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Ahmadzadeh K, Vanoppen M, Rose CD, Matthys P, Wouters CH. Multinucleated Giant Cells: Current Insights in Phenotype, Biological Activities, and Mechanism of Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873226. [PMID: 35478968 PMCID: PMC9035892 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are innate immune cells with diverse functions ranging from phagocytosis of microorganisms to forming a bridge with the adaptive immune system. A lesser-known attribute of macrophages is their ability to fuse with each other to form multinucleated giant cells. Based on their morphology and functional characteristics, there are in general three types of multinucleated giant cells including osteoclasts, foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells. Osteoclasts are bone resorbing cells and under physiological conditions they participate in bone remodeling. However, under pathological conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, osteoclasts are responsible for bone destruction and bone loss. Foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells appear only under pathological conditions. While foreign body giant cells are found in immune reactions against foreign material, including implants, Langhans giant cells are associated with granulomas in infectious and non-infectious diseases. The functionality and fusion mechanism of osteoclasts are being elucidated, however, our knowledge on the functions of foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells is limited. In this review, we describe and compare the phenotypic aspects, biological and functional activities of the three types of multinucleated giant cells. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the multinucleation process and highlight key molecules in the different phases of macrophage fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Ahmadzadeh
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kourosh Ahmadzadeh, ; Carine Helena Wouters,
| | - Margot Vanoppen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos D. Rose
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology Nemours Children’s Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Helena Wouters
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division Pediatric Rheumatology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) at University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kourosh Ahmadzadeh, ; Carine Helena Wouters,
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Weber K, Hey S, Cervero P, Linder S. The circle of life: Phases of podosome formation, turnover and reemergence. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151218. [PMID: 35334303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Podosomes are highly dynamic actin-rich structures in a variety of cell types, especially monocytic cells. They fulfill multiple functions such as adhesion, mechanosensing, or extracellular matrix degradation, thus allowing cells to detect and respond to a changing environment. These abilities are based on an intricate architecture that enables podosomes to sense mechanical properties of their substratum and to transduce them intracellularly in order to generate an appropriate cellular response. These processes are enabled through the tightly orchestrated interplay of more than 300 different components that are dynamically recruited during podosome formation and turnover. In this review, we discuss the different phases of the podosome life cycle and the current knowledge on regulatory factors that impact on the genesis, activity, dissolution and reemergence of podosomes. We also highlight mechanoregulatory processes that become important during these different stages, on the level of individual podosomes, and also at podosome sub- and superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Weber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Hey
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pasquale Cervero
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Wang Q, Xie J, Zhou C, Lai W. Substrate stiffness regulates the differentiation profile and functions of osteoclasts via cytoskeletal arrangement. Cell Prolif 2021; 55:e13172. [PMID: 34953003 PMCID: PMC8780927 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Aging and common diseases alter the stiffness of bone tissue, causing changes to the microenvironment of the mechanosensitive bone cells. Osteoclasts, the sole bone‐resorbing cells, play a vital role in bone remodeling. This study was performed to elucidate the mechanism through which osteoclasts sense and react to substrate stiffness signals. Materials and methods We fabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates of different stiffness degrees for osteoclast formation progressed from osteoclast precursors including bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMMs) and RAW264.7 monocytes. Osteoclast differentiation in response to the stiffness signals was determined by examining the cell morphology, fusion/fission activities, transcriptional profile, and resorption function. Cytoskeletal changes and mechanosensitive adhesion molecules were also assessed. Results Stiffer PDMS substrates accelerated osteoclast differentiation, firstly observed by variations in their morphology and fusion/fission activities. Upregulation of canonical osteoclast markers (Nfatc1, Acp5, Ctsk, Camk2a, Mmp9, Rela, and