1
|
Siderakis C, Royse C, Ren J, Tian DH, Clarke-Errey S, Srivastav N, Royse A. From a Position of Known Angiographic Perfect Patency: What Happens Next? Heart Lung Circ 2024; 33:890-897. [PMID: 38508986 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The biological behaviour of coronary graft conduits over time may be considered by serial angiography. METHODS A single institution retrospective cohort received mostly clinically indicated angiography between 1997 and 2020, following coronary bypass surgery. Only perfectly patent grafts (absence of any lumen irregularity) for each conduit type at the first postoperative angiogram were selected for a later comparison. The latest angiograms were at least 5 years postoperatively, and at least 1 year after first postoperative angiogram. Analysis was done according to each graft (anastomosis). Comparisons used generalised estimating equations, adjusted for binary logistic regression. RESULTS Of 143 patients, there were 410 of 468 (87.6%) perfectly patent grafts at the first angiogram, analysed at 6.8±4.0 years postoperative, of which 157 were internal mammary arteries, 228 were radial arteries, and 25 were saphenous veins. At the latest angiogram (12.2±3.8 years postoperative), comparison with the first angiogram for each individual graft found preserved perfect patency for internal mammary arteries, 156 of 157 (99.4%), and for radial arteries, 227 of 228 (99.6%) but saphenous veins deteriorated considerably, 13 of 25 (52.0%). The two arterial grafts (internal mammary and radial) were superior to vein grafts (odds ratio 163; 95% confidence interval [CI] 22-1,211; p<0.001), but not different from each other (odds ratio 0.95; 95% CI 0.78-1.16; p=0.584). CONCLUSIONS From a position of known angiographic perfect patency post-CABG, internal mammary artery and radial artery grafts retained their perfect patency in the longer term, but saphenous vein grafts did not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin Royse
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Justin Ren
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - David H Tian
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Management, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandy Clarke-Errey
- Statistical Consulting Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Nilesh Srivastav
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Alistair Royse
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Qin K, Zhu J, Yao H, Wang Z, Zhou M, Ye X, Li H, Qiu J, Zhu Y, Zhao Q. Radial artery graft in coronary artery bypass surgery 1 week to 1 year postoperation. J Thorac Dis 2023; 15:6408-6418. [PMID: 38249909 PMCID: PMC10797406 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-23-574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Background The actual patency rate of the radial artery (RA) grafts 1 week and 1 year after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has not been extensively reported on. We used coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) to evaluate the patency rate of RA grafts and compared it with that of saphenous vein (SV) grafts. Methods In this observational cohort study, 80 patients who underwent urgent or elective CABG with RA and SV grafts at Ruijin Hospital from August 2019 to June 2021 were included. Follow-up CCTA scans were completed about 1 year postoperation in the out-patient clinic. We graded the grafts into four classes: A, excellent; B, graft diameter <50% of target coronary artery; O, occluded; and S, string sign. Both S and O were defined as graft failure. Results The patients' mean age was 58.48±8.06 years, and 87.5% (70/80) of the patients were male. The 1-week patency rate of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA), RA, and SV grafts were 98.7% (75/76), 76.3% (61/80), and 93.8% (75/80), respectively. At 1 year, the patency rate of the LIMA, RA, and SV grafts were 97.4% (74/76), 80.0% (64/80), and 81.3% (65/80), respectively. The RA graft patency rate was lower than was the SV graft patency rate perioperatively [relative risk (RR): 0.918; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.852-0.990; P=0.007]. Moreover, 63.6% (7/11) of RA grafts graded S and 25.0% (2/8) of RA grafts graded O were defined as patent (graded A or B) at 1 year postoperation. Compared with SV grafts, more RA grafts improved (RA: 12/80, 15.0%; SV: 0%) and fewer RA grafts deteriorated (RV: 10/80, 12.5%; SV: 19/80, 23.8%) from 1 week to 1 year (P=0.001). The patency rate of the 2 types of grafts became similar at 1 year postoperation (RR: 0.560; 95% CI: 0.113-2.781; P>0.99). Conclusions RA grafts had a lower patency rate than did SV grafts 1 week after operation. However, because of the "revival" phenomena and lower attrition rate, the patency rate of the two kinds of grafts did not show any significant difference at 1 year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaijie Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxi Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyi Yao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiqing Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiapei Qiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Back L, Ladwiniec A. Saphenous Vein Graft Failure: Current Challenges and a Review of the Contemporary Percutaneous Options for Management. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7118. [PMID: 38002729 PMCID: PMC10672592 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12227118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) in the surgical management of obstructive coronary artery disease remains high despite a growing understanding of their limitations in longevity. In contemporary practice, approximately 95% of patients receive one SVG in addition to a left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft. The precise patency rates for SVGs vary widely in the literature, with estimates of up to 61% failure rate at greater than 10 years of follow-up. SVGs are known to progressively degenerate over time and, even if they remain patent, demonstrate marked accelerated atherosclerosis. Multiple studies have demonstrated a marked acceleration of atherosclerosis in bypassed native coronary arteries compared to non-bypassed arteries, which predisposes to a high number of native chronic total occlusions (CTOs) and subsequent procedural challenges when managing graft failure. Patients with failing SVGs frequently require revascularisation to previously grafted territories, with estimates of 13% of CABG patients requiring an additional revascularisation procedure within 10 years. Redo CABG confers a significantly higher risk of in-hospital mortality and, as such, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become the favoured strategy for revascularisation in SVG failure. Percutaneous treatment of a degenerative SVG provides unique challenges secondary to a tendency for frequent superimposed thrombi on critical graft stenoses, friable lesions with marked potential for distal embolization and subsequent no-reflow phenomena, and high rates of peri-procedural myocardial infarction (MI). Furthermore, the rates of restenosis within SVG stents are disproportionately higher than native vessel PCI despite the advances in drug-eluting stent (DES) technology. The alternative to SVG PCI in failed grafts is PCI to the native vessel, 'replacing' the grafts and restoring patency within the previously grafted coronary artery, with or without occluding the donor graft. This strategy has additional challenges to de novo coronary artery PCI, however, due to the high burden of complex atherosclerotic lesion morphology, extensive coronary calcification, and the high incidence of CTO. Large patient cohort studies have reported worse short- and long-term outcomes with SVG PCI compared to native vessel PCI. The PROCTOR trial is a large and randomised control trial aimed at assessing the superiority of native vessel PCI versus vein graft PCI in patients with prior CABG awaiting results. This review article will explore the complexities of SVG failure and assess the contemporary evidence in guiding optimum percutaneous interventional strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Back
- Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE39QP, UK;
