for PCa management for patients who undergo RRP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examined GST polymorphisms in PCa progression in Argentine men. Replication of our findings in larger cohort is warranted.

Influence of glutathione-S-transferase theta (GSTT1) and micro (GSTM1) gene polymorphisms on the susceptibility of hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent malignant neoplasms worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer death in Taiwan. Genetic polymorphism has been reported as a factor for increased susceptibility of HCC. Glutathione-S-transferases theta (GSTT1) and micro (GSTM1) play essential roles in detoxification of ingested xenobiotics and modulation of the susceptibility of gene-related cancer. The aim of this study was to estimate the relationships between these two gene polymorphisms and HCC risk and clinicopathological status in Taiwanese.

METHODS

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine gene polymorphisms of 102 patients with HCC and 386 healthy controls.

RESULTS

Both gene polymorphisms were not associated with the clinical pathological status of HCC and serum levels of liver-related clinical pathological markers. While no relationship between GSTM1 gene polymorphism and HCC susceptibility was found, individuals of age <56 years old with GSTT1 present genotype have a risk of 2.77-fold (95% CI: 1.09-7.09) for HCC compared to that with null variant, after adjustment for other confounders.

CONCLUSIONS

GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes do not associate with increased risk of HCC.

Null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma risk: evidence from an updated meta-analysis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Studies investigating the associations between glutathione S-transferase (GST) genetic polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk have reported controversial results. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the effects of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms on HCC risk.

METHODS

We identified 132 relevant records through a literature search up to November 22, 2009, and 24 individual case-control studies from 23 publications were finally included, involving a total of 3349 HCC cases and 5609 controls. Subgroup analyses were performed by ethnicity, or by area according to the incidence rate and hepatitis virus status.

RESULTS

Analyses of total relevant studies showed an increased HCC risk was significantly associated with null genotypes of GSTM1 (OR=1.26, 95% CI 1.03-1.54, p(OR)=0.027) and GSTT1 (OR=1.28, 95% CI 1.09-1.51, p(OR)=0.002). In addition, the GSTM1-GSTT1 interaction analysis showed that the dual null genotype of GSTM1/GSTT1 was significantly associated with increased HCC risk (OR=1.89, 95% CI 1.38-2.60, p(OR)<0.001). Subgroup analyses showed that the associations above were still statistically significant in Asians (p(GSTM1)=0.017, p(GSTT1)=0.001, p(Dual null genotype)<0.001), high-rate areas (p(GSTM1)=0.012, p(GSTT1)=0.006, p(Dual null genotype)<0.001), and HBV-dominant areas (p(GSTM1)=0.003, p(GSTT 1)=0.003, p(Dual null genotype)<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis suggests null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 are both associated with increased HCC risk in Asians, and individuals with the dual null genotype of GSTM1/GSTT1 are particularly susceptible to developing HCC.

Glutathione S-transferases pi 1, alpha 1 and M3 genetic polymorphisms and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans

INTRODUCTION

Glutathione S-transferases pi1, alpha1 and micro3 are members of an enzymatic superfamily involved in the conjugation and detoxification of carcinogens. Polymorphisms affecting the genes encoding these enzymes may modify their ability to neutralize carcinogens. Our aim was to investigate whether these polymorphisms affect the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in humans.

METHODS

A total of 184 white Spanish patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma and 248 healthy control subjects from the same ethnic origin were included. GSTA1*B promoter allele, GSTM3*B 3-bp-deleted allele and GSTP1 Ile105Val SNP were identified.

RESULTS

No differences were found between the distribution of the studied polymorphisms, or in the allele frequencies for variant alleles in patients and controls: 0.411 and 0.371 for GSTA1, 0.116 and 0.131 for GSTM3, and 0.285 and 0.309 for GSTP1, respectively. Among patients the GSTP1 mutated allele was more frequent in those drinking more than 50 g ethanol/day (odds ratio: 2.00; 95% confidence intervals: 1.06-3.78). Age at diagnosis, gender, tobacco use and hepatitis B and C viral status did not influence these results.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that the studied polymorphisms affecting GSTP1, GSTA1 and GSTM3 genes are probably not related to the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in the studied population.

DNA-repair and carcinogen-metabolising enzymes genetic polymorphisms as an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasian liver-transplanted patients

We studied polymorphisms of three genes, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase1A7 (UGT1A7), Glutathione-S-transferaseM1 (GSTM1) and X-Ray Cross Complementing group 1 (XRCC1), involved in detoxification of xenobiotics or DNA-repair in a population of 133 liver-transplanted patients, including 56 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 77 without HCC, and in 89 healthy controls originating from the south of France. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that, among liver-transplanted patients, interactions between XRCC1-G/G or -G/A and GSTM1-nul polymorphisms were independently associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (p interaction=0.027) concurrently with increasing age (p<0.001), male sex (p=0.037) and chronic hepatitis B or C virus infection (p=0.018 and p=0.001 respectively). On the contrary, no relationship was observed between UGT1A7 polymorphisms considered alone or in interaction with GSTM1 or XRCC1 polymorphisms and HCC. This suggests that concomitant impaired metabolism of carcinogenic compounds and impaired DNA-repair function play an important role in liver carcinogenesis in high-risk cirrhotic patients originating from the south of France.

Glutathione S-transferases mu 1, theta 1, pi 1, alpha 1 and mu 3 genetic polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal and gastric cancers in humans

INTRODUCTION

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are considered to be cancer susceptibility genes as they play a role in the detoxification of carcinogenic species. This study aimed to elucidate the influence of several GST polymorphisms on colorectal and gastric cancer risk.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

GST mu1 (GSTM1), theta1 (GSTT1), pi1 (GSTP1), alpha1 (GSTA1) and mu3 (GSTM3) genotypes were determined in 144 colorectal cancer patients, 98 gastric cancer patients and 329 healthy control individuals.

RESULTS

Colorectal cancer: the risk is greater for carriers of the GSTM1 null genotype (odds ratio [OR] = 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25-2.91), for carriers of the GSTT1 null genotype (OR = 3.62, 95% CI = 2.34-5.62), and for simultaneous carriers of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes (OR = 4.98, 95% CI = 2.77-9.00). Carriers of the GSTP1 104 Val/Val genotype are at a lower risk (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.09-0.88). Among carriers of the GSTP1 Ile/Ile genotype, smoking increases the risk compared with nonsmoking (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.11-4.99). Gastric cancer: the risk is greater for carriers of the GSTT1 null genotype (OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.53-4.36) and for simultaneous carriers of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes (OR = 3.32, 95% CI = 1.62-6.77). Carriers of the GSTP1 104 Val/Val genotype are at a lower risk (OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.02-0.86).

DISCUSSION

The GSTT1 null genotype, particularly if it is associated with the GSTM1 null genotype, greatly increases the risk for colorectal and gastric cancers. The GSTP1 104 Val/Val genotype may protect from both malignant tumors.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that GST polymorphisms, in particular the GSTM1/GSTT1 double-null haplotype, can be considered low-penetrance genes for gastrointestinal cancer.