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Mohd Y, Kumar P, Kuchi Bhotla H, Meyyazhagan A, Balasubramanian B, Ramesh Kumar MK, Pappusamy M, Alagamuthu KK, Orlacchio A, Keshavarao S, Sampathkumar P, Arumugam VA. Transmission Jeopardy of Adenomatosis Polyposis Coli and Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase in Colorectal Cancer. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2021; 2021:7010706. [PMID: 34956401 PMCID: PMC8683247 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7010706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the globally prevalent and virulent types of cancer with a distinct alteration in chromosomes. Often, any alterations in the adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor gene, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene are related to surmise colorectal cancer significantly. In this study, we have investigated chromosomal and gene variants to discern a new-fangled gene and its expression in the southern populations of India by primarily spotting the screened APC and MTHFR variants in CRC patients. An equal number of CRC patients and healthy control subjects (n = 65) were evaluated to observe a chromosomal alteration in the concerted and singular manner for APC and MTHFR genotypes using standard protocols. The increasing prognosis was observed in persons with higher alcoholism and smoking (P < 0.05) with frequent alterations in chromosomes 1, 5, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, and 22. The APC Asp 1822Val and MTHFR C677T genotypes provided significant results, while the variant alleles of this polymorphism were linked with an elevated risk of CRC. Chromosomal alterations can be the major cause in inducing carcinogenic outcomes in CRCs and can drive to extreme pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younis Mohd
- Medical Genetics and Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, 641046 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parvinder Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Jammu University, Jammu, 180006 Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Institution of Human Genetics, Jammu University, Jammu, 180006 Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Haripriya Kuchi Bhotla
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 461046 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | | | - Mithun Kumar Ramesh Kumar
- Department of General Surgery, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillaiyarkuppam, 607403 Pondicherry, India
| | - Manikantan Pappusamy
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Karthick Kumar Alagamuthu
- Department of Biotechnology, Selvamm Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637003, India
| | - Antonio Orlacchio
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sasikala Keshavarao
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 461046 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Sampathkumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Kumbakonam Tamil Nadu 612001, India
| | - Vijaya Anand Arumugam
- Medical Genetics and Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, 641046 Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Park JM, Yang SW, Zhuang W, Bera AK, Liu Y, Gurbani D, von Hoyningen-Huene SJ, Sakurada SM, Gan H, Pruett-Miller SM, Westover KD, Potts MB. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase SRMS inhibits autophagy and promotes tumor growth by phosphorylating the scaffolding protein FKBP51. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001281. [PMID: 34077419 PMCID: PMC8202955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-responsive protein kinases control the balance between anabolic growth and catabolic processes such as autophagy. Aberrant regulation of these kinases is a major cause of human disease. We report here that the vertebrate nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src-related kinase lacking C-terminal regulatory tyrosine and N-terminal myristylation sites (SRMS) inhibits autophagy and promotes growth in a nutrient-responsive manner. Under nutrient-replete conditions, SRMS phosphorylates the PHLPP scaffold FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51), disrupts the FKBP51-PHLPP complex, and promotes FKBP51 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This prevents PHLPP-mediated dephosphorylation of AKT, causing sustained AKT activation that promotes growth and inhibits autophagy. SRMS is amplified and overexpressed in human cancers where it drives unrestrained AKT signaling in a kinase-dependent manner. SRMS kinase inhibition activates autophagy, inhibits cancer growth, and can be accomplished using the FDA-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. This illuminates SRMS as a targetable vulnerability in human cancers and as a new target for pharmacological induction of autophagy in vertebrates. This study describes the discovery and characterization of a nutrient-sensitive signaling pathway that drives growth and inhibits autophagy in mammalian cells. This pathway, which involves the non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRMS and the PHLPP scaffold protein FKBP51, promotes tumor growth and is amenable to pharmacological inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Mi Park
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Seung Wook Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Asim K. Bera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yan Liu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deepak Gurbani