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sato H, Fukada J, Iwashiro Y, Tamiya Y. Twenty-year outcomes of free and I-composite radial artery grafts for coronary artery revascularization. Surg Today 2023; 53:1132-1138. [PMID: 37010588 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-023-02679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the 20-year outcomes of coronary artery grafting (CABG) using radial artery (RA) grafts (free and I-composite) and internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts. METHODS Long-term graft patency was evaluated in patients who underwent isolated CABG between August, 1996 and January, 2022. The long-term graft patency of free RA grafts, I-composite ITA-RA grafts, and saphenous vein (SV) grafts were compared. RESULTS The RA was used as a coronary bypass conduit in 111 of the 246 patients enrolled in this study. The RA patency after 10 and 20 years was 94.2% and 76.6%, respectively. Landmark analysis showed that although graft patency for up to 10 years did not differ between the RA and ITA grafts (hazard ratio = 0.87; P = 0.8), patency of the ITA grafts was better from 10 to 20 years post-surgery (hazard ratio = 0.19; P = 0.013). The 20-year graft patency of the I-composite RA grafts was better than that of the free RA grafts (80.0% vs. 72.4%; P = 0.029), but not significantly different from that of the ITA grafts (80.0% vs. 90.7%; P = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS The 20-year patency of the I-composite ITA-RA graft was better than that of the free RA graft; therefore, the I-composite graft may be an effective conduit for CABG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Otaru General Hospital, 1-1-1 Wakamatsu, Otaru, 047-8550, Japan.
| | - Joji Fukada
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Otaru General Hospital, 1-1-1 Wakamatsu, Otaru, 047-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Iwashiro
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Otaru General Hospital, 1-1-1 Wakamatsu, Otaru, 047-8550, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Tamiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Otaru General Hospital, 1-1-1 Wakamatsu, Otaru, 047-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shadrin IY, Holmes DR, Behfar A. Left Internal Mammary Artery as an Endocrine Organ: Insights Into Graft Biology and Long-term Impact Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Mayo Clin Proc 2023; 98:150-162. [PMID: 36603943 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The left internal mammary artery (LIMA) is considered the criterion standard vessel for use in coronary artery bypass grafting. In recent decades, countless studies have documented its superiority over other arterial and venous coronary artery bypass grafting conduits, although the full mechanisms for this superiority remain unknown. A growing body of literature has unveiled the importance of extracellular vesicles known as exosomes in cardiovascular signaling and various pathologic states. In this review, we briefly compare the clinical longevity of the LIMA relative to other conduits, explore the effects of varying grafting techniques on clinical and angiographic outcomes, and provide physiologic insights into graft function on a cellular and molecular level. Finally, we explore exosome signaling as it pertains to atherosclerosis in support of the LIMA as an "endocrine organ."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Y Shadrin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - David R Holmes
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Atta Behfar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kando Y, Shiiya N, Tsuda K, Washiyama N, Takahashi D, Yamashita K. Radial artery vs saphenous vein grafts for sequential coronary bypass grafting as a second conduit for the left coronary territory. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2022; 70:862-870. [DOI: 10.1007/s11748-022-01823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Nappi F, Bellomo F, Nappi P, Chello C, Iervolino A, Chello M, Acar C. The Use of Radial Artery for CABG: An Update. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5528006. [PMID: 33928147 PMCID: PMC8049807 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5528006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We used the radial artery as a second target conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting since 1971. However, randomized clinical studies have demonstrated differences in clinical outcomes between the radial artery and other grafts because these trials are underpowered. As we proceed toward 50 years of experience with radial artery grafting, we examined the literature to define the best second-best target vessel for coronary artery bypass grafting. The literature was reviewed with emphasis, and a large number of randomized controlled trials, propensity-matched observational series, and meta-analyses were identified with a large patient population who received arterial conduit and saphenous vein grafts. The radial artery has been shown to be effective and safe when used as a second target conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting. Results and patency rates were superior to those for saphenous vein grafting. It has also been shown that the radial artery is a safe and effective graft as a third conduit into the territory of the artery right coronary artery. However, there is little evidence based on a few comparable series limiting the use of the gastroepiploic artery. In its fifth decade of use, we can finally deduced that the aorto-to-coronary radial bypass graft is the conduit of choice for coronary operations after the left internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending artery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nappi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord de Saint-Denis, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Bellomo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Nappi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Camilla Chello
- Regenerative Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Adelaide Iervolino
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, Italy
| | - Massimo Chello
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Christophe Acar
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, La Pitié Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Relationship between fractional flow reserve and graft patency after coronary artery bypass grafting. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 69:1453-1459. [PMID: 33683577 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-021-01608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bypass for moderately stenosed coronary arteries may cause graft failure (string phenomenon or occlusion). We examined the effects of fractional flow reserve (FFR) on the efficacy of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in preventing graft failure. METHODS Between January 2013 and December 2017, 48 patients underwent CABG after FFR was measured. Twenty-five grafts in 23 patients were evaluated for graft patency after the procedure. We studied stenosis of native coronary arteries, FFR, graft flow, graft patency, and the presence of pre-procedure and post-procedure myocardial ischemia. RESULTS Three internal thoracic arteries showed the string sign, and two saphenous vein grafts showed occlusion. All target coronary arteries for these grafts had moderate (50-75%) stenosis. Of the 25 grafts, five failed, and 20 were successful. All grafts with the string sign had been bypassed for target coronary arteries with the gray-zone FFR value (0.75-0.80). No difference in graft flow was observed between the failed and successful grafts. Patients with graft failure had no postoperative myocardial ischemia in target areas despite graft condition. CONCLUSION Internal thoracic artery graft for coronary arteries with the gray-zone FFR value may exhibit the string phenomenon. We believe that graft failure occurred because the target area had no ischemia before CABG. FFR is useful in pre-operative ischemic evaluation including scintigraphy and will influence the success of revascularization, including the selection of grafts.