Traf6) and the fusion master regulator DC‐stamp were detected on stiffer substrates, with similar increases in their bone resorption functions. Additionally, the activation of cytoskeleton‐associated adhesion molecules, including fibronectin and integrin αvβ3, followed by biochemical signaling cascades of paxillin, FAK, PKC, and RhoA, was detected on the stiffer substrates. Conclusions This is the first study to provide evidence proving that extracellular substrate stiffness is a strong determinant of osteoclast differentiation and functions. Higher stiffness upregulated the differentiation profile and activity of osteoclasts, revealing the mechanical regulation of osteoclast activity in bone homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wang Q, Duan M, Liao J, Xie J, Zhou C. Are Osteoclasts Mechanosensitive Cells? J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1917-1938. [PMID: 34706793 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Skeleton metabolism is a process in which osteoclasts constantly remove old bone and osteoblasts form new osteoid and induce mineralization; disruption of this balance may cause diseases. Osteoclasts play a key role in bone metabolism, as osteoclastogenesis marks the beginning of each bone remodeling cycle. As the only cell capable of bone resorption, osteoclasts are derived from the monocyte/macrophage hematopoietic precursors that terminally adhere to mineralized extracellular matrix, and they subsequently break down the extracellular compartment. Bone is generally considered the load-burdening tissue, bone homeostasis is critically affected by mechanical conductions, and the bone cells are mechanosensitive. The functions of various bone cells under mechanical forces such as chondrocytes and osteoblasts have been reported; however, the unique bone-resorbing osteoclasts are less studied. The oversuppression of osteoclasts in mechanical studies may be because of its complicated differentiation progress and flexible structure, which increases difficulty in targeting mechanical structures. This paper will focus on recent findings regarding osteoclasts and attempt to uncover proposed candidate mechanosensing structures in osteoclasts including podosome-associated complexes, gap junctions and transient receptor potential family (ion channels). We will additionally describe possible mechanotransduction signaling pathways including GTPase ras homologue family member A (RhoA), Yes-associated protein/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), Ca2+ signaling and non-canonical Wnt signaling. According to numerous studies, evaluating the possible influence of various physical environments on osteoclastogenesis is conducive to the study of bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Mengmeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jingfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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de Melo Pereira D, Davison N, Habibović P. Human osteoclast formation and resorptive function on biomineralized collagen. Bioact Mater 2021; 8:241-252. [PMID: 34541399 PMCID: PMC8424427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralized collagen composite materials pose an intriguing alternative to current synthetic bone graft substitutes by offering a biomimetic composition that closely resembles native bone. We hypothesize that this composite can undergo cellular resorption and remodeling similar to natural bone. We investigate the formation and activity of human osteoclasts cultured on biomineralized collagen and pure collagen membranes in comparison to cortical bone slices. Human monocytes/macrophages from peripheral blood differentiate into multinucleated, tartrate-resistant alkaline phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclast-like cells on all substrates. These cells form clear actin rings on cortical bone, but not on biomineralized collagen or pure collagen membranes. Osteoclasts form resorption pits in cortical bone, resulting in higher calcium ion concentration in cell culture medium; however, osteoclast resorption of biomineralized collagen and collagen membranes does not measurably occur. Activity of osteoclast enzymes – TRAP, carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II), and cathepsin-K (CTS-K) – is similar on all substrates, despite phenotypic differences in actin ring formation and resorption. The mesh-like structure, relatively low stiffness, and lack of RGD-containing binding domains are likely the factors responsible for preventing formation of stable actin rings on and resorption of (biomineralized) collagen membranes. This insight helps to guide further research toward the optimized design of biomineralized collagen composites as a more biomimetic bone-graft substitute. Human osteoclasts differentiated on biomineralized collagen, but no resorption occured. Porous surface of fibrillary collagen and lack of RGD ligands to the vitronectin receptor likely prevented osteoclast resorption. Quantification of resorption on uneven surfaces in comparison with bone was possible with 3D laser microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel de Melo Pereira
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Noel Davison