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sergei J. von Hoyningen-Huene
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sadie Miki Sakurada
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Haiyun Gan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Westover
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Malia B. Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Pirini F, Tedaldi G, Danesi R, Cangini I, Tumedei MM, Ferrari A, Vitali S, De Maio G, Terragna C, Solli V, Tebaldi M, Puccetti M, Zampiga V, Ravegnani M, Ulivi P, Falcini F, Martinelli G, Calistri D. Identification of a novel large EPCAM-MSH2 duplication, concurrently with LOHs in chromosome 20 and X, in a family with Lynch syndrome. Int J Colorectal Dis 2019; 34:1999-2002. [PMID: 31655866 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-019-03414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lynch syndrome (LS) is associated with germline mutations in one of the mismatch repair genes or EPCAM. The majority of the causative alterations are point mutations. Large genomic rearrangements represent only 5-20%. Hypothetically, the allelic imbalance, like the loss of heterozygosity, may be another high penetrance risk factor. CASE PRESENTATION We describe the case of a patient who developed 5 tumors during her lifetime and with a family history characterized by a high frequency of tumors associated with LS. The proband was tested for mutations and copy number alterations with a panel of hereditary cancer genes and by SNP array. She showed a 187 Kb duplication including EPCAM and the first 7 exons of MSH2, plus two loss of heterozygosity (LOHs) in chromosome 20 and one in chromosome X which include many tumor suppressor genes. CONCLUSION We found a novel large EPCAM-MSH2 duplication associated with LS and the presence of LOHs in regions containing numerous tumor suppressors, raising the hypothesis that these alterations could contribute to cancer susceptibility. Our results underline the importance to deepen the knowledge of molecular mechanisms in order to determine the role in cancer predisposition of novel genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pirini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Tedaldi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Rita Danesi
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cangini
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Tumedei
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrari
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Silvia Vitali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia De Maio
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Carolina Terragna
- L. & A. Seragnoli Institute of Haematology, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenza Solli
- L. & A. Seragnoli Institute of Haematology, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Tebaldi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Zampiga
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Mila Ravegnani
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Fabio Falcini
- Romagna Cancer Registry, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Daniele Calistri
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
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Bi JH, Tong YF, Qiu ZW, Yang XF, Minna J, Gazdar AF, Song K. ClickGene: an open cloud-based platform for big pan-cancer data genome-wide association study, visualization and exploration. BioData Min 2019; 12:12. [PMID: 31391866 PMCID: PMC6595587 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-019-0202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous amount of whole-genome sequencing data have been provided by large consortium projects such as TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas), COSMIC and so on, which creates incredible opportunities for functional gene research and cancer associated mechanism uncovering. While the existing web servers are valuable and widely used, many whole genome analysis functions urgently needed by experimental biologists are still not adequately addressed. A cloud-based platform, named CG (ClickGene), therefore, was developed for DIY analyzing of user's private in-house data or public genome data without any requirement of software installation or system configuration. CG platform provides key interactive and customized functions including Bee-swarm plot, linear regression analyses, Mountain plot, Directional Manhattan plot, Deflection plot and Volcano plot. Using these tools, global profiling or individual gene distributions for expression and copy number variation (CNV) analyses can be generated by only mouse button clicking. The easy accessibility of such comprehensive pan-cancer genome analysis greatly facilitates data mining in wide research areas, such as therapeutic discovery process. Therefore, it fills in the gaps between big cancer genomics data and the delivery of integrated knowledge to end-users, thus helping unleash the value of the current data resources. More importantly, unlike other R-based web platforms, Dubbo, a cloud distributed service governance framework for 'big data' stream global transferring, was used to develop CG platform. After being developed, CG is run on an independent cloud-server, which ensures its steady global accessibility. More than 2 years running history of CG proved that advanced plots for hundreds of whole-genome data can be created through it within seconds by end-users anytime and anywhere. CG is available at http://www.clickgenome.org/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Bi