Collapse
|
9
|
Royse A, Pamment W, Pawanis Z, Clarke-Errey S, Eccleston D, Ajani A, Wilson W, Canty D, Royse C. Patency of conduits in patients who received internal mammary artery, radial artery and saphenous vein grafts. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:148. [PMID: 32204693 PMCID: PMC7092416 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Where each patient has all three conduits of internal mammary artery (IMA), saphenous vein graft (SVG) and radial artery (RA), most confounders affecting comparison between conduits can be mitigated. Additionally, since SVG progressively fails over time, restricting patient angiography to the late period only can mitigate against early SVG patency that may have occluded in the late period. Methods Research protocol driven conventional angiography was performed for patients with at least one of each conduit of IMA, RA and SVG and a minimum of 7 years postoperative. The primary analysis was perfect patency and secondary analysis was overall patency including angiographic evidence of conduit lumen irregularity from conduit atheroma. Multivariable generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used. Patency excluded occluded or “string sign” conduits. Perfect patency was present in patent grafts if there was no lumen irregularity. Results Fifty patients underwent coronary angiography at overall duration postoperative 13.1 ± 2.9, and age 74.3 ± 7.0 years. Of 196 anastomoses, IMA 62, RA 77 and SVG 57. Most IMA were to the left anterior descending territory and most RA and SVG were to the circumflex and right coronary territories. Perfect patency RA 92.2% was not different to IMA 96.8%, P = 0.309; and both were significantly better than SVG 17.5%, P < 0.001. Patency RA 93.5% was also not different to IMA 96.8%, P = 0.169, and both arterial conduits were significantly higher than SVG 82.5%, P = 0.029. Grafting according to coronary territory was not significant for perfect patency, P = 0.997 and patency P = 0.289. Coronary stenosis predicted perfect patency for RA only, P = 0.030 and for patency, RA, P = 0.007, and SVG, P = 0.032. When both arterial conduits were combined, perfect patency, P < 0.001, and patency, P = 0.017, were superior to SVG. Conclusions All but one patent internal mammary artery or radial artery grafts had perfect patency and had superior perfect patency and overall patency compared to saphenous vein grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Royse
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, PO Box 2135 RMH, Melbourne, 3050, Australia. .,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, PO Box 2135, Melbourne, Victoria, 3050, Australia.
| | - William Pamment
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, PO Box 2135 RMH, Melbourne, 3050, Australia
| | - Zulfayandi Pawanis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, PO Box 2135 RMH, Melbourne, 3050, Australia.,Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sandy Clarke-Errey
- Statistical Consulting Centre, The University of Melbourne, 139 Barry St, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - David Eccleston
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Ajani
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William Wilson
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Canty
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, PO Box 2135 RMH, Melbourne, 3050, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Colin Royse
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, PO Box 2135 RMH, Melbourne, 3050, Australia.,Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Royse A, Pawanis Z, Canty D, Ou-Young J, Eccleston D, Ajani A, Reid CM, Bellomo R, Royse C. The effect on survival from the use of a saphenous vein graft during coronary bypass surgery: a large cohort study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2019; 54:1093-1100. [PMID: 29893823 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezy213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saphenous vein graft (SVG) remains the predominant conduit used in coronary surgery. The internal mammary artery has higher later term patency and confers superior survival. Current debate focuses on the increased use of arterial conduits rather than eradication of venous conduits. METHODS Patient data extracted from the Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons database from 2001-2013 were linked to the national death registry held by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare for all-cause mortality with censor date 7 October 2014. The dataset was divided according to use of SVG rather than the arterial conduit. Analyses of SVG ≥ 1 or SVG = 1 were compared to SVG = 0. Additionally, groups of 3, 4 or 5 grafts were subjected to multiple analyses testing the mortality hazard with increasing use of SVG. Propensity score matched analyses were conducted using 24 variables. RESULTS Of 51 113 primary coronary surgery patients, unmatched survival at up to 12.5 years was significantly lower for SVG ≥ 1, n = 33 359, mortality hazard ratio (HR) 1.24 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-1.30], P < 0.001; and for SVG = 1, mortality HR 1.19 (95% CI 1.12-1.26), P < 0.001. Similar results were present for the propensity score matched groups; SVG ≥ 1, n = 14 355 pairs, HR 1.22 (95% CI 1.15-1.30), P < 0.001; and for SVG = 1, n = 12 316 pairs, HR 1.22 (95% CI 1.14-1.30), P < 0.001. All matched analyses within restricted graft groups had increasing HR with increased number of SVG used. CONCLUSIONS Any use of SVGs is independently associated with reduced survival after coronary artery bypass surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Royse
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Cardiothoracic surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zulfayandi Pawanis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Airlangga Health Science Institute, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - David Canty
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Cardiothoracic surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jared Ou-Young
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Eccleston
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Ajani
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher M Reid
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Medicine, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rinaldo Bellomo
- Department of Intensive Care, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Intensive Care, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Intensive Care, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colin Royse
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tatoulis J. The radial artery in coronary surgery, 2018. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 34:234-244. [PMID: 33060944 DOI: 10.1007/s12055-018-0694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now 25 years since the radial artery (RA) was reintroduced in coronary surgery. It has evolved into being a significant coronary artery bypass conduit and ranks third in usage after the internal thoracic artery (ITA) and saphenous vein grafts (SVG). Its advantages are that it can be readily and efficiently harvested, is of good length and appropriate size for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, is robust and easy to handle, and remains free of atheroma, and there is minimal wound morbidity. The RA must be used judiciously with attention to spasm prophylaxis because of its muscular wall, and by avoiding competitive flow. Its patency is equivalent to the ITAs when placed to similar coronary territories and under similar conditions (stenosis, size, quality) and RA patencies are always superior to those of SVG in both observational and randomized studies-88-90% versus 50-60% at 10 years, and 80-87% versus 25-40% at 20 years. Its use and excellent patencies result in survival results equivalent to bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) grafting and always superior to left internal thoracic artery (LITA) +SVG. Typical radial artery multiarterial bypass grafting (RA-MABG) 10-year survivals are 80-90% versus 70-80% for LITA-SVG. In general, for every 100 patients undergoing CABG, 10 more patients will be alive at 10 years post-operatively. The RA also is important in achieving total arterial revascularization, and several reports indicate a further survival advantage for patients having three arterial grafts over two. The RAs are especially useful in diabetic, morbidly obese patients, those with conduit shortage, and leg pathology, and in coronary reoperations. Although the RA has equivalent patencies to the right internal thoracic artery (RITA), it is much more versatile. RAs that have been instrumented by angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention should be avoided. The radial artery has proved to be an excellent arterial conduit, is equivalent to but more versatile than the RITA, and is always superior to SVG. Its use should be part of every coronary surgeon's skill set.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Tatoulis
