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Vela I, Morrissey C, Zhang X, Chen S, Corey E, Strutton GM, Nelson CC, Nicol DL, Clements JA, Gardiner EM. PITX2 and non-canonical Wnt pathway interaction in metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:199-211. [PMID: 24162257 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The non-canonical Wnt pathway, a regulator of cellular motility and morphology, is increasingly implicated in cancer metastasis. In a quantitative PCR array analysis of 84 Wnt pathway associated genes, both non-canonical and canonical pathways were activated in primary and metastatic tumors relative to normal prostate. Expression of the Wnt target gene PITX2 in a prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastasis was strikingly elevated over normal prostate (over 2,000-fold) and primary prostate cancer (over 200-fold). The elevation of PITX2 protein was also evident on tissue microarrays, with strong PITX2 immunostaining in PCa skeletal and, to a lesser degree, soft tissue metastases. PITX2 is associated with cell migration during normal tissue morphogenesis. In our studies, overexpression of individual PITX2A/B/C isoforms stimulated PC-3 PCa cell motility, with the PITX2A isoform imparting a specific motility advantage in the presence of non-canonical Wnt5a stimulation. Furthermore, PITX2 specific shRNA inhibited PC-3 cell migration toward bone cell derived chemoattractant. These experimental results support a pivotal role of PITX2A and non-canonical Wnt signaling in enhancement of PCa cell motility, suggest PITX2 involvement in homing of PCa to the skeleton, and are consistent with a role for PITX2 in PCa metastasis to soft and bone tissues. Our findings, which significantly expand previous evidence that PITX2 is associated with risk of PCa biochemical recurrence, indicate that variation in PITX2 expression accompanies and may promote prostate tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vela
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Keslar KS, Lin M, Zmijewska AA, Sigdel TK, Tran TQ, Ma L, Bhasin M, Rao P, Ding R, Iklé DN, Mannon RB, Sarwal MM, Strom TB, Reed EF, Heeger PS, Suthanthiran M, Fairchild RL. Multicenter evaluation of a standardized protocol for noninvasive gene expression profiling. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:1891-7. [PMID: 23802725 PMCID: PMC3781926 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling of transplant recipient blood and urine can potentially be used to monitor graft function, but the multitude of protocols in use make sharing data and comparing results from different laboratories difficult. The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of current methods of RNA isolation, reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and to test whether multiple centers using a standardized protocol can obtain the same results. Samples, reagents and detailed instructions were distributed to six participating sites that performed RNA isolation, reverse transcription and qPCR for 18S, PRF, GZB, IL8, CXCL9 and CXCL10 as instructed. All data were analyzed at a single site. All sites demonstrated proficiency in RNA isolation and qPCR analysis. Gene expression measurements for all targets and samples had correlations >0.938. The coefficient of variation of fold-changes between pairs of samples was less than 40%. All sites were able to accurately quantify a control sample of known concentration within a factor of 1.5. Collectively, we have formulated and validated detailed methods for measuring gene expression in blood and urine that can yield consistent results in multiple laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marvin Lin
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Anna A. Zmijewska
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tara K. Sigdel
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA,California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tim Q. Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA,California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lingzhi Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Beth Israel-Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- Department of Nephrology, Beth Israel-Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ping Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ruchuang Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | - Roslyn B. Mannon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Minnie M. Sarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA,California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Terry B. Strom
- Department of Nephrology, Beth Israel-Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Elaine F. Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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