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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de Melo Pereira D, Schumacher M, Habibovic P. Cobalt-containing calcium phosphate induces resorption of biomineralized collagen by human osteoclasts. Biomater Res 2021; 25:6. [PMID: 33743840 PMCID: PMC7981861 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-021-00209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomineralized collagen, consisting of fibrillar type-I collagen with embedded hydroxyapatite mineral, is a bone-mimicking material with potential application as a bone graft substitute. Despite the chemical and structural similarity with bone extracellular matrix, no evidence exists so far that biomineralized collagen can be resorbed by osteoclasts. The aim of the current study was to induce resorption of biomineralized collagen by osteoclasts by a two-fold modification: increasing the calcium phosphate content and introducing cobalt ions (Co2+), which have been previously shown to stimulate resorptive activity of osteoclasts. METHODS To this end, we produced biomineralized collagen membranes and coated them with a cobalt-containing calcium phosphate (CoCaP). Human osteoclasts, derived from CD14+ monocytes from peripheral blood, were differentiated directly on the membranes. Upon fluorescent staining of nuclei, F-actin and tartrate-resistant alkaline phosphatase, the cells were analyzed by laser confocal microscopy. Their resorption capacity was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as indirectly quantified by measuring the release of calcium ions into cell culture medium. RESULTS The CoCaP coating increased the mineral content of the membranes by 4 wt.% and their elastic modulus from 1 to 10 MPa. The coated membranes showed a sustained Co2+ release in water of about 7 nM per 2 days. In contrast to uncoated membranes, on CoCaP-coated biomineralized collagen membranes, osteoclasts sporadically formed actin rings, and induced formation of resorption lacunae, as observed by SEM and confirmed by increase in Ca2+ concentration in cell culture medium. The effect of the CoCaP layer on osteoclast function is thought to be mainly caused by the increase of membrane stiffness, although the effect of Co2+, which was released in very low amounts, cannot be fully excluded. CONCLUSIONS This work shows the potential of this relatively simple approach to induce osteoclast resorption of biomineralized collagen, although the extent of osteoclast resorption was limited, and the method needs further optimization. Moreover, the coating method is suitable for incorporating bioactive ions of interest into biomineralized collagen, which is typically not possible using the common biomineralization methods, such as polymer-induced liquid precursor method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel de Melo Pereira
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schumacher
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibovic
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Zhang Y, Cui Y, Wang L, Han J. Autophagy promotes osteoclast podosome disassembly and cell motility athrough the interaction of kindlin3 with LC3. Cell Signal 2020; 67:109505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Inhibitory effects of sesamin on human osteoclastogenesis. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1186-1196. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Functions of Rho family of small GTPases and Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases in bone cells during differentiation and mineralization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1009-1023. [PMID: 28188861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases (ROCKs) are effectors of Rho family of small GTPases. ROCKs have multiple functions that include regulation of cellular contraction and polarity, adhesion, motility, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, maturation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Here, we focus on the action of RhoA and RhoA effectors, ROCK1 and ROCK2, in cells related to tissue mineralization: mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, preosteoblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, lining cells and osteoclasts. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The activation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway promotes stress fiber formation and reduces chondrocyte and osteogenic differentiations, in contrast to that in mesenchymal stem cells which stimulated the osteogenic and the chondrogenic differentiation. The effects of Rac1 and Cdc42 in promoting chondrocyte hypertrophy and of Rac1, Rac2 and Cdc42 in osteoclast are discussed. In addition, members of the Rho family of GTPases such Rac1, Rac2, Rac3 and Cdc42, acting upstream of ROCK and/or other protein effectors, may compensate the actions of RhoA, affecting directly or indirectly the actions of ROCKs as well as other protein effectors. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE ROCK activity can trigger cartilage degradation and affect bone formation, therefore these kinases may represent a possible therapeutic target to treat osteoarthritis and osseous diseases. Inhibition of Rho/ROCK activity in chondrocytes prevents cartilage degradation, stimulate mineralization of osteoblasts and facilitate bone formation around implanted metals. Treatment with osteoprotegerin results in a significant decrease in the expression of Rho GTPases, ROCK1 and ROCK2, reducing bone resorption. Inhibition of ROCK signaling increases osteoblast differentiation in a topography-dependent manner.
