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Peng K, Liu Y, Liu S, Wang Z, Zhang H, He W, Jin Y, Wang L, Xia X, Xia L. Targeting MEK/COX-2 axis improve immunotherapy efficacy in dMMR colorectal cancer with PIK3CA overexpression. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:1043-1058. [PMID: 38315285 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00916-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE PIK3CA mutation or overexpression is associated with immunotherapy resistance in multiple cancer types, but is also paradoxically associated with benefit of COX-2 inhibition on patient survival of colorectal cancer (CRC) with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR). This study examined whether and how PIK3CA status affected COX-2-mediated tumor inflammation and immunotherapy response of dMMR CRC. METHODS Murine colon cancer cells MC38, CT26, and CT26-Mlh1-KO were used to construct PIK3CA knockdown and overexpression models to mimic dMMR CRC with PIK3CA dysregulation, and xenograft models were used to evaluate how PIK3CA regulate COX-2 expression, CD8+ T cells infiltration, tumor growth, and therapy response to anti-PD-L1 treatment using immunocompetent mice. Western blot was carried out to delineate the signaling pathways in human and mouse cancer cells, and immunohistochemical analysis together with bioinformatics analysis using human patient samples. RESULTS PIK3CA upregulates COX-2 expression through MEK/ERK signaling pathway independent of AKT signaling to promote tumor inflammation and immunosuppression. PIK3CA knockdown profoundly reduced CT26 tumor growth in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner, while PIK3CA overexpression significantly inhibited CD8+ T cells infiltration and promoted tumor growth. Furthermore, MEK or COX-2 inhibition augmented the anti-tumor activity of anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy on dMMR CRC mouse models, accompanied with increased CD8+ T cells infiltration and activated tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSION Our results identified that the PIK3CA hyperactivation in dMMR CRC upregulated COX-2 through MEK signaling, which inhibited CD8+ T cells infiltration and promoted tumor growth, together led to immunotherapy resistance. COX-2 or MEK inhibition may relieve therapy resistance and promote therapy efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for treating dMMR CRC with PIK3CA overexpression or activating mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250 Changgang East Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Shousheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zining Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Huanling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Wenzhuo He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
| | - Liangping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
- VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Zheng W, Guo Y, Kahar A, Bai J, Zhu Q, Huang X, Li Y, Xu B, Jia X, Wu G, Zhang C, Zhu Y. RUNX1-induced upregulation of PTGS2 enhances cell growth, migration and invasion in colorectal cancer cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11670. [PMID: 38778047 PMCID: PMC11111780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) arises via the progressive accumulation of dysregulation in key genes including oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, also called COX2) acts as an oncogenic driver in CRC. Here, we explored the upstream transcription factors (TFs) responsible for elevating PTGS2 expression in CRC cells. The results showed that PTGS2 silencing repressed cell growth, migration and invasion in HCT116 and SW480 CRC cells. The two fragments (499-981 bp) and (1053-1434 bp) were confirmed as the core TF binding profiles of the PTGS2 promoter. PTGS2 expression positively correlated with RUNX1 level in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) samples using the TCGA-COAD dataset. Furthermore, RUNX1 acted as a positive regulator of PTGS2 expression by promoting transcriptional activation of the PTGS2 promoter via the 1086-1096 bp binding motif. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PTGS2 upregulation induced by the TF RUNX1 promotes CRC cell growth, migration and invasion, providing an increased rationale for the use of PTGS2 inhibitors in CRC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- Hepatobiliary Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Red Star Hospital of the 13th Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Hami, 839000, The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, China
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Yingchang Guo
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Aihemaiti Kahar
- Hepatobiliary Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Red Star Hospital of the 13th Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Hami, 839000, The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, China
| | - Junwei Bai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Qinhui Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shangcai People's Hospital, Zhumadian, 463800, Henan, China
| | - Xinli Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Suiping People's Hospital, Zhumadian, 463100, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Bingyi Xu
- Weihui People's Hospital, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China
| | - Xueshan Jia
