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Zhang Z, Zhan F. Type 2 Cystatins and Their Roles in the Regulation of Human Immune Response and Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5363. [PMID: 38001623 PMCID: PMC10670837 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatins are a family of intracellular and extracellular protease inhibitors that inhibit cysteine cathepsins-a group of lysosomal cysteine proteases that participate in multiple biological processes, including protein degradation and post-translational cleavage. Cysteine cathepsins are associated with the development of autoimmune diseases, tumor progression, and metastasis. Cystatins are categorized into three subfamilies: type 1, type 2, and type 3. The type 2 cystatin subfamily is the largest, containing 10 members, and consists entirely of small secreted proteins. Although type 2 cystatins have many shared biological roles, each member differs in structure, post-translational modifications (e.g., glycosylation), and expression in different cell types. These distinctions allow the type 2 cystatins to have unique biological functions and properties. This review provides an overview of type 2 cystatins, including their biological similarities and differences, their regulatory effect on human immune responses, and their roles in tumor progression, immune evasion, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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2
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Barut GT, Kreuzer M, Bruggmann R, Summerfield A, Talker SC. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals striking heterogeneity and functional organization of dendritic and monocytic cells in the bovine mesenteric lymph node. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1099357. [PMID: 36685557 PMCID: PMC9853064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1099357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic and monocytic cells co-operate to initiate and shape adaptive immune responses in secondary lymphoid tissue. The complexity of this system is poorly understood, also because of the high phenotypic and functional plasticity of monocytic cells. We have sequenced mononuclear phagocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes (LN) of three adult cows at the single-cell level, revealing ten dendritic-cell (DC) clusters and seven monocyte/macrophage clusters with clearly distinct transcriptomic profiles. Among DC, we defined LN-resident subsets and their progenitors, as well as subsets of highly activated migratory DC differing in transcript levels for T-cell attracting chemokines. Our analyses also revealed a potential differentiation path for cDC2, resulting in a cluster of inflammatory cDC2 with close transcriptional similarity to putative DC3 and monocyte-derived DC. Monocytes and macrophages displayed sub-clustering mainly driven by pro- or anti-inflammatory expression signatures, including a small cluster of cycling, presumably self-renewing, macrophages. With this transcriptomic snapshot of LN-derived mononuclear phagocytes, we reveal functional properties and differentiation trajectories in a "command center of immunity", and identify elements that are conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güliz Tuba Barut
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Kreuzer
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie C. Talker
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Stephanie C. Talker,
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3
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Xu S, Wang Y, Han C, Jiang Y, Qin Q, Wei S. Functional analysis of the Cystatin F gene response to SGIV infection in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:43-52. [PMID: 36084885 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin F (CyF), an inhibitor of cysteine protease, was widely studied in immune defense and cancer therapy. However, the function of CyF and its latent molecular mechanism during virus infection in fish remain vacant. In our research, we cloned the open reading frame (ORF) of CyF homology from orange-spotted grouper (Ec-CyF) consisting of 342 nucleotides and encoding a 114-amino acid protein. Ec-CyF included two cystatins family sequences containing one KXVXG sequence without the signal peptide, and a hairpin ring containing proline and tryptophan (PW). Tissue distribution analysis indicated that Ec-CyF was highly expressed in spleen and head kidney. Besides, further analysis showed that the expression of Ec-CyF increased during SGIV infection in grouper spleen (GS) cells. Subcellular localization assay demonstrated that Ec-CyF was mainly distributed in cytoplasm in GS cells. Overexpressed Ec-CyF demoted the mRNA level of viral genes MCP, VP19 and LITAF. Meanwhile, SGIV-induced apoptosis in fat head minnow (FHM) cells was impeded, as well as the restraint of caspase 3/7 and caspase 8. In addition, Ec-CyF overexpression up-regulated the expression of IFN related molecules including ISG15, IFN, IFP35, IRF3, IRF7, MYD88 and down-regulated proinflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α. At the same time, Ec-CyF-overexpressing increased the activity of IFN3 and ISRE promoter, but impeded NF-κB promoter activity by luciferase reporter gene assay. In summary, our findings suggested that Ec-CyF was involved in innate immunity response and played a key role in DNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suifeng Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuexuan Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengzong Han