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tatoulis J, Schwann TA. Long term outcomes of radial artery grafting in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018; 7:636-643. [PMID: 30505748 DOI: 10.21037/acs.2018.05.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Single arterial left internal thoracic artery (LITA) based coronary artery bypass surgery (LITA-SABG) has been the principal revascularization strategy for over 25 years across all patient demographics. In line with the current emphasis being placed on personalized medicine, which tailors individual, patient-specific therapy to optimize outcomes, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) techniques have also evolved to achieve enhanced results among specific groups of patients with coronary artery disease. Most notable has been the development of multi-arterial bypass grafting (MABG) techniques, using either the radial artery (RA) or the right internal thoracic artery (RITA) in conjunction with the LITA, as both techniques have been shown to enhance long term survival of CABG patients. This article reviews the latest data on the long-term outcomes of RA-MABG and considers its impact in various sub-cohorts of CABG that are increasingly being treated by cardiac surgeons. The primary aim of this review is to highlight the advantages of RA-MABG over LITA-SABG and thereby potentiate its adoption into clinical practice. Our secondary aim is to summarize the results of RA-MABG in specific CABG sub-cohorts, to more closely align CABG surgery with the emerging consensus that personalized medicine enhances healthcare value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Tatoulis
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas A Schwann
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tam DY, Deb S, Nguyen B, Ko DT, Karkhanis R, Moussa F, Fremes J, Cohen EA, Radhakrishnan S, Fremes SE. The radial artery is protective in women and men following coronary artery bypass grafting-a substudy of the radial artery patency study. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2018; 7:492-499. [PMID: 30094213 DOI: 10.21037/acs.2018.05.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies have demonstrated that female sex is an adverse risk factor in CABG. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the radial artery (RA) was associated with reduced angiographic occlusion compared to the saphenous vein graft (SVG) stratified by sex in the multi-centered Radial Artery Patency Study (NCT00187356). Methods Between 1996-2001, 529 patients less than 80 years, with graftable triple-vessel disease underwent isolated CABG across 11 centers with late angiographic and clinical follow-up. The primary objective was to compare complete occlusion of RA and SVG with respect to sex. The secondary objective was to determine cumulative patency of both grafts along with predictors of late graft occlusion stratified by sex. The additional objective was to compare major adverse cardiac events (MACE, defined as cardiac mortality, myocardial infarction or re-intervention) between women and men. Results Of the 529 enrolled patients (13.4% women), 269 (women: n=41, 15.2%) underwent late angiography at a mean of 7.7±1.5 years after CABG. Women were older (64.1±6.7 versus 59.1±8.0 years, P<0.01) with a higher rate of diabetes (43.9% versus 28.5%, P=0.05). Smoking history was less common (48.8% versus 75.4%, P<0.01) while the mean number of grafts per patient were similar (women: 3.8±0.7, men: 3.8±0.6, P=0.65). RA occlusions were lower than SVG in women (RA: 9.8%, SVG: 26.8%, P=0.05) and in men (RA: 8.8%, SVG: 17.1%, P=0.01). The rate of RA and SVG occlusion was not statistically different between women and men, and cumulative patency curves were also similar between sexes for the RA and study SVG. Multivariable modeling showed that having a RA (versus SVG) was protective in women [odds ratio (OR) 0.15, P=0.04] and men: (OR 0.49, P=0.02). MACE (P=0.15) and event-free cardiac survival (log-rank P=0.14) were similar between women and men. Conclusions Radial arteries are protective in both women and men with comparable burden of coronary disease and revascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Y Tam
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Schulich Heart Centre, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Saswata Deb
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Schulich Heart Centre, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bao Nguyen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Schulich Heart Centre, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dennis T Ko
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Reena Karkhanis
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Schulich Heart Centre, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fuad Moussa
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Schulich Heart Centre, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jaclyn Fremes
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Schulich Heart Centre, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric A Cohen
- Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sam Radhakrishnan
- Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen E Fremes
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Schulich Heart Centre, Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leonard JR, Abouarab AA, Tam DY, Girardi LN, Gaudino MFL, Fremes SE. The radial artery: Results and technical considerations. J Card Surg 2018; 33:213-218. [DOI: 10.1111/jocs.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Leonard
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Weill Cornell Medicine; New York New York
| | - Ahmed A. Abouarab
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Weill Cornell Medicine; New York New York
| | - Derrick Y. Tam
- Division of Cardiac Surgery; Schulich Heart Centre; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Leonard N. Girardi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Weill Cornell Medicine; New York New York
| | - Mario F. L. Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Weill Cornell Medicine; New York New York
| | - Stephen E. Fremes
- Division of Cardiac Surgery; Schulich Heart Centre; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gaudino M, Tondi P, Benedetto U, Milazzo V, Flore R, Glieca F, Ponziani FR, Luciani N, Girardi LN, Crea F, Massetti M. Radial Artery as a Coronary Artery Bypass Conduit: 20-Year Results. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 68:603-610. [PMID: 27491903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of evidence for the choice of the second conduit in coronary surgery. The radial artery (RA) is a possible option, but few data on very-long-term outcomes exist. OBJECTIVES This study describes 20-year results of RA grafts used for coronary artery bypass grafting and the effects of RA removal on forearm circulation. METHODS We report the results of the prospective 20-year follow-up of the first 100 consecutive patients who received the RA as a coronary bypass conduit at our institution. RESULTS Follow-up was 100% complete. There were 64 deaths, 23 (35.9%) from cardiovascular causes. Kaplan-Meier 20-year survival was 31%. Of the 36 survivors, 33 (91.6%) underwent RA graft control at a mean of 19.0 ± 2.5 years after surgery. The RA was found to be patent in 24 cases (84.8% patency). In the overall population, probability of graft failure at 20 years was 19.0 ± 0.2% for the left internal thoracic artery (ITA), 25.0 ± 0.2% for the RA, and 55.0 ± 0.2% for the saphenous vein (p = 0.002 for RA vs. saphenous vein, 0.11 for RA vs. ITA, and p < 0.001 for ITA vs. saphenous vein). Target vessel stenosis >90%, but not location of distal anastomosis, significantly influenced long-term RA graft patency. No patients reported hand or forearm symptoms. The ulnar artery diameter was increased in the operated arm (2.44 ± 0.43 mm vs. 2.01 ± 0.47 mm; p < 0.05) and correlated with the peak systolic velocity of the second palmar digital artery (Pearson coefficient: 0.621; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The 20-year patency rate of RA grafts is good, and not inferior to the ITA, especially when the conduit is used to graft a vessel with >90% stenosis. RA harvesting does not lead to hand or forearm symptoms, even at a very-long-term follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