- 1School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Yi-Fan Tong
- 1School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Zhe-Wei Qiu
- 1School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Xing-Feng Yang
- 2School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - John Minna
- 3Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.,4Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.,5Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Adi F Gazdar
- 3Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.,6Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Kai Song
- 1School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China.,3Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
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5
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Zhang J, Fu Y, Chen J, Li Q, Guo H, Yang B. Genetic variant of TMBIM1 is associated with the susceptibility of colorectal cancer in the Chinese population. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2019; 43:324-329. [PMID: 30447906 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified a novel variant rs992157 at 2q35 that was associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) in the population of European ancestry. We aimed to replicate the association of rs992157 with CRC in the Chinese population and to further determine the real susceptible gene of CRC as indicated by this variant. METHODS 824 CRC patients and 1063 healthy controls were included. The frequency of the genotype and the allele of rs992157 were compared between the patients and the controls and between different subgroups of patients classified by status of metastasis. Expression level of TMBIM1 was compared between the tumor tissue and the adjacent normal tissues collected from 43 patients during surgery. Besides, the relationship between genotypes of rs992157 and the tissue expression of TMBIM1 was analyzed. RESULTS Patients were found to have significantly higher frequency of allele G than the controls (44.2% vs. 40.0%, P = 0.009; OR = 1.18). Moreover, allele G was associated with an increased risk of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.02) and distant metastasis of CRC (P = 0.04). The mean expression level of TMBIM1 was significantly higher in tumor tissue than in the adjacent normal tissues (0.0019 ± 0.00068 vs. 0.00041 ± 0.00024, P < 0.001). In addition, patients with genotype GG were found to have remarkably higher TMBIM1 expression in the tumors than those with genotype AA (0.0024 ± 0.00052 vs. 0.0015 ± 0.00078, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION Variant rs992157 is significantly associated with the susceptibility and progression of CRC. It can increase the risk of CRC possibly via up-regulation of TMBIM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Yiwei Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Jiebin Chen
- Department of Paediatrics, Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Qianjun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huai'an First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, PR China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, PR China.
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Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer and Cancer Syndromes: Recent Basic and Clinical Discoveries. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2018; 2018:3979135. [PMID: 29849630 PMCID: PMC5937448 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3979135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer have a family history of cancer, suggesting that CRCs may result from a heritable component. Despite the availability of current gene-identification techniques, only 5% of all CRCs emerge from well-identifiable inherited causes for predisposition, including polyposis and nonpolyposis syndromes. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer represents a large proportion of cases, and robustly affected patients are at increased risk for early onset, synchronous, and metachronous colorectal malignancies and extracolonic malignancies. HNPCC encompasses several cancer syndromes, such as Lynch syndrome, Lynch-like syndrome, and familial colorectal cancer type X, which have remarkable clinical presentations and overlapping genetic profiles that make clinical diagnosis a challenging task. Therefore, distinguishing between the HNPCC disorders is crucial for physicians as an approach to tailor different recommendations for patients and their at-risk family members according to the risks for colonic and extracolonic cancer associated with each syndrome. Identification of these potential patients through epidemiological characteristics and new genetic testing can estimate the individual risk, which informs appropriate cancer screening, surveillance, and/or treatment strategies. In the past three years, many appealing and important advances have been made in our understanding of the relationship between HNPCC and CRC-associated syndromes. The knowledge from the genetic profile of cancer syndromes and unique genotype-phenotype profiles in the different syndromes has changed our cognition. Therefore, this review presents and discusses HNPCC and several common nonpolyposis syndromes with respect to molecular phenotype, histopathologic features, and clinical presentation.