- Development Department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Yuanzeng Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
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3
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Caldas ÁMC, Nunes WA, Taboada R, Cesca MG, Germano JN, Riechelmann RP. Loss of CDX2 and high COX2 ( PTGS2) expression in metastatic colorectal cancer. Ecancermedicalscience 2024; 18:1666. [PMID: 38439814 PMCID: PMC10911677 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2024.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lack of expression of the tumour suppressor gene caudal-type homeobox 2 (CDX2) associates with poor outcomes in early stage colorectal cancer (CRC). Yet its prognostic value in the context of other prognostic biomarkers in metastatic CRC (mCRC) is unknown. Overexpressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) has been reported in advanced CRC. However, CDX2 and COX2 relationship in mCRC remains undetermined. We aimed to assess their expression in mCRC tumours from a clinically characterised cohort and their influence on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in first line. Among 720 consecutive mCRC patients, 346 had tumour samples appropriate for tissue microarray assembly and immunohistochemistry analyses. Clinical and survival data were retrospectively assessed. Loss of CDX2 expression was detected in 27 (7.8%) samples, enriched in poorly differentiated tumours (20%; p < 0.01) and in those with the BRAF p.V600E variant (40%; p < 0.01). Most tumours (93.4%) expressed COX2. COX2-negative samples were enriched in poorly differentiated mCRC. In unadjusted analyses, median OS (p < 0.001) and median PFS (p < 0.05) were inferior for patients with CDX2-negative versus CDX2-positive tumours. In conclusion, loss of CDX2 was significantly associated with poorly differentiated mCRC and BRAF p.V600E allele and a prognostic marker of worse OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro M C Caldas
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
| | - Warley A Nunes
- Department of Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Taboada
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelle G Cesca
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
| | - Janaína N Germano
- Statistic Group at the International Research Center (CIPE), AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
| | - Rachel P Riechelmann
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
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Ruiz-Saenz A, Atreya CE, Wang C, Pan B, Dreyer CA, Brunen D, Prahallad A, Muñoz DP, Ramms DJ, Burghi V, Spassov DS, Fewings E, Hwang YC, Cowdrey C, Moelders C, Schwarzer C, Wolf DM, Hann B, VandenBerg SR, Shokat K, Moasser MM, Bernards R, Gutkind JS, van 't Veer LJ, Coppé JP. A reversible SRC-relayed COX2 inflammatory program drives resistance to BRAF and EGFR inhibition in BRAF V600E colorectal tumors. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:240-256. [PMID: 36759733 PMCID: PMC9970872 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BRAFV600E mutation confers a poor prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) despite combinatorial targeted therapies based on the latest understanding of signaling circuitry. To identify parallel resistance mechanisms induced by BRAF-MEK-EGFR co-targeting, we used a high-throughput kinase activity mapping platform. Here we show that SRC kinases are systematically activated in BRAFV600E CRC following targeted inhibition of BRAF ± EGFR and that coordinated targeting of SRC with BRAF ± EGFR increases treatment efficacy in vitro and in vivo. SRC drives resistance to BRAF ± EGFR targeted therapy independently of ERK signaling by inducing transcriptional reprogramming through β-catenin (CTNNB1). The EGFR-independent compensatory activation of SRC kinases is mediated by an autocrine prostaglandin E2 loop that can be blocked with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitors. Co-targeting of COX2 with BRAF + EGFR promotes durable suppression of tumor growth in patient-derived tumor xenograft models. COX2 inhibition represents a drug-repurposing strategy to overcome therapeutic resistance in BRAFV600E CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ruiz-Saenz
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Departments of Cell Biology & Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chloe E Atreya
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Changjun Wang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Courtney A Dreyer
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diede Brunen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anirudh Prahallad
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denise P Muñoz
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dana J Ramms
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Valeria Burghi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Danislav S Spassov
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Eleanor Fewings
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yeonjoo C Hwang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Cowdrey
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christina Moelders
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia Schwarzer
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Denise M Wolf
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Byron Hann