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Lemma S, Sboarina M, Porporato PE, Zini N, Sonveaux P, Di Pompo G, Baldini N, Avnet S. Energy metabolism in osteoclast formation and activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:168-180. [PMID: 27590854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis are energy-consuming processes supported by high metabolic activities. In human osteoclasts derived from the fusion of monocytic precursors, we found a substantial increase in the number of mitochondria with differentiation. In mature osteoclasts, mitochondria were also increased in size, rich of cristae and arranged in a complex tubular network. When compared with immature cells, fully differentiated osteoclasts showed higher levels of enzymes of the electron transport chain, a higher mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and a lower glycolytic efficiency, as evaluated by extracellular flux analysis and by the quantification of metabolites in the culture supernatant. Thus, oxidative phosphorylation appeared the main bioenergetic source for osteoclast formation. Conversely, we found that bone resorption mainly relied on glycolysis. In fact, osteoclast fuelling with galactose, forcing cells to depend on Oxidative Phosphorylation by reducing the rate of glycolysis, significantly impaired Type I collagen degradation, whereas non-cytotoxic doses of rotenone, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial complex I, enhanced osteoclast activity. Furthermore, we found that the enzymes associated to the glycolytic pathway are localised close to the actin ring of polarised osteoclasts, where energy-demanding activities associated with bone degradation take place. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the energy required for osteoclast differentiation mainly derives from mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, whereas the peripheral cellular activities associated with bone matrix degradation are supported by glycolysis. A better understanding of human osteoclast energy metabolism holds the potential for future therapeutic interventions aimed to target osteoclast activity in different pathological conditions of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lemma
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Sboarina
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) Medical School, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) Medical School, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Nicoletta Zini
- CNR - National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) Medical School, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Gemma Di Pompo
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR), via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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Georgess D, Machuca-Gayet I, Blangy A, Jurdic P. Podosome organization drives osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:191-204. [PMID: 24714644 DOI: 10.4161/cam.27840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are the cells responsible for physiological bone resorption. A specific organization of their most prominent cytoskeletal structures, podosomes, is crucial for the degradation of mineralized bone matrix. Each podosome is constituted of an F-actin-enriched central core surrounded by a loose F-actin network, called the podosome cloud. In addition to intrinsic actin dynamics, podosomes are defined by their adhesion to the extracellular matrix, mainly via core-linking CD44 and cloud-linking integrins. These properties allow podosomes to collectively evolve into different patterns implicated in migration and bone resorption. Indeed, to resorb bone, osteoclasts polarize, actively secrete protons, and proteases into the resorption pit where these molecules are confined by a podosome-containing sealing zone. Here, we review recent advancements on podosome structure and regulatory pathways in osteoclasts. We also discuss the distinct functions of different podosome patterns during the lifespan of a single osteoclast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Georgess
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon, France
| | - Irma Machuca-Gayet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon, France
| | - Anne Blangy
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire; CNRS UMR 5237; Montpellier University; Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Jurdic
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon, France
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Takito J, Otsuka H, Yanagisawa N, Arai H, Shiga M, Inoue M, Nonaka N, Nakamura M. Regulation of Osteoclast Multinucleation by the Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling Network. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:395-405. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Takito
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Graduate School of Engineering; Tohoku University; Miyagi Japan
| | - Hirotada Otsuka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yanagisawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arai
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masayasu Shiga
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mitsuko Inoue
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