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7
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Martín-Morales L, Feldman M, Vershinin Z, Garre P, Caldés T, Levy D. SETD6 dominant negative mutation in familial colorectal cancer type X. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4481-4493. [PMID: 28973356 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Familiar colorectal cancer type X (FCCTX) comprises families that fulfill the Amsterdam criteria for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, but that lack the mismatch repair deficiency that defines the Lynch syndrome. Thus, the genetic cause that increases the predisposition to colorectal and other related cancers in families with FCCTX remains to be elucidated. Using whole-exome sequencing, we have identified a truncating mutation in the SETD6 gene (c.791_792insA, p.Met264IlefsTer3) in all the affected members of a FCCTX family. SETD6 is a mono-methyltransferase previously shown to modulate the NF-κB and Wnt signaling pathways, among other. In the present study, we characterized the truncated version of SETD6, providing evidence that this SETD6 mutation may play a role in the cancer inheritance in this family. Here we demonstrate that the truncated SETD6 lacks its enzymatic activity as a methyltransferase, while maintaining other properties such as its expression, localization and substrate-binding ability. In addition, we show that the mutant allele is expressed and that the resulting protein competes with the wild type for their substrates, pointing to a dominant negative nature. These findings suggest that the identified mutation impairs the normal function of SETD6, which may result in the deregulation of the different pathways in which it is involved, contributing to the increased susceptibility to cancer in this FCCTX family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Martín-Morales
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, CIBERONC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michal Feldman
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Zlata Vershinin
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Pilar Garre
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, CIBERONC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Trinidad Caldés
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, CIBERONC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dan Levy
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva 84105, Israel
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8
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Nejadtaghi M, Jafari H, Farrokhi E, Samani KG. Familial Colorectal Cancer Type X (FCCTX) and the correlation with various genes-A systematic review. Curr Probl Cancer 2017; 41:388-397. [PMID: 29096939 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Familial Colorectal Cancer Type X (FCCTX) is a type of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in accordance to Amsterdam criteria-1 for Lynch syndrome, with no related mutation in mismatch repair gene. FCCTX is microsatellite stable and is accounted for 40% of families with Amsterdam criteria-1 with a high age of onset. Thus, the carcinogenesis of FCCTX is different compared to Lynch syndrome. In addition to the microsatellite stability and the presence of less predominant tumors in proximal colon, various clinical features have also been associated with FCCTX in comparison with Lynch syndrome such as no increased risk of extra-colonic cancers, older age of diagnosis and higher adenoma/carcinoma rate. Genetic etiology of this type of cancer which is autosomal dominant is unknown. In this review, we focus on the genes and their variants identified in this type of CRC. In order to find out the correlation between FCCTX and various genes database such as PubMed and PMC, search engine such as Google scholar and portals such as Springer and Elsevier have been searched. Based on our literature search, several studies suggest that FCCTX is a heterogeneous type of disease with different genetic variants. Recent studies describe the correlation between FCCTX and genes such as BRCA2, SEMA4, NTS, RASSF9, GALNT12, KRAS, BRAF, APC, BMPR1A, and RPS20. Considering the fact that BRCA2 has the highest mutation rate (60%) and is one of the most crucial DNA repair genes, it will be considered as a big role player in this type of cancer in comparison with other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Nejadtaghi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hamideh Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Effat Farrokhi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Keihan Ghatreh Samani
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran
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9