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott R VandenBerg
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevan Shokat
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark M Moasser
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura J van 't Veer
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Coppé
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Jia G, Lei P, Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Fang J, Yang X, Wei H, Chen T. New staging systems for left-sided colon cancer based on the number of retrieved and metastatic lymph nodes provide a more accurate prognosis. Pathol Oncol Res 2023; 29:1610874. [PMID: 36910015 PMCID: PMC9998476 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2023.1610874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to explore reasonable lymph node classification strategies for left-sided colon cancer (LCC) patients. Methods: 48,425 LCC patients from 2010 to 2015 were identified in the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. We proposed an innovative revised nodal (rN) staging of the 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Tumor/Node/Metastasis (TNM) classification based on the cut-off value of retrieved lymph nodes and survival analyses in patients with LCC. Log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) stage is a numerical classification strategy obtained by a formula that incorporates the numbers of retrieved and positive lymph nodes. To develop the TrN or TLODDS classification, patients with similar survival rates were grouped by combining T and rN or LODDS stage. The TrN or TLODDS classification was further evaluated in a validation set of 12,436 LCC patients from 2016 to 2017 in the same database and a Chinese application set of 958 LCC patients. Results: We developed novel TrN and TLODDS classifications for LCC patients that incorporated 7 stages with reference to the AJCC staging system. In comparison to the 8th AJCC TNM and TrN classifications, TLODDS classification demonstrated significantly better discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.650 vs. 0.656 vs. 0.661, p < 0.001), better model-fitting (Akaike information criteria, 309,287 vs. 308,767 vs. 308,467), and superior net benefits. The predictive performance of the TrN and TLODDS classifications was further verified in the validation and application sets. Conclusion: Both the TrN and TLODDS classifications have better discriminatory ability, model-fitting, and net benefits than the existing TNM classification, and represent an alternative to the current TNM classification for LCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiru Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Purun Lei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongheng Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tufeng Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Liu Y, Liu X, Zhou W, Zhang J, Wu J, Guo S, Jia S, Wang H, Li J, Tan Y. Integrated bioinformatics analysis reveals potential mechanisms associated with intestinal flora intervention in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30184. [PMID: 36086766 PMCID: PMC10980383 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease that imposes a huge economic burden on global public health. And the gut-liver axis theory supports the therapeutic role of intestinal flora in the development and progression of NAFLD. To this end, we designed bioinformatics study on the relationship between intestinal flora disorder and NAFLD, to explore the possible molecular mechanism of intestinal flora interfering with NAFLD. METHODS Differentially expressed genes for NAFLD were obtained from the GEO database. And the disease genes for NAFLD and intestinal flora disorder were obtained from the disease databases. The protein-protein interaction network was established by string 11.0 database and visualized by Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. Cytoscape plug-in MCODE and cytoHubba were used to screen the potential genes of intestinal flora disorder and NAFLD, to obtain potential targets for intestinal flora to interfere in the occurrence and process of NAFLD. Enrichment analysis of potential targets was carried out using R 4.0.2 software. RESULTS The results showed that 7 targets might be the key genes for intestinal flora to interfere with NAFLD. CCL2, IL6, IL1B, and FOS are mainly related to the occurrence and development mechanism of NAFLD, while PTGS2, SPINK1, and C5AR1 are mainly related to the intervention of intestinal flora in the occurrence and development of NAFLD. The gene function is mainly reflected in basic biological processes, including the regulation of metabolic process, epithelial development, and immune influence. The pathway is mainly related to signal transduction, immune regulation, and physiological metabolism. The TNF signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic activity, and NF-Kappa B signaling pathways are important pathways for intestinal flora to interfere with NAFLD. According to the analysis results, there is a certain correlation between intestinal flora disorder and NAFLD. CONCLUSION It is speculated that the mechanism by which intestinal flora may interfere with the occurrence and development of NAFLD is mainly related to inflammatory response and insulin resistance. Nevertheless, further research is needed to explore the specific molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinkui Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Guo
