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Guo F, Long L, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang L, Luo F. Insights on CXC chemokine receptor 2 in breast cancer: An emerging target for oncotherapy. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5699-5708. [PMID: 31788042 PMCID: PMC6865047 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in women worldwide, and the treatment regimens currently available are far from optimal. Targeted therapy, based on molecular typing of breast cancer, is the most precise form of treatment, and CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is one of the molecular markers used in targeted therapies. As a member of the seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor family, CXCR2 and its associated ligands have been increasingly implicated in tumor-associated processes. These processes include proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, chemoresistance, and stemness and phenotypic maintenance of cancer stem cells. Thus, the inhibition of CXCR2 or its downstream signaling pathways could significantly attenuate tumor progression. Therefore, studies on the biological functions of CXCR2 and its association with neoplasia may help improve the prognosis of breast cancer. Furthermore, the targeting of CXCR2 could supplement the present clinical approaches of breast cancer treatment strategies. The present review discusses the structures and mechanisms of CXCR2 and its ligands. Additionally, the contribution of CXCR2 to the development of breast cancer and its potential therapeutic benefits are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhu Guo
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lang Long
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuyi Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yanyang Liu
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Feng Luo
- Lung Cancer Center, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Ma J, Gao S, Xie X, Sun E, Zhang M, Zhou Q, Lu C. SPARC inhibits breast cancer bone metastasis and may be a clinical therapeutic target. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5876-5882. [PMID: 29113221 PMCID: PMC5661402 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in females worldwide, and metastasis to bone is an important characteristic of malignancy. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of breast cancer to bone metastasis of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the expression of SPARC in primary breast tumors and bone metastatic foci. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the expression level of SPARC in several types of breast cancer cell. A Transwell filter assay was used to assess the effect of SPARC on breast cancer cell invasion ability, and an osteoblast differentiation assay was employed to analyze the effect of SPARC on the differentiation ability of mesenchymal stem cells. Clinical data revealed that decreased stromal SPARC expression is associated with breast cancer to bone metastasis. Gain- and loss-of-function studies reveal that SPARC inhibits the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, and suppresses osteoclast activation in the breast cancer microenvironment. SPARC serves an important role in breast cancer bone metastasis and may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Breast Surgery, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Breast Surgery, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiju Xie
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Erhu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Breast Surgery, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Breast Surgery, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Breast Surgery, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Breast Surgery, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Wu D, Si M, Xue HY, Wong HL. Nanomedicine applications in the treatment of breast cancer: current state of the art. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5879-5892. [PMID: 28860754 PMCID: PMC5566389 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s123437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease in women worldwide, but the current drug therapy is far from optimal as indicated by the high death rate of breast cancer patients. Nanomedicine is a promising alternative for breast cancer treatment. Nanomedicine products such as Doxil® and Abraxane® have already been extensively used for breast cancer adjuvant therapy with favorable clinical outcomes. However, these products were originally designed for generic anticancer purpose and not specifically for breast cancer treatment. With better understanding of the molecular biology of breast cancer, a number of novel promising nanotherapeutic strategies and devices have been developed in recent years. In this review, we will first give an overview of the current breast cancer treatment and the updated status of nanomedicine use in clinical setting, then discuss the latest important trends in designing breast cancer nanomedicine, including passive and active cancer cell targeting, breast cancer stem cell targeting, tumor microenvironment-based nanotherapy and combination nanotherapy of drug-resistant breast cancer. Researchers may get insight from these strategies to design and develop nanomedicine that is more tailored for breast cancer to achieve further improvements in cancer specificity, antitumorigenic effect, antimetastasis effect and drug resistance reversal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mengjie Si
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hui-Yi Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ho-Lun Wong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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