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Zetner DB, Bisgaard ML. Familial Colorectal Cancer Type X. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:341-359. [PMID: 29081690 PMCID: PMC5635618 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170307161643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic background is unknown for the 50-60% of the HNPCC families, who fulfill the Amsterdam criteria, but do not have a mutation in an MMR gene, and is referred to as FCCTX. This study reviews the clinical, morphological and molecular characteristics of FCCTX, and discusses the molecular genetic methods used to localize new FCCTX genes, along with an overview of the genes and chromosomal areas that possibly relate to FCCTX. FCCTX is a heterogeneous group, mainly comprising cases caused by single high-penetrance genes, or by multiple low-penetrance genes acting together, and sporadic CRC cases. FCCTX differs in clinical, morphological and molecular genetic characteristics compared to LS, including a later age of onset, distal location of tumours in the colon, lower risk of developing extracolonic tumours and a higher adenoma/carcinoma ratio, which indicates a slower progression to CRC. Certain characteristics are shared with sporadic CRC, e.g. similarities in gene expression and a high degree of CIN+, with significanly increased 20q gain in FCCTX. Other molecular characteristics of FCCTX include longer telomere length and hypomethylation of LINE-1, both being a possible explanation for CIN+. Some genes in FCCTX families (RPS20, BMPR1A, SEMA4A) have been identified by using a combination of linkage analysis and sequencing. Sequencing strategies and subsequent bioinformatics are improving fast. Exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing are currently the most promising tools. Finally, the involvement of CNV’s and regulatory sequences are widely unexplored and would be interesting for further investigation in FCCTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bregner Zetner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Luise Bisgaard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Medina-Arana V, Rahy-Martín A, Delgado-Plasencia L, Martínez-Riera A, León-Ayllón D, Rodríguez-Castellano D, Bravo-Gutiérrez A, Fernández-Peralta A, González-Aguilera JJ. Clinicopathological differences between familial colorectal cancer type X and sporadic cancer in an isolated area of spain. Colorectal Dis 2016; 18:O388-O396. [PMID: 27671100 DOI: 10.1111/codi.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Very few studies have compared the epidemiological characteristics of patients with familial colorectal cancer Type X (FCCTX) with those of sporadic colorectal cancer (S-CRC). The aim of this study was to compare clinicopathological characteristics and survival between FCCTX and S-CRC in patients from a historically isolated geographical region. METHOD A retrospective study was carried out of patients with S-CRC and FCCTX treated in the Canary Islands. Family and personal history of colorectal cancer (CRC) were recorded, together with genetic (microsatellite instability), immunohistochemical and clinical variables. RESULTS Forty-eight (10.6%) of 451 patients were classified as FCCTX and the remaining 403 (89.4%) as S-CRC. Age at the diagnosis of tumour was significantly lower in FCCTX than in S-CRC (64.06 ± 12.65 years vs 69.13 ± 10.80 years; P = 0.01; Z = -2.48). Patients with FCCTX had a larger number of synchronous tumours (P = 0.09). Recurrence was significantly higher in FCCTX than in S-CRC (18.7% vs 8.6%; P = 0.01). Survival correlated significantly with the number of first-degree and second-degree relatives with CRC (P = 0.04; OR: 1.368, 95% CI: 1.01-1.84, and P = 0.04; OR: 1.363, 95% CI: 1.08-1.65) and with the total number of cases of CRC in the immediate family (P < 0.01; OR: 1.377, 95% CI: 1.17-1.61). Recurrence-free time was significantly lower in patients with FCCTX (log-rank = 0.01). CONCLUSION Significant differences were found in several demographic and clinicopathological variables between patients with FCCTX and patients with S-CRC. These included increased tumour presentation under the age of 50 years and a higher recurrence rate in patients with FCCTX, suggesting an increased risk of CRC in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Medina-Arana
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - A Rahy-Martín
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - L Delgado-Plasencia
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. ,
| | - A Martínez-Riera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - D León-Ayllón
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - D Rodríguez-Castellano
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - A Bravo-Gutiérrez
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - A Fernández-Peralta
- Department of Biology-Genetics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Tezcan G, Tunca B, Ak S, Cecener G, Egeli U. Molecular approach to genetic and epigenetic pathogenesis of early-onset colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 8:83-98. [PMID: 26798439 PMCID: PMC4714149 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v8.i1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer type and the incidence of this disease is increasing gradually per year in individuals younger than 50 years old. The current knowledge is that early-onset CRC (EOCRC) cases are heterogeneous population that includes both hereditary and sporadic forms of the CRC. Although EOCRC cases have some distinguishing clinical and pathological features than elder age CRC, the molecular mechanism underlying the EOCRC is poorly clarified. Given the significance of CRC in the world of medicine, the present review will focus on the recent knowledge in the molecular basis of genetic and epigenetic mechanism of the hereditary forms of EOCRC, which includes Lynch syndrome, Familial CRC type X, Familial adenomatous polyposis, MutYH-associated polyposis, Juvenile polyposis syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome and sporadic forms of EOCRC. Recent findings about molecular genetics and epigenetic basis of EOCRC gave rise to new alternative therapy protocols. Although exact diagnosis of these cases still remains complicated, the present review paves way for better predictions and contributes to more accurate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies into clinical approach.