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haojia Wang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Tan
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Pei JP, Zhao ZM, Sun Z, Gu WJ, Zhu J, Zhu J, Ma SP, Liang Y, Guo R, Zhang R, Zhang CD. Development and validation of a novel classification scheme for combining pathological T stage and log odds of positive lymph nodes for colon cancer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2021; 48:228-236. [PMID: 34531116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Log Odds of Positive Lymph Nodes (LODDS) have a better predictive ability than N stage for colon cancer. However, the prognostic value of developing a novel prognostic classification by combining T stage and LODDS (TLODDS) for colon cancer remains unknown. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to develop a TLODDS classification for colon cancer, and assess whether or not the novel TLODDS classification could improve survival stratification by comparing its discrimination, model-fitting, and net benefits, with the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Tumor/Node/Metastasis (TNM) classification. METHODS 45,558 Western colon cancers were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database as a training set. A novel LODDS stage was established and patients with similar survival rates were grouped by combining T and LODDS stages to develop a novel TLODDS classification. The TLODDS classification was further assessed in a Chinese validation set of 3,515 colon cancers and an application set of 3,053 rectal cancers. RESULTS We developed a novel TLODDS classification that incorporated 7 stages: stage I (T1LODDS1), IIA (T2LODDS1, T1LODDS2, T1LODDS3), IIB (T2LODDS2-3, T3LODDS1, T1LODDS4), IIC (T3LODDS2, T2LODDS4, T4aLODDS1), IIIA (T3LODDS3, T1-2LODDS5, T4bLODDS1, T4aLODDS2), IIIB (T3LODDS4-5, T4aLODDS3-4, T4bLODDS2) and IIIC (T4bLODDS3-5, T4aLODDS5). In the training set, it showed significantly better discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, 0.691 vs. 0.664, P < 0.001), better model-fitting (Akaike information criteria, 265,644 vs. 267,410), and superior net benefits, than the latest AJCC TNM classification. The predictive performance of the TLODDS classification was further validated in colon cancers and was successfully applied in rectal cancers with regards to both overall and disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS The TLODDS classification has better discriminatory ability, model-fitting, and net benefits than the existing TNM classification, and represents an alternative to the current TNM classifications for colon and rectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Peng Pei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Zhe-Ming Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Wan-Jie Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- Department of Abdominal Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Si-Ping Ma
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China.
| | - Chun-Dong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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8
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Xu L, Huang F, Zhang Y, Niu W, Pang J, Li S, Li X. [ Chuanxiong Rhizoma inhibits brain metastasis of lung cancer through multiple active ingredients acting on multiple targets, pathways and biological functions]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:1319-1328. [PMID: 34658345 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.09.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the molecular mechanism mediating the inhibitory effect of Chuanxiong Rhizoma against brain metastasis of lung cancer using network pharmacology methods and molecular docking. METHODS The chemical components of Chuanxiong Rhizoma and their targets were obtained through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database. The relevant targets for brain metastasis of lung cancer were screened using the GeneCards database. Clusterpro-filerR package was used to perform GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. Cytoscape and STRING database were used to construct the "active ingredient-target-disease" network and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of Chuanxiong Rhizoma. The core components of Chuanxiong Rhizoma and their targets in the treatment of lung cancer brain metastasis were screened based on the topological parameters, and the results were verified using molecular docking and in Chuanxiong extract- treated human lung cancer PC9 cells by detecting the core target with Western blotting. RESULTS Forty-eight active ingredients of Chuanxiong Rhizoma including (Z)-ligustilide, butylphthalide, oleic acid, and myricetone were screened, which target 49 proteins including INS, BDNF, FOS, VEGFA, PTGS2, ESR1, MAPK14, and PTGS1. These proteins participated in 57 biological functions such as nuclear receptor activity, ligand activation, and transcription factor activity, involving 40 signaling pathways such as prolactin signaling pathway, breast cancer, and etrogen signaling. The results of molecular docking showed that myricetone, butylphthalide, 4-hydroxy-3 butylphthalide, (Z)-ligustilide, and ligustalide-E, among others, had strong affinities to 7 cores targets including BDNF, FOS, PTGS2, and MAPK14. In PC9 cells, treatment with Chuanxiong Rhizoma extract resulted in significant reductions in the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, Akt and VEGF (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Chuanxiong Rhizoma contains multiple active ingredients against brain metastasis lung cancer, and these ingredients act on multiple targets involving multiple signal pathways and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - F Huang