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yunxiang Jiang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 528478, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Shina Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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4
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Perišić Nanut M, Pawelec G, Kos J. Human CD4+ T-Cell Clone Expansion Leads to the Expression of the Cysteine Peptidase Inhibitor Cystatin F. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8408. [PMID: 34445118 PMCID: PMC8395124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of CD4+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) at relatively high levels under different pathological conditions in vivo suggests their role in protective and/or pathogenic immune functions. CD4+ CTLs utilize the fundamental cytotoxic effector mechanisms also utilized by CD8+ CTLs and natural killer cells. During long-term cultivation, CD4+ T cells were also shown to acquire cytotoxic functions. In this study, CD4+ human T-cell clones derived from activated peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy young adults were examined for the expression of cytotoxic machinery components. Cystatin F is a protein inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins, synthesized by CD8+ CTLs and natural killer cells. Cystatin F affects the cytotoxic efficacy of these cells by inhibiting the major progranzyme convertases cathepsins C and H as well as cathepsin L, which is involved in perforin activation. Here, we show that human CD4+ T-cell clones express the cysteine cathepsins that are involved in the activation of granzymes and perforin. CD4+ T-cell clones contained both the inactive, dimeric form as well as the active, monomeric form of cystatin F. As in CD8+ CTLs, cysteine cathepsins C and H were the major targets of cystatin F in CD4+ T-cell clones. Furthermore, CD4+ T-cell clones expressed the active forms of perforin and granzymes A and B. The levels of the cystatin F decreased with time in culture concomitantly with an increase in the activities of granzymes A and B. Therefore, our results suggest that cystatin F plays a role in regulating CD4+ T cell cytotoxicity. Since cystatin F can be secreted and taken up by bystander cells, our results suggest that CD4+ CTLs may also be involved in regulating immune responses through cystatin F secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15/3.008, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 56 Walford Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Perišić Nanut M, Pečar Fonović U, Jakoš T, Kos J. The Role of Cysteine Peptidases in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation and Modulation of Immune System Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680279. [PMID: 34335582 PMCID: PMC8322073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are primarily involved in the degradation and recycling of proteins in endo-lysosomal compartments but are also gaining recognition as pivotal proteolytic contributors to various immune functions. Through their extracellular proteolytic activities within the hematopoietic stem cell niche, they are involved in progenitor cell mobilization and differentiation. Cysteine cathepsins, such as cathepsins L and S contribute to antigen-induced adaptive immunity through major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation whereas cathepsin X regulates T-cell migration. By regulating toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine secretion cysteine cathepsins activate innate immune cells and affect their functional differentiation. Cathepsins C and H are expressed in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells and are involved in processing of pro-granzymes into proteolytically active forms. Cytoplasmic activities of cathepsins B and L contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis of the adaptive immune response by regulating cell death of T and B lymphocytes. The expression pattern, localization, and activity of cysteine cathepsins is tightly connected to their function in immune cells. Furthermore, cysteine cathepsins together with their endogenous inhibitors, serve as mediators in the interplay between cancer and immune cells that results in immune cell anergy. The aim of the present article is to review the mechanisms of dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins and their inhibitors in relation to immune dysfunction to address new possibilities for regulation of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanja Jakoš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Senjor E, Perišić Nanut M, Breznik B, Mitrović A, Mlakar J, Rotter A, Porčnik A, Lah Turnšek T, Kos J. Cystatin F acts as a mediator of immune suppression in glioblastoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:1051-1063. [PMID: 34189679 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma, the most aggressive type of brain cancer, is composed of