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12
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Lee JS. Genetic Change from Colorectal Carcinoma Patients Using Comparative Genomic Hybridization. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2015.47.4.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sik Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Hyejeon College, Hongseong 32244, Korea
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13
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Puerta-García E, Cañadas-Garre M, Calleja-Hernández MÁ. Molecular biomarkers in colorectal carcinoma. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1189-222. [PMID: 26237292 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a tumor with increasing incidence which represents one of the first leading causes of death worldwide. Gene alterations described for colorectal cancer include genome instability (microsatellite and chromosomal instability), CpG islands methylator phenotype, microRNA, histone modification, protein biomarkers, gene mutations (RAS, BRAF, PI3K, TP53, PTEN) and polymorphisms (APC, CTNNB1, DCC). In this article, biomarkers with prognostic value commonly found in colorectal cancer will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Puerta-García
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Marisa Cañadas-Garre
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Calleja-Hernández
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
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14
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Sánchez-Tomé E, Rivera B, Perea J, Pita G, Rueda D, Mercadillo F, Canal A, Gonzalez-Neira A, Benitez J, Urioste M. Genome-wide linkage analysis and tumoral characterization reveal heterogeneity in familial colorectal cancer type X. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:657-66. [PMID: 25381643 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-1009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial colorectal cancer type X (FCCTX) fulfils clinical criteria defining Lynch syndrome (LS), but is not related to germline mutations in DNA mismatch-repair genes. Its aetiology remains unexplained and there is little evidence of involvement of the common colorectal carcinogenetic pathways. We aimed to identify susceptibility loci and gain insights into carcinogenic pathways involved FCCTX tumour development. METHODS We performed a linkage analysis in 22 FCCTX families. We also constructed a tissue microarray in order to define an immunohistochemical (IHC) profile for FCCTX tumours (N = 27) by comparing them to three other types of colorectal tumors: LS (N = 18), stable early-onset (N = 31) and other sporadic disease (N = 80). Additionally, we screened for BRAF/KRAS mutations and determined CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) status for all FCCTX tumours. RESULTS We found suggestive evidence of linkage at four chromosomal regions; 2p24.3, 4q13.1, 4q31.21 and 12q21.2-q21.31. We screened genes in 12q21 and ruled out the implication of RASSF9 and NTS, good candidates due to their potential involvement in carcinogenesis and colorectal epithelium development. Based on IHC profiles FCCTX tumours did not form a single, exclusive cluster. They were clearly different from LS, but very similar to stable early onset tumours. The CIMP and chromosomal instability pathways were implicated in one-third and one-quarter of FCCTX cases, respectively. The remaining cases did not have alterations in any known carcinogenic pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the heterogeneity of FCCTX tumours and call into question the utility of using only clinical criteria to identify FCCTX cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sánchez-Tomé
- Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain,
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15
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Costabile V, Duraturo F, Delrio P, Rega D, Pace U, Liccardo R, Rossi GB, Genesio R, Nitsch L, Izzo P, De Rosa M. Lithium chloride induces mesenchymal‑to‑epithelial reverting transition in primary colon cancer cell cultures. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1913-23. [PMID: 25738332 PMCID: PMC4383027 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers stem cell-like phenotype and more motile properties to carcinoma cells. During EMT, the expression of E-cadherin decreases, resulting in loss of cell-cell adhesion and increased migration. Expression of Twist1 and other pleiotropic transcription factors, such as Snail, is known to activate EMT. We established primary colon cancer cell cultures from samples of operated patients and validated cultures by cytogenetic and molecular biology approaches. Western blot assay, quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence were performed to investigate the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, β-catenin, cytokeratin-20 and -18, Twist1, Snail, CD44, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), Sox2, Oct4 and Nanog. Moreover, cell differentiation was induced by incubation with LiCl-containing medium for 10 days. We observed that these primary colorectal cancer (CRC) cells lost expression of the E-cadherin epithelial marker, which was instead expressed in cancer and normal colon mucosa of the same patient, while overexpressed vimentin (mesenchymal marker), Twist1, Snail (EMT markers) and COX2. Cytokeratin-18 was expressed both in tissues and cell cultures. Expression of stem cell markers, such as CD44, Oct4 and Nanog, were also observed. Following differentiation with the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inhibitor LiCl, the cells began to express E-cadherin and, at once, Twist1 and Snail expression was strongly downregulated, suggesting a MET-reverting process. In conclusion, we established primary colon mesenchymal cancer cell cultures expressing mesenchymal and epithelial biomarkers together with high level of EMT transcription factors. We propose that they could represent a good model for studying EMT and its reverting mechanism, the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Our observation indicates that LiCl, a GSK3β inhibitor, induces MET in vitro, suggesting that LiCl and GSK3β could represent, respectively, interesting drug, and target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Costabile
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Duraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Delrio
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ̔Fondazione Giovanni Pascale̓ IRCCS, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Rega