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - W Niu
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - J Pang
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - S Li
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - X Li
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China.,Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for New Technology of Chinese Medicine Decoction Pieces Manufacturing, Bozhou 236800, China.,Postdoctoral Workstation of Anhui Xiehecheng Pharmaceutical Decoction Pieces Co., Ltd., Bozhou 236800, China
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9
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Montaño-Samaniego M, Bravo-Estupiñan DM, Méndez-Guerrero O, Alarcón-Hernández E, Ibáñez-Hernández M. Strategies for Targeting Gene Therapy in Cancer Cells With Tumor-Specific Promoters. Front Oncol 2020; 10:605380. [PMID: 33381459 PMCID: PMC7768042 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.605380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second cause of death worldwide, surpassed only by cardiovascular diseases, due to the lack of early diagnosis, and high relapse rate after conventional therapies. Chemotherapy inhibits the rapid growth of cancer cells, but it also affects normal cells with fast proliferation rate. Therefore, it is imperative to develop other safe and more effective treatment strategies, such as gene therapy, in order to significantly improve the survival rate and life expectancy of patients with cancer. The aim of gene therapy is to transfect a therapeutic gene into the host cells to express itself and cause a beneficial biological effect. However, the efficacy of the proposed strategies has been insufficient for delivering the full potential of gene therapy in the clinic. The type of delivery vehicle (viral or non viral) chosen depends on the desired specificity of the gene therapy. The first gene therapy trials were performed with therapeutic genes driven by viral promoters such as the CMV promoter, which induces non-specific toxicity in normal cells and tissues, in addition to cancer cells. The use of tumor-specific promoters over-expressed in the tumor, induces specific expression of therapeutic genes in a given tumor, increasing their localized activity. Several cancer- and/or tumor-specific promoters systems have been developed to target cancer cells. This review aims to provide up-to-date information concerning targeting gene therapy with cancer- and/or tumor-specific promoters including cancer suppressor genes, suicide genes, anti-tumor angiogenesis, gene silencing, and gene-editing technology, as well as the type of delivery vehicle employed. Gene therapy can be used to complement traditional therapies to provide more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Montaño-Samaniego
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diana M Bravo-Estupiñan
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Oscar Méndez-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ernesto Alarcón-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miguel Ibáñez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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10
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Parvathareddy SK, Siraj AK, Annaiyappanaidu P, Al-Sobhi SS, Al-Dayel F, Al-Kuraya KS. Prognostic Significance of COX-2 Overexpression in BRAF-Mutated Middle Eastern Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249498. [PMID: 33327467 PMCID: PMC7764962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)–prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway has been implicated in carcinogenesis, with BRAF mutation shown to promote PGE2 synthesis. This study was conducted to evaluate COX-2 expression in a large cohort of Middle Eastern papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and further evaluate the prognostic significance of COX-2 expression in strata of BRAF mutation status. BRAF mutation analysis was performed using Sanger sequencing, and COX-2 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically using tissue microarray (TMA). COX-2 overexpression, noted in 43.2% (567/1314) of cases, was significantly associated with poor prognostic markers such as extra-thyroidal extension, lymph-node metastasis, and higher tumor stage. COX-2 was also an independent predictor of poor disease-free survival (DFS). Most notably, the association of COX-2 expression with DFS differed by BRAF mutation status. COX-2 overexpression was associated with poor DFS in BRAF-mutant but not BRAF wild-type PTCs, with a multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio of 2.10 (95% CI = 1.52–2.92; p < 0.0001) for COX-2 overexpressed tumors in BRAF-mutant PTC. In conclusion, the current study shows that COX-2 plays a key role in prognosis of PTC patients, especially in BRAF-mutated tumors. Our data suggest the potential therapeutic role of COX-2 inhibition in patients with BRAF-mutated PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Parvathareddy