heterogeneous populations of differentiated cells, cancer stem cells and immune cells. Cystatin F, an endogenous inhibitor of lysosomal cysteine peptidases, regulates the function of cytotoxic immune cells. The aim of this study was to determine which type of cells expresses cystatin F in glioblastoma and to determine the role of cystatin F during disease progression. METHODS RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry were used to determine cystatin F mRNA and protein levels in glioblastoma tissue samples. The internalization of cystatin F was analyzed by Western blotting. Enzyme kinetics, real time invasion and calcein release cytotoxicity assays were used to assess the role of internalized cystatin F. RESULTS We found that cystatin F was not expressed in non-cancer brain tissues, but that its expression increased with glioma progression. In tumor tissues, extensive staining was observed in cancer stem-like cells and microglia/monocytes, which secrete cystatin F into their microenvironment. In trans activity of cystatin F was confirmed using an in vitro glioblastoma cell model. Internalized cystatin F affected cathepsin L activity in glioblastoma cells and decreased their invasiveness. In addition, we found that cystatin F decreased the susceptibility of glioblastoma cells to the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate cystatin F as a mediator of immune suppression in glioblastoma. Increased cystatin F mRNA and protein levels in immune, glioblastoma and glioblastoma stem-like cells or trans internalized cystatin F may have an impact on decreased susceptibility of glioblastoma cells to NK cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Senjor
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Mlakar
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Rotter
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Porčnik
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Lah Turnšek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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7
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Comprehensive Analysis of Common Different Gene Expression Signatures in the Neutrophils of Sepsis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6655425. [PMID: 33959663 PMCID: PMC8077712 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6655425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The central component of sepsis pathogenesis is inflammatory disorder, which is related to dysfunction of the immune system. However, the specific molecular mechanism of sepsis has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of our study was to identify genes that are significantly changed during sepsis development, for the identification of potential pathogenic factors. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in 88 control and 214 septic patient samples. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses were performed using David. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established using STRING and Cytoscape. Further validation was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We identified 37 common DEGs. GO and pathway enrichment indicated that enzymes and transcription factors accounted for a large proportion of DEGs; immune system and inflammation signaling demonstrated the most significant changes. Furthermore, eight hub genes were identified via PPI analysis. Interestingly, four of the top five upregulated and all downregulated DEGs were involved in immune and inflammation signaling. In addition, the most intensive hub gene AKT1 and the top DEGs in human clinical samples were validated using RT-PCR. This study explored the possible molecular mechanisms underpinning the inflammatory, immune, and PI3K/AKT pathways related to sepsis development.
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8
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Wang S, Wang C, Liu O, Hu Y, Li X, Lin B. Prognostic value of immune-related cells and genes in the tumor microenvironment of ovarian cancer, especially CST4. Life Sci 2021; 277:119461. [PMID: 33811900 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most common gynecological malignant tumor with the highest mortality rate. However, identification of effective immune therapeutic targets and biomarkers are beset by many challenges. CIBERSORT was used to calculate the abundance of 22 immune cell types in 379 OC samples, and indicated that three immune cell types were associated with poor prognoses. Further analysis revealed that 17 hub genes were associated with these three cell types. We screened differentially expressed immune-related prognostic gene associated with clinicopathological factors, which was CST4. We used clinical specimens to detect the expression of CST4, and determined that CST4 was both highly expressed in OC patients and associated with poor prognoses. Our findings indicated that infiltration of immune cells affected the survival of patients with OC, provided therapeutic targets represented by CST4, deepened our understanding of the immune microenvironment of OC, and enhanced the theoretical basis of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ouxuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuexin Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Liaoning, China.