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ̔Fondazione Giovanni Pascale̓ IRCCS, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pace
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ̔Fondazione Giovanni Pascale̓ IRCCS, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Liccardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Rossi
- Endoscopy Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ̔Fondazione Giovanni Pascale̓ IRCCS, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Genesio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Nitsch
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina De Rosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico Ⅱ, I‑80131 Naples, Italy
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Dominguez-Valentin M, Therkildsen C, Da Silva S, Nilbert M. Familial colorectal cancer type X: genetic profiles and phenotypic features. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:30-6. [PMID: 24743215 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heredity is a major cause of colorectal cancer, but although several rare high-risk syndromes have been linked to disease-predisposing mutations, the genetic mechanisms are undetermined in the majority of families suspected of hereditary cancer. We review the clinical presentation, histopathologic features, and the genetic and epigenetic profiles of the familial colorectal cancer type X (FCCTX) syndrome with the aim to delineate tumor characteristics that may contribute to refined diagnostics and optimized tumor prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mev Dominguez-Valentin
- 1] HNPCC-Register, Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Therkildsen
- HNPCC-Register, Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Da Silva
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mef Nilbert
- 1] HNPCC-Register, Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Yamaguchi T, Furukawa Y, Nakamura Y, Matsubara N, Ishikawa H, Arai M, Tomita N, Tamura K, Sugano K, Ishioka C, Yoshida T, Moriya Y, Ishida H, Watanabe T, Sugihara K. Comparison of clinical features between suspected familial colorectal cancer type X and Lynch syndrome in Japanese patients with colorectal cancer: a cross-sectional study conducted by the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014; 45:153-9. [PMID: 25404568 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyu190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The characteristics of familial colorectal cancer type X are poorly defined. Here we aimed to clarify the differences in clinical features between suspected familial colorectal cancer type X and Lynch syndrome in Japanese patients. METHODS We performed germline mutation analyses of mismatch repair genes in 125 patients. Patients who met the Amsterdam Criteria I but lacked mismatch repair gene mutations were diagnosed with suspected familial colorectal cancer type X. RESULTS We identified 69 patients with Lynch syndrome and 25 with suspected familial colorectal cancer type X. The frequencies of gastric and extracolonic Lynch syndrome-associated cancers were lower with suspected familial colorectal cancer type X than with Lynch syndrome. The number of organs with Lynch syndrome-associated cancer was significantly lower with suspected familial colorectal cancer type X than with Lynch syndrome. The cumulative incidence of extracolonic Lynch syndrome-associated cancer was significantly lower with suspected familial colorectal cancer type X than with Lynch syndrome. We estimated that the median cancer risk in 60-year-old patients with Lynch syndrome was 89, 36 and 24% for colorectal, endometrial and gastric cancers, respectively. Analyses of family members, including probands, revealed that the median age at diagnosis of extracolonic Lynch syndrome-associated cancer was significantly older with suspected familial colorectal cancer type X than with Lynch syndrome. The frequency of extracolonic Lynch syndrome-associated cancer was significantly lower with suspected familial colorectal cancer type X than with Lynch syndrome. CONCLUSION A significant difference in extracolonic Lynch syndrome-associated cancer was evident between suspected familial colorectal cancer type X and Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | | | - Hideki Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Masami Arai
- Clinical Genetic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - Naohiro Tomita
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya
| | - Kazuo Tamura
- Major in Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kinki University, Higashiosaka
| | - Kokichi Sugano
- Oncogene Research Unit/Cancer Prevention Unit, Tochigi Cancer Center Research Institute, Utsunomiya
| | - Chikashi Ishioka
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
| | | | - Hideyuki Ishida
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe
| | | | - Kenichi Sugihara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Valle L. Genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer: Where we stand and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9828-9849. [PMID: 25110415 PMCID: PMC4123366 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of colorectal cancer (CRC) can be influenced by genetic factors in both familial cases and sporadic cases. Familial CRC has been associated with genetic changes in high-, moderate- and low-penetrance susceptibility genes. However, despite the availability of current gene-identification techniques, the genetic causes of a considerable proportion of hereditary cases remain unknown. Genome-wide association studies of CRC have identified a number of common low-penetrance alleles associated with a slightly increased or decreased risk of CRC. The accumulation of low-risk variants may partly explain the familial risk of CRC, and some of these variants may modify the risk of cancer in patients with mutations in high-penetrance genes. Understanding the predisposition to develop CRC will require investigators to address the following challenges: the identification of genes that cause uncharacterized hereditary cases of CRC such as familial CRC type X and serrated polyposis; the classification of variants of unknown significance in known CRC-predisposing genes; and the identification of additional cancer risk modifiers that can be used to perform risk assessments for individual mutation carriers. We performed a comprehensive review of the genetically characterized and uncharacterized hereditary CRC syndromes and of low- and moderate-penetrance loci and variants identified through genome-wide association studies and candidate-gene approaches. Current challenges and future perspectives in the field of CRC predisposition are also discussed.