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.P.); (A.K.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Abdul K. Siraj
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.P.); (A.K.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Padmanaban Annaiyappanaidu
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.P.); (A.K.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Saif S. Al-Sobhi
- Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fouad Al-Dayel
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khawla S. Al-Kuraya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.P.); (A.K.S.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-1-205-5167
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11
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Kosumi K, Hayashi H, Baba H. Significance of long-term surveillance for branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from the perspective of molecular pathological epidemiology. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:977. [PMID: 32953777 PMCID: PMC7475418 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kumamoto Medical Center, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
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12
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Gao D, Niu M, Wei SZ, Zhang CE, Zhou YF, Yang ZW, Li L, Wang JB, Zhang HZ, Zhang L, Xiao XH. Identification of a Pharmacological Biomarker for the Bioassay-Based Quality Control of a Thirteen-Component TCM Formula (Lianhua Qingwen) Used in Treating Influenza A Virus (H1N1) Infection. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:746. [PMID: 32523531 PMCID: PMC7261828 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As chemical analysis for quality control (QC) of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula is difficult to guarantee the effectiveness, a bioassay method that combines QC with evaluation of therapeutic effects has been developed to assess the TCM quality. Here, we chose a thirteen-component TCM formula, Lianhua Qingwen capsule (LHQW), as a representative sample, to explore the pivotal biomarkers for a bioassay and to investigate close association between QC and pharmacological actions. Initially, our results showed that chemical fingerprinting could not effectively distinguish batches of LHQW. Pharmacological experiments indicated that LHQW could treat influenza A virus (H1N1) infection in the H1N1 mouse model, as claimed in clinical trials, by improving pathologic alterations and bodyweight loss, and decreasing virus replication, lung lesions and inflammation. Furthermore, by using serum metabolomics analysis, we identified two important metabolites, prostaglandin F2α and arachidonic acid, and their metabolic pathway, arachidonic acid metabolism, as vital indicators of LHQW in treatment of influenza. Subsequently, macrophages transcriptomics highlighted the prominent role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as the major rate-limiting enzyme in the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway. Finally, COX-2 was validated by in vivo gene expression and in vitro enzymatic activity with 43 batches of LHQW as a viable pharmacological biomarker for the establishment of bioassay-based QC. Our study provides systematic methodology in the pharmacological biomarker exploration for establishing the bioassay-based QC of LHQW or other TCM formulas relating to their pharmacological activities and mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Department of China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Niu
- Department of China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Zhang Wei
- Department of China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cong-En Zhang
- Department of China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Feng Zhou
- Department of China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- Department of China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Zhu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- Department of China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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Yoshitake R, Saeki K, Eto S, Shinada M, Nakano R, Sugiya H, Endo Y, Fujita N, Nishimura R, Nakagawa T. Aberrant expression of the COX2/PGE 2 axis is induced by activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in BRAF V595E canine urothelial carcinoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7826. [PMID: 32385388 PMCID: PMC7210937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-promoting inflammation is an important event in cancer development. Canine urothelial carcinoma (cUC) overexpresses prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and has a unique sensitivity to cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)-inhibiting therapy. In addition, majority of cUC harbour BRAFV595E mutation. However, mechanisms underlying aberrant PGE2 production in BRAFV595E cUC patients remain unclear. Drug screening revealed that inhibition of RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, p38 and JNK pathway reduced PGE2 production in cUC cells. By pharmacological inhibition of the multiple components in the pathway, activation of the ERK MAPK pathway was shown to mediate overexpression of COX2 and production of PGE2 in BRAFV595E cUC cells. In silico gain-of-function analysis of the BRAF mutation also implicated involvement of mutation in the process. The positive association between ERK activation and COX2 expression was further validated in the clinical patients. Moreover, it was also suggested that p38 and JNK regulates PGE2 production independently of ERK pathway, possibly through COX2-dependent and COX1-/COX2- independent manner, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that activation of ERK induces production of PGE2 in BRAFV595E cUC cells, which is also independently regulated by p38 and JNK. With its unique vulnerability to COX-targeted therapy, BRAFV595E cUC may serve as a valuable model to study the tumour-promoting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Yoshitake