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9
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Nemeth CL, Tomlinson SN, Rosen M, O'Brien BM, Larraza O, Jain M, Murray CF, Marx JS, Delannoy M, Fine AS, Wu D, Trifunovic A, Fatemi A. Neuronal ablation of mt-AspRS in mice induces immune pathway activation prior to severe and progressive cortical and behavioral disruption. Exp Neurol 2020; 326:113164. [PMID: 31887305 PMCID: PMC7448750 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL) is a rare, slowly progressive white matter disease caused by mutations in the mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (mt-AspRS, or DARS2). While patients show characteristic MRI T2 signal abnormalities throughout the cerebral white matter, brainstem, and spinal cord, the phenotypic spectrum is broad and a multitude of gene variants have been associated with the disease. Here, Dars2 disruption in CamKIIα-expressing cortical and hippocampal neurons results in slowly progressive increases in behavioral activity at five months, and culminating by nine months as severe brain atrophy, behavioral dysfunction, reduced corpus callosum thickness, and microglial morphology indicative of neuroinflammation. Interestingly, RNAseq based gene expression studies performed prior to the presentation of this severe phenotype reveal the upregulation of several pathways involved in immune activation, cytokine production and signaling, and defense response regulation. RNA transcript analysis demonstrates that activation of immune and cell stress pathways are initiated in advance of a behavioral phenotype and cerebral deficits. An understanding of these pathways and their contribution to significant neuronal loss in CamKII-Dars2 deficient mice may aid in deciphering mechanisms of LBSL pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melissa Rosen
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Brett M O'Brien
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Oscar Larraza
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Mahim Jain
- Bone and Osteogenesis Imperfecta Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Connor F Murray
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Joel S Marx
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Michael Delannoy
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine Microscope Facility, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amena S Fine
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- CECAD Research Centre, Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Moser Center for Leukodystrophies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Jakoš T, Pišlar A, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine Cathepsins in Tumor-Associated Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2037. [PMID: 31555270 PMCID: PMC6724555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are key regulators of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Their expression, activity, and subcellular localization are associated with the distinct development and differentiation stages of immune cells. They promote the activation of innate myeloid immune cells since they contribute to toll-like receptor signaling and to cytokine secretion. Furthermore, they control lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic flux, thus affecting innate immune cell survival and polarization. They also regulate bidirectional communication between the cell exterior and the cytoskeleton, thus influencing cell interactions, morphology, and motility. Importantly, cysteine cathepsins contribute to the priming of adaptive immune cells by controlling antigen presentation and are involved in cytotoxic granule mediated killing in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Cathepins'aberrant activity can be prevented by their endogenous inhibitors, cystatins. However, dysregulated proteolysis contributes significantly to tumor progression also by modulation of the antitumor immune response. Especially tumor-associated myeloid cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which are known for their tumor promoting and immunosuppressive functions, constitute the major source of excessive cysteine cathepsin activity in cancer. Since they are enriched in the tumor microenvironment, cysteine cathepsins represent exciting targets for development of new diagnostic and therapeutic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Jakoš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anahid Jewett
- UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Cystatins in cancer progression: More than just cathepsin inhibitors. Biochimie 2019; 166:233-250. [PMID: 31071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystatins are endogenous and reversible inhibitors of cysteine peptidases that are important players in cancer progression. Besides their primary role as regulators of cysteine peptidase activity, cystatins are involved in cancer development and progression through proteolysis-independent mechanisms. Mechanistic studies of cystatin function revealed that they affect all stages of cancer progression including tumor growth, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Recently, the involvement of cystatins in the antitumor immune responses was reported. In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms and clinical aspects of cystatins in cancer. Altered expression of cystatins in cancer resulting in harmful excessive cysteine peptidase activity has been a subject of several studies in order to find correlations with clinical outcome and therapy response. However, involvement in anti-tumor immune response and signaling cascades leading to cancer progression designates cystatins as possible targets for development of new anti-tumor drugs.