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Bellido F, Pineda M, Sanz-Pamplona R, Navarro M, Nadal M, Lázaro C, Blanco I, Moreno V, Capellá G, Valle L. Comprehensive molecular characterisation of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal tumours with mismatch repair proficiency. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1964-72. [PMID: 24841217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (CRC) without mismatch repair (MMR) defects occurs in almost half of high-risk CRC families, but its genetic cause(s) is(are) still unknown. We aimed to identify unique molecular features that differentiate hereditary from sporadic MMR-proficient colorectal tumours. METHODS Genomic alterations in 16 tumours from 14 Amsterdam I-II families were studied using the genome-wide copy number OncoScan™ FFPE microarray. Somatic mutation hotspots in BRAF, KRAS, PIK3CA and TP53 were analysed in 37 colorectal tumours from 26 families and in 99 sporadic MMR-proficient CRCs, using direct automated sequencing and KASPar genotyping assays. CpG methylation index was studied in 25 tumours from 19 families by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA). RESULTS Our findings indicate that hereditary MMR-proficient tumours have overlapping genomic profiles to those obtained in sporadic cases, both suggestive of high chromosomal instability, and no high CpG methylation index. Nevertheless, we identified a significant increase in the frequency of chromosome 2p and 2q gains, and of 10 q loss in Amsterdam I families, as well as low frequency of >2 Mb copy-neutral or -gained loss of heterozygosity (LOH). No statistically significant differences in the frequency of BRAF, KRAS, PIK3CA and TP53 mutations or in the gene mutation patterns were observed. However, TP53 mutations appeared almost twice more frequently in sporadic tumours. CONCLUSIONS Overall, hereditary MMR-proficient CRCs display similar molecular characteristics than their sporadic counterparts. However, the differences identified, such as the chromosome 2 gain, 10 q loss, or the under-representation of TP53 mutations, if validated in larger series, might be of relevance in the clinical setting and/or in the identification of germline defects underlying some of these familial cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bellido
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marta Pineda
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL and CIBERESP, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matilde Navarro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marga Nadal
- Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Conxi Lázaro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ignacio Blanco
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL and CIBERESP, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Capellá
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Laura Valle
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
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Dominguez-Valentin M, Therkildsen C, Veerla S, Jönsson M, Bernstein I, Borg A, Nilbert M. Distinct gene expression signatures in lynch syndrome and familial colorectal cancer type x. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71755. [PMID: 23951239 PMCID: PMC3741139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heredity is estimated to cause at least 20% of colorectal cancer. The hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer subset is divided into Lynch syndrome and familial colorectal cancer type X (FCCTX) based on presence of mismatch repair (MMR) gene defects. Purpose We addressed the gene expression signatures in colorectal cancer linked to Lynch syndrome and FCCTX with the aim to identify candidate genes and to map signaling pathways relevant in hereditary colorectal carcinogenesis. Experimental design The 18 k whole-genome c-DNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension, and ligation (WG-DASL) assay was applied to 123 colorectal cancers, including 39 Lynch syndrome tumors and 37 FCCTX tumors. Target genes were technically validated using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and the expression signature was validated in independent datasets. Results Colorectal cancers linked to Lynch syndrome and FCCTX showed distinct gene expression profiles, which by significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) differed by 2188 genes. Functional pathways involved were related to G-protein coupled receptor signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, and cell cycle function and mitosis. qRT-PCR verified altered expression of the selected genes NDUFA9, AXIN2, MYC, DNA2 and H2AFZ. Application of the 2188-gene signature to independent datasets showed strong correlation to MMR status. Conclusion Distinct genetic profiles and deregulation of different canonical pathways apply to Lynch syndrome and FCCTX and key targets herein may be relevant to pursue for refined diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in hereditary colorectal cancer.
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