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kohei Saeki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Eto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Rei Nakano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Endo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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14
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He Z, Thorrez L, Siegfried G, Meulemans S, Evrard S, Tejpar S, Khatib AM, Creemers JWM. The proprotein convertase furin is a pro-oncogenic driver in KRAS and BRAF driven colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2020; 39:3571-3587. [PMID: 32139876 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in KRAS and/or BRAF that activate the ERK kinase are frequently found in colorectal cancer (CRC) and drive resistance to targeted therapies. Therefore, the identification of therapeutic targets that affect multiple signaling pathways simultaneously is crucial for improving the treatment of patients with KRAS or BRAF mutations. The proprotein convertase furin activates several oncogenic protein precursors involved in the ERK-MAPK pathway by endoproteolytic cleavage. Here we show that genetic inactivation of furin suppresses tumorigenic growth, proliferation, and migration in KRAS or BRAF mutant CRC cell lines but not in wild-type KRAS and BRAF cells. In a mouse xenograft model, these KRAS or BRAF mutant cells lacking furin displayed reduced growth and angiogenesis, and increased apoptosis. Mechanistically, furin inactivation prevents the processing of various protein pecursors including proIGF1R, proIR, proc-MET, proTGF-β1 and NOTCH1 leading to potent and durable ERK-MAPK pathway suppression in KRAS or BRAF mutant cells. Furthermore, we identified genes involved in activating the ERK-MAPK pathway, such as PTGS2, which are downregulated in the KRAS or BRAF mutant cells after furin inactivation but upregulated in wild-type KRAS and BRAF cells. Analysis of human colorectal tumor samples reveals a positive correlation between enhanced furin expression and KRAS or BRAF expression. These results indicate that furin plays an important role in KRAS or BRAF-associated ERK-MAPK pathway activation and tumorigenesis, providing a potential target for personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsheng He
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- Interdisciplinary Research Facility, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Sandra Meulemans
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Serge Evrard
- INSERM, LAMC, UMR, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, 1029, Pessac, France.,Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- Digestive Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Caputo F, Santini C, Bardasi C, Cerma K, Casadei-Gardini A, Spallanzani A, Andrikou K, Cascinu S, Gelsomino F. BRAF-Mutated Colorectal Cancer: Clinical and Molecular Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5369. [PMID: 31661924 PMCID: PMC6861966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. It is a heterogeneous disease, which can be classified into different subtypes, characterized by specific molecular and morphological alterations. In this context, BRAF mutations are found in about 10% of CRC patients and define a particular subtype, characterized by a dismal prognosis, with a median survival of less than 12 months. Chemotherapy plus bevacizumab is the current standard therapy in first-line treatment of BRAF-mutated metastatic CRC (mCRC), with triplet (FOLFOXIRI) plus bevacizumab as a valid option in patients with a good performance status. BRAF inhibitors are not so effective as compared to melanoma, because of various resistance mechanisms. However, the recently published results of the BEACON trial will establish a new standard of care in this setting. This review provides insights into the molecular underpinnings underlying the resistance to standard treatment of BRAF-mutated CRCs, with a focus on their molecular heterogeneity and on the research perspectives both from a translational and a clinical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Caputo
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Chiara Santini
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Camilla Bardasi
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Krisida Cerma
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Casadei-Gardini
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Spallanzani
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Kalliopi Andrikou
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy.
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, 20019 Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabio Gelsomino
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy.
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