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12
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Yang C, Yu T, Liu Z, Ye X, Liao X, Wang X, Han C, Zhu G, Qin W, Peng T. Cystatin F as a key family 2 cystatin subunit and prognostic biomarker for early‑stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:79-90. [PMID: 31059105 PMCID: PMC6549077 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies, and early diagnosis and assessment may enhance the quality of life and survival of patients. The prognostic value of key family 2 cystatins subunit in PDAC patients remains unknown. The potential molecular roles of family 2 cystatins and related pathways were investigated using bioinformatics analysis. The relationship of family 2 cystatin expression levels and clinical outcomes of 112 patients with early-stage PDAC were evaluated via univariate and combined survival analysis. A prognostic nomogram model was also constructed and gene set enrichment analysis was performed to investigate potential pathways in PDAC. The pathways, interaction networks, and Gene Ontology term analysis of the cystatin gene family were analyzed in the present study. Cystatin F (CST7) was identified as the key subunit of family 2 cystatins in survival analysis. PDAC patients who harbored a higher expression level of CST7 had a lower risk in overall survival (adjusted HROS=0.44, 95% CI=0.25-0.77, P=0.004) and a longer survival time in various subgroups. The prognostic nomogram indicated that the CST7 expression model effectively predicted the outcomes of patients with early-stage PDAC (predictive ability >0.75). In the gene set enrichment analysis, it was revealed that CST7 expression may be involved in immune regulation and be associated with cell adhesion. CST7 could be a useful biomarker for the prognostic prediction of early-stage PDAC after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Prunk M, Nanut MP, Sabotic J, Svajger U, Kos J. Increased cystatin F levels correlate with decreased cytotoxicity of cytotoxic T cells. Radiol Oncol 2019; 53:57-68. [PMID: 30840596 PMCID: PMC6411024 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2019-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystatin F is a protein inhibitor of cysteine peptidases, expressed predominantly in immune cells and localised in endosomal/lysosomal compartments. In cytotoxic immune cells cystatin F inhibits both the major pro-granzyme convertases, cathepsins C and H that activate granzymes, and cathepsin L, that acts as perforin activator. Since perforin and granzymes are crucial molecules for target cell killing by cytotoxic lymphocytes, defects in the activation of either granzymes or perforin can affect their cytotoxic potential. Materials and methods Levels of cystatin F were assessed by western blot and interactions of cystatin F with cathepsins C, H and L were analysed by immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy. In TALL-104 cells specific activities of the cathepsins and granzyme B were determined using peptide substrates. Results Two models of reduced T cell cytotoxicity of TALL-104 cell line were established, either by treatment by ionomycin or by immunosuppressive transforming growth factor beta. Reduced cytotoxicity correlated with increased levels of cystatin F and with attenuated activities of cathepsins C, H and L and of granzyme B. Co-localisation of cystatin F and cathepsins C, H and L and interactions between cystatin F and cathepsins C and H were demonstrated. Conclusions Cystatin F is designated as a possible regulator of T cell cytotoxicity, similar to its role in natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Prunk
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Jerica Sabotic
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Svajger
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Prof. Janko Kos, Ph.D., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Phone: +386 1 4769 604; Fax: +386 1 4258 031
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Mateos J, Estévez O, González-Fernández Á, Anibarro L, Pallarés Á, Reljic R, Gallardo JM, Medina I, Carrera M. High-resolution quantitative proteomics applied to the study of the specific protein signature in the sputum and saliva of active tuberculosis patients and their infected and uninfected contacts. J Proteomics 2019; 195:41-52. [PMID: 30660769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to establish panels of protein biomarkers that are characteristic of patients with microbiologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and their contacts, including latent TB-infected (LTBI) and uninfected patients. Since the first pathogen-host contact occurs in the oral and nasal passages the saliva and sputum were chosen as the biological fluids to be studied. Quantitative shotgun proteomics was performed using a LTQ-Orbitrap-Elite platform. For active TB patients, both fluids exhibited a specific accumulation of proteins that were related to complement activation, inflammation and modulation of immune response. In the saliva of TB patients, a decrease of in proteins related to glucose and lipid metabolism was detected. In contrast, the sputum of uninfected contacts presented a specific proteomic signature that was composed of proteins involved in the perception of bitter taste, defense against pathogens and innate immune response, suggesting that those are key events during the initial entry of the pathogen in the host. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study to compare the saliva and sputum from active TB patients and their contacts. Our findings strongly suggest that TB patients show not only an activation of processes that are related to complement activation and modulation of inflammation but also an imbalance in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In addition, those individuals who do not get infected after direct exposure to the pathogen display a typical proteomic signature in the sputum, which is a reflection of the secretion from the nasal and oral mucosa, the first immunological barriers that M. tuberculosis encounters in the host. Thus, this result indicates the importance of the processes related to the innate immune response in fighting the initial events of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mateos
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Olivia Estévez
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Galician Singular Center of Research, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Galician Singular Center of Research, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Luis Anibarro
- Biomedical Research Centre (CINBIO), Galician Singular Center of Research, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain; Tuberculosis Unit, Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine Service, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Pontevedra, Spain; Mycobacterial Infections Study Group (GEIM) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Pallarés
- Tuberculosis Unit, Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine Service, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - José M Gallardo
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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