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(+)-Vitisin A inhibits osteoclast differentiation by preventing TRAF6 ubiquitination and TRAF6-TAK1 formation to suppress NFATc1 activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89159. [PMID: 24558484 PMCID: PMC3928435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that oral administration of a (+)-vitisin A-enriched product prepared from Vitis thunbergii obviously ameliorated bone loss in ovariectomized mice and (+)-vitisin A was able to inhibit receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. Here we further clarified the mechanism(s) by which (+)-vitisin A targets osteoclastic differentiation and activity. Osteoclast-characteristic enzyme activity was determined using gel zymography or spectroflurometric-based assay. Expression of signal molecules was analyzed via Western blot or immunoprecipitation. Results showed that (+)-vitisin A suppressed RANKL-induced multinuclear cells (MNCs) formation and bone resorption which was accompanied with reduction in β3 integrin, osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein (OC-STAMP), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and cathepsin K proteins expression. (+)-Vitisin A also down-regulated the proteolytic activities of MMP-9 and cathepsin K via targeting at the late stage function. (+)-Vitisin A prominently abrogated RANKL-triggered nuclear translocations of NF-κB, AP-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun dimer) and associated induction and nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1). The upstream IκB degradation as well as ERK and JNK phosphorylation were also substantially repressed. Transfection with siRNA targeting tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) clearly restrained RANKL-induced MNCs formation and NFATc1 induction. Interesting, RANKL triggered poly-ubiquitination of TRAF6 and associated TRAF6-TAK1 (transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1) complex formation was prominently attenuated by (+)-vitisin A. Furthermore, the interaction between c-src tyrosine kinase (c-Src) and β3 was markedly induced by RANKL stimulation. (+)-Vitisin A significantly attenuated this interaction when concomitant treated with RANKL in RAW264.7 cells, but failed to affect c-Src/β3 complex formation when post-cultured with MNCs. Taken together, (+)-vitisin A suppressed bone resorption possibly via interruption of RANKL-induced TRAF6 ubiquitination and associated downstream signaling pathways. Furthermore, action through negative regulation of the proteolytic activity of MMP-9 and cathepsin K might also contribute to the anti-resorption effect of (+)-vitisin A.
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Georgess D, Mazzorana M, Terrado J, Delprat C, Chamot C, Guasch RM, Pérez-Roger I, Jurdic P, Machuca-Gayet I. Comparative transcriptomics reveals RhoE as a novel regulator of actin dynamics in bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 25:380-96. [PMID: 24284899 PMCID: PMC3907278 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-07-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-step transcriptomic profiling of bone-resorbing OCs versus nonresorbing MGCs generated a list of 115 genes potentially involved in bone resorption. Of these, RhoE was investigated. Its role in podosome dynamics is central for OC migration, SZ formation, and, ultimately, bone resorption. The function of osteoclasts (OCs), multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) of the monocytic lineage, is bone resorption. To resorb bone, OCs form podosomes. These are actin-rich adhesive structures that pattern into rings that drive OC migration and into “sealing-zones” (SZs) that confine the resorption lacuna. Although changes in actin dynamics during podosome patterning have been documented, the mechanisms that regulate these changes are largely unknown. From human monocytic precursors, we differentiated MGCs that express OC degradation enzymes but are unable to resorb the mineral matrix. We demonstrated that, despite exhibiting bona fide podosomes, these cells presented dysfunctional SZs. We then performed two-step differential transcriptomic profiling of bone-resorbing OCs versus nonresorbing MGCs to generate a list of genes implicated in bone resorption. From this list of candidate genes, we investigated the role of Rho/Rnd3. Using primary RhoE-deficient OCs, we demonstrated that RhoE is indispensable for OC migration and bone resorption by maintaining fast actin turnover in podosomes. We further showed that RhoE activates podosome component cofilin by inhibiting its Rock-mediated phosphorylation. We conclude that the RhoE-Rock-cofilin pathway, by promoting podosome dynamics and patterning, is central for OC migration, SZ formation, and, ultimately, bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Georgess
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07, France Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07, France Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain Plateau Technique Imagerie/Microscopie Facility, SFR Biosciences (UMS3444/US8), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07, France Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, 46012 Valencia, Spain Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas-Seminario Salud, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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