| | - Paolo Tondi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Benedetto
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Milazzo
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Flore
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Glieca
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Luciani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonard N Girardi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Massimo Massetti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kolh P, Kurlansky P, Cremer J, Lawton J, Siepe M, Fremes S. Transatlantic Editorial: A Comparison Between European and North American Guidelines on Myocardial Revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101:2031-44. [PMID: 27139371 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Kolh
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Hospital (CHU, ULg) of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Paul Kurlansky
- Center for Innovation and Outcomes Research, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jochen Cremer
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jennifer Lawton
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthias Siepe
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Centre Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | - Stephen Fremes
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kolh P, Kurlansky P, Cremer J, Lawton J, Siepe M, Fremes S. Transatlantic editorial: A comparison between European and North American guidelines on myocardial revascularization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 152:304-16. [PMID: 27158134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Kolh
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Hospital (CHU, ULg) of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Paul Kurlansky
- Center for Innovation and Outcomes Research, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jochen Cremer
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jennifer Lawton
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Matthias Siepe
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Centre Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | - Stephen Fremes
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kolh P, Kurlansky P, Cremer J, Lawton J, Siepe M, Fremes S. Transatlantic Editorial: a comparison between European and North American guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 49:1307-17. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
19
|
Aldea GS, Bakaeen FG, Pal J, Fremes S, Head SJ, Sabik J, Rosengart T, Kappetein AP, Thourani VH, Firestone S, Mitchell JD. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines on Arterial Conduits for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 2015; 101:801-9. [PMID: 26680310 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Internal thoracic arteries (ITAs) should be used to bypass the left anterior descending (LAD) artery when bypass of the LAD is indicated (class of recommendation [COR] I, level of evidence [LOE] B). As an adjunct to left internal thoracic artery (LITA), a second arterial graft (right ITA or radial artery [RA]) should be considered in appropriate patients (COR IIa, LOE B). Use of bilateral ITAs (BITAs) should be considered in patients who do not have an excessive risk of sternal complications (COR IIa, LOE B). To reduce the risk of sternal infection with BITA, skeletonized grafts should be considered (COR IIa, LOE B), smoking cessation is recommended (COR I, LOE C), glycemic control should be considered (COR IIa, LOE B), and enhanced sternal stabilization may be considered (COR IIb, LOE C). As an adjunct to LITA to LAD (or in patients with inadequate LITA grafts), use of a RA graft is reasonable when grafting coronary targets with severe stenoses (COR IIa, LOE: B). When RA grafts are used, it is reasonable to use pharmacologic agents to reduce acute intraoperative and perioperative spasm (COR IIa, LOE C). The right gastroepiploic artery may be considered in patients with poor conduit options or as an adjunct to more complete arterial revascularization (COR IIb, LOE B). Use of arterial grafts (specific targets, number, and type) should be a part of the discussion of the heart team in determining the optimal approach for each patient (COR I, LOE C).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Aldea
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Faisal G Bakaeen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Jay Pal
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen Fremes
- Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, and Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart J Head
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joseph Sabik
- Center of Heart Valve Disease, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Todd Rosengart
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - A Pieter Kappetein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vinod H Thourani
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - John D Mitchell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Petrovic I, Nezic D, Peric M, Milojevic P, Djokic O, Kosevic D, Tasic N, Djukanovic B, Otasevic P. Radial artery vs saphenous vein graft used as the second conduit for surgical myocardial revascularization: long-term clinical follow-up. J Cardiothorac Surg 2015; 10:127. [PMID: 26466996 PMCID: PMC4606847 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-015-0331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is ongoing debate regarding the efficacy of the radial artery (RA) as an aortocoronary conduit, with few solid data regarding long-term clinical results. We sought to determine if the use of the RA as the second arterial conduit, beside left internal thoracic artery (LITA), would improve long-term clinical outcome after CABG as compared to saphenous vein graft (SVG). Methods Between March 2001 and November 2003, 200 patients underwent isolated CABG and were randomized in 1:1 fashion to receive either LITA and RA grafts or LITA and SVGs. The primary end point was composite of cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction and need for repeat myocardial revascularization (either surgical or percutaneous). Results There was no significant difference in absolute survival, with 12 deaths in each group during the study period (log rank = 0.01, p = 0.979). There were 3 and 2 cardiac deaths in RA and SVG groups, respectively. There was no difference in long-term clinical outcome between the groups (log rank = 0.450, p = 0.509). Eleven patients in RA group had one or more non-fatal events; 7 patients suffered a myocardial infarction, 9 patients underwent percutaneous coronary angioplasty, and 1 patient required redo coronary surgery. Likewise, 13 patients in SVG group had non-fatal event; 7 patients had myocardial infarction, 13 patients had percutaneous coronary intervention and 3 patients required redo coronary surgery. Angiograms were performed in 23 patients in RA group (patency rate 92 %) and 24 in SVG group (patency rate 86 %) (p = 0.67). Conclusion In this small randomised study our data indicate that there is no difference in the 8 year clinical outcomes in relatively young patients between those having a RA or a saphenous vein graft used as a second conduit, beside LITA, for surgical myocardial revascularisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Petrovic
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute and Belgrade University School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dusko Nezic
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute and Belgrade University School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Miodrag Peric
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute and Belgrade University School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Predrag Milojevic
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute and Belgrade University School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Olivera Djokic
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute and Belgrade University School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dragana Kosevic
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute and Belgrade University School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nebojsa Tasic
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute and Belgrade University School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Bosko Djukanovic
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute and Belgrade University School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Petar Otasevic
- Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute and Belgrade University School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Johansson B, Samano N, Souza D, Bodin L, Filbey D, Mannion JD, Bojö L. The no-touch vein graft for coronary artery bypass surgery preserves the left ventricular ejection fraction at 16 years postoperatively: long-term data from a longitudinal randomised trial. Open Heart 2015; 2:e000204. [PMID: 25852948 PMCID: PMC4379882 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2014-000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the left ventricular heart function and the clinical outcome 16 years after coronary artery bypass surgery. Design In a randomised trial, the no-touch (NT) vein graft in coronary artery bypass surgery has shown a superior patency rate, a slower progression of atherosclerosis and better clinical outcome compared to the conventional (C) vein graft at 8.5 years. All patients at mean time 16 years were offered an echocardiographic and clinical examination. Results In the NT-group 34 patients and in the C-group 31 patients underwent an echocardiography examination. A significantly better left ventricle ejection fraction was seen in the NT-group compared to the C-group (57.9% vs 49.4%; p=0.011). The size of the left atrium in NT was 21.7 cm2 compared to 23.9 cm2 in C; p=0.034. No patient in NT had atrial fibrillation compared to five patients in C (p=0.021). Patients with a brain natriuretic peptide value (BNP) ≥150 was 30% in NT compared to 38% in C. Total mortality was 25% in NT vs 27% in C. Cardiac-related deaths were 8% and 12% in NT and C respectively. Conclusions The NT vein graft preserves the left ventricular ejection fraction after 16 years. A smaller left atrium, a lower BNP and no atrial fibrillation indicates an improved diastolic left ventricular function in the NT-group. Trial registration The study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01686100) and The Research and Development registry in Sweden (no. 102841).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benny Johansson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Ninos Samano
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Domingos Souza
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Lennart Bodin
- Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Derek Filbey
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - John D Mannion
- Department of Surgery , Bayhealth Medical Center , Dover, Delaware , USA
| | - Leif Bojö
- Department of Clinical Physiology , Central Hospital , Karlstad , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gaudino M, Crea F, Cammertoni F, Massetti M. The radial artery: a forgotten conduit. Ann Thorac Surg 2015; 99:1479-85. [PMID: 25725926 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed the published literature on the clinical and angiographic outcome of radial artery (RA) grafts and on the comparison between the RA and the other conduits used in coronary operations. The RA is a better graft than the saphenous vein and comparable to the right internal thoracic artery (RITA); moreover, the RA seems a better choice than the RITA in patients at risk of sternal or pulmonary complications. We conclude that the RA should be preferred to the saphenous vein and considered at least equivalent to the RITA as the second conduit during every elective coronary artery bypass procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Massetti
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gaudino M, Leone A, Lupascu A, Toesca A, Mazza A, Ponziani FR, Flore R, Tondi P, Massetti M. Morphological and functional consequences of transradial coronary angiography on the radial artery: implications for its use as a bypass conduit. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 48:370-4. [PMID: 25475945 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the degree of damage to the radial artery (RA) in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients who underwent preoperative transradial coronary angiography (RA-CA). METHODS From May 2012 to October 2013, 50 consecutive CABG patients who underwent RA-CA were prospectively enrolled in the study. All patients underwent echo-Doppler evaluation of the RA of the catheterized arm; the contralateral RA was used as control. The distal segment of the RA was submitted to immunohistochemical assessment of endothelial integrity. Patients were divided in three groups according to the time interval from angiography to evaluation: ≤24 h, >24 h to <7 days and ≥7 days. RESULTS Baseline RA median diameters were 0.25 ± 0.04 cm in the cannulated arm and 0.22 ± 0.04 cm in the non-cannulated arm (P = 0.01). The flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in the RA in the catheterized arm and in the control arm were 11.6 ± 7.9 and 14.2 ± 8.9 (P = 0.01), respectively. A statistically significant correlation was found between FMD of the catheterized RA and the time from RA-CA (Pearson's r = 0.348). Linear regression analysis confirmed that the FMD of the catheterized RA was dependent on days elapsed from the procedure (P = 0.032; OR 1.11, CI 0.009-0.203). Immunohistochemical evaluation showed extensive endothelial lesion in all examined RAs, with a trend towards reduction of the damage with time. Endothelial function and integrity of the cannulated arm did not reach those of the control arm in any of the study patients. CONCLUSIONS RA-CA produces extensive damage to the RA. The lesions tend to heal with time but incomplete recovery of endothelial integrity and function is still present more than 30 days after the procedure. After RA-CA, the cannulated RA should not be used for CABG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leone
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lupascu
- Department of Angiology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Toesca
- Department of Human Anatomy, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazza
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Flore
- Department of Angiology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Tondi
- Department of Angiology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Massetti
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Morpho-Functional Features of the Radial Artery: Implications for Use as a Coronary Bypass Conduit. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98:1875-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
25
|
Carranza CL, Ballegaard M, Werner MU, Hasbak P, Kjær A, Kofoed KF, Lindschou J, Jakobsen JC, Gluud C, Olsen PS, Steinbrüchel DA. Endoscopic versus open radial artery harvest and mammario-radial versus aorto-radial grafting in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: protocol for the 2 × 2 factorial designed randomised NEO trial. Trials 2014; 15:135. [PMID: 24754891 PMCID: PMC4033613 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary artery bypass grafting using the radial artery has, since the 1990s, gone through a revival. Observational studies have indicated better long-term patency when using radial arteries. Therefore, radial artery might be preferred especially in younger patients where long time patency is important. During the last 10 years different endoscopic techniques to harvest the radial artery have evolved. Endoscopic radial artery harvest only requires a small incision near the wrist in contrast to open harvest, which requires an incision from the elbow to the wrist. However, it is unknown whether the endoscopic technique results in fewer complications or a graft patency comparable to open harvest. When the radial artery has been harvested, there are two ways to use the radial artery as a graft. One way is sewing it onto the aorta and another is sewing it onto the mammary artery. It is unknown which technique is the superior revascularisation technique. Methods/Design The NEO Trial is a randomised clinical trial with a 2 × 2 factorial design. We plan to randomise 300 participants into four intervention groups: (1) mammario-radial endoscopic group; (2) aorto-radial endoscopic group; (3) mammario-radial open surgery group; and (4) aorto-radial open surgery group. The hand function will be assessed by a questionnaire, a clinical examination, the change in cutaneous sensibility, and the measurement of both sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity at 3 months postoperatively. All the postoperative complications will be registered, and we will evaluate muscular function, scar appearance, vascular supply to the hand, and the graft patency including the patency of the central radial artery anastomosis. A patency evaluation by multi-slice computer tomography will be done at one year postoperatively. We expect the nerve conduction studies and the standardised neurological examinations to be able to discriminate differences in hand function comparing endoscopic to open harvest of the radial artery. The trial also aims to show if there is any patency difference between mammario-radial compared to aorto-radial revascularisation techniques but this objective is exploratory. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01848886. Danish Ethics committee number: H-3-2012-116. Danish Data Protection Agency: 2007-58-0015/jr.n:30–0838.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Carranza
- Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Head SJ, Börgermann J, Osnabrugge RLJ, Kieser TM, Falk V, Taggart DP, Puskas JD, Gummert JF, Kappetein AP. Coronary artery bypass grafting: Part 2--optimizing outcomes and future prospects. Eur Heart J 2014; 34:2873-86. [PMID: 24086086 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since first introduced in the mid-1960s, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has become the standard of care for patients with coronary artery disease. Surprisingly, the fundamental surgical technique itself did not change much over time. Nevertheless, outcomes after CABG have dramatically improved over the first 50 years. Randomized trials comparing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to CABG have shown converging outcomes for select patient populations, providing more evidence for wider use of PCI. It is increasingly important to focus on the optimization of the short- and long-term outcomes of CABG and to reduce the level of invasiveness of this procedure. This review provides an overview on how new techniques and widespread consideration of evolving strategies have the potential to optimize outcomes after CABG. Such developments include off-pump CABG, clampless/anaortic CABG, minimally invasive CABG with or without extending to hybrid procedures, arterial revascularization, endoscopic vein harvesting, intraprocedural epiaortic scanning, graft flow assessment, and improved secondary prevention measures. In addition, this review represents a framework for future studies by summarizing the areas that need more rigorous clinical (randomized) evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Head
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu HB, Hu R, Wang ZW, Hu ZP, Li LC, Wu ZY, Xu P, Deng HP. Endoscopic radial artery harvesting does not compromise graft patency for coronary artery bypass graft: a meta analysis of 2782 patients. Heart Lung Circ 2014; 23:1084-90. [PMID: 24796680 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic radial artery harvesting is a favourable harvesting technique which provides excellent cosmetic result and low incidence of incision related complications, however the impact of this technique on graft quality is less well-explained. We sought to evaluate the impact of harvesting technique on graft patency and relevant clinical outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). METHOD A systematic literature search was conducted to identify publications containing comparisons between different sampling skills in CABG, data was extracted and analysed with Revman, Downs and Black score was applied to evaluate the methodological quality of included studies. RESULT Ten studies containing 2782 patients were undertaken, the quality was generally acceptable. Pooled analysis results indicate endoscopic radial artery harvesting was associated with a lower incidence of wound infection and a similar incidence of haematoma formation compared with open harvesting. The difference in graft patency and all-cause mortality was insignificant between two cohorts. CONCLUSION Endoscopic radial artery harvesting is a safe technique and provides equivalent graft patency as compared with open harvesting, further investigation is required to confirm the aforementioned conclusion and evaluate the impact of harvesting technique on hand sensory and motor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bing Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhi Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Zhi Peng Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Luo Cheng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhi Yong Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hong Ping Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Parissis H, Ramesh BC, Al-Alao B. Which is the best graft for the right coronary artery? Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2014; 23:100-13. [PMID: 24585306 DOI: 10.1177/0218492314523766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral internal mammary arteries directed to the left coronaries are gaining popularity; an increasing level of evidence nowadays supports this surgical strategy. On the other hand, composite right internal mammary artery, radial artery, and gastroepiploic artery targeting high-grade stenotic lesions in the right coronary artery system may confer improved mid- and long-term patency compared to long saphenous veins. This analysis looks into the evidence comparing data of the third best available conduit for grafting the right coronary artery, and by extrapolating this report, compares total arterial revascularization vs. conventional coronary artery bypass grafting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bassel Al-Alao
- Cardiothoracic Department, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Arterial coronary grafts can be used in the majority of patients and have better patencies than saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), resulting in excellent perioperative and superior long-term outcomes. Barriers to their extensive use include potential for trauma and spasm, extra-operating time, unfamiliarity, concerns over hypoperfusion and deep sternal wound infection in patients in whom bilateral internal thoracic arteries are used-especially diabetics. This presentation addresses these concerns with particular attention to the radial artery, and skeletonized right internal thoracic artery harvest and construction of the proximal anastomoses of these grafts to the ascending thoracic aorta. The facile handling of these grafts and techniques identical to SVG grafting are emphasized. Avoidance of competitive flow and the importance of spasm prophylaxis cannot be overstated. Arterial grafts have patencies >90% at 10 years (SVG 50-60% at 10 years) and once functioning normally, remain free of atheroma. Long-term results are excellent, especially freedom from recurrent cardiac events and reoperations, even in patients with significant preoperative comorbidities such as diabetes and renal dysfunction. Depending on age, long-term survival is between 85 and 90% at 10 years and 75 and 80% at 15 years, and is always better than for one arterial graft plus SVG in all long-term risk-adjusted or propensity-matched studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Tatoulis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Achouh P, Acar C. Twenty-year fate of the radial artery graft. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 2:481-4. [PMID: 23977626 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2225-319x.2013.07.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that radial arteries (RA) are not the primary choice as coronary artery grafts. In this Research Highlight, we discuss the follow-up results of 629 radial artery grafts performed over 20 years. Focal stenosis occurred in 3% of RAs, while string signs were observed in 0.9%. Overall graft patency was 83%, but indication for angiographic assessment was driven by symptomatic presentation. Graft patency decreased exponentially during the first postoperative year, but patency rate declined at a linear rate with low attrition afterwards, suggesting a lack of radial graft disease. These results indicate relatively stable radial artery patency rates for up to 20 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Achouh
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hôpital Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tatoulis J. Total arterial coronary revascularization-patient selection, stenoses, conduits, targets. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 2:499-506. [PMID: 23977629 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2225-319x.2013.07.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Graft patency determines prognosis in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Numerous reports over the past 20 years have documented superior patencies and prognosis when multiple arterial grafts are used, yet less than 10% of CABG have multiple arterial grafts. Several conduits have been proposed, with varying degrees of success. Saphenous vein grafts (SVG) begin to fail with intimal hypertrophy and then atheroma after 5 years, with patency rates of 50% to 60% at 10 years, and <30% at 15 years. In contrast, left internal thoracic artery (LITA) patency is >95% at 10 years and >90% at 20 years. The radial artery is extremely versatile and can reach all territories, but is muscular and vulnerable to spasm and competitive flow. Similarly, the right gastroepiploic artery is also muscular, and is best suited to the posterior descending coronary artery, especially in reoperations and is also affected by competitive flow. In addition, bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting (BITA) grafts and total arterial revascularization (TACR) can be performed with identical perioperative mortality (1%) and perioperative morbidity to LITA + SVG. Importantly, survival is superior-85% to 90% at 10 years versus 75% to 80% respectively. BITA/TACR patients also suffer fewer late cardiac events and reoperations, with superior results for older patients, those requiring urgent surgery, diabetics, patients with renal dysfunction and in reoperations. Contraindications to BITA include obesity, insulin dependent diabetics, and severe chronic obstructive airways disease. As such, arterial grafts have better patencies and clinical results. BITA/TACR is often underutilized, but can be achieved in the majority of patients. Opportunities exist to enhance BITA/TACR use in CABG to the potential benefit of our patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Tatoulis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; ; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lin J, Cheng W, Czer LS, De Robertis MA, Mirocha J, Ruzza A, Kass RM, Khoynezhad A, Ramzy D, Esmailian F, Trento A. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery using the radial artery as a secondary conduit improves patient survival. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000266. [PMID: 23969224 PMCID: PMC3828817 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical benefits of the left internal thoracic artery-to-left anterior descending coronary artery graft are well established in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). However, limited data are available regarding the long-term outcome of the radial artery (RA) as a secondary conduit over the established standard of the saphenous venous graft. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared the 12-year survival outcome in a set of propensity-matched CABG patients who received either the RA or the saphenous vein as a secondary conduit. A multivariable logistic regression that included 18 baseline characteristics was used to define the propensity of receiving an RA graft. The propensity model resulted in 260 matched pairs who underwent first-time isolated CABG from 1996 to 2001 with similar preoperative characteristics (C statistic=0.86). The cumulative 12-year survival estimated by use of the Kaplan-Meier method was higher for the RA graft patients (hazard ratio 0.76; P=0.03). This survival advantage was especially significant in diabetics (P=0.005), in women (P=0.02), and in the elderly (P=0.04.) The protective effect appeared beginning at year 5 post surgical intervention. CONCLUSION The RA as a secondary conduit provided superior long-term survival after CABG, especially in diabetic patients, women, and the elderly. This effect was most pronounced >5 years after surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Lin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cedars Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Barner HB. Conduits for Coronary Bypass: Arteries Other Than the Internal Thoracic Artery's. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2013; 46:165-77. [PMID: 23772403 PMCID: PMC3680601 DOI: 10.5090/kjtcs.2013.46.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This is the third in a series on coronary artery bypass which reviews three alternative arterial conduits. The radial artery has become the most widely used of the three and accumulating experience demonstrates better patency at 10 years versus saphenous vein. Drawbacks are a long incision on the forearm, the propensity for spasm and persistent sensory disturbance in about 10%. The first is answered by endoscopic harvest which may yield a shorter conduit but reduces sensory nerve injury. Spasm is managed pharmacologically and by less harvest trauma. The gastroepiploic artery is used in situ and free and although the abdominal cavity is entered complications are minimal and patency compares favorably with the radial artery. Use of the inferior epigastric artery remains minimal and its similar length often requires composite use but limited patency data are supportive. Other arteries have had rare use and this is unlikely to change because the three presented here have significant advantages and acceptance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrick B Barner
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St. Louis University Hospital, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schwann TA, Al-Shaar L, Engoren M, Habib RH. Late effects of radial artery vs saphenous vein grafting for multivessel coronary bypass surgery in diabetics: a propensity-matched analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 44:701-10. [PMID: 23428573 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the use of the radial artery (RA) vs the saphenous vein (SV) as the second grafting conduit with the internal thoracic artery (ITA) confers a late-survival advantage in diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS We reviewed our 1996-2007 DM coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) experience. Study patients (N = 2281) included all primary, non-salvage multigraft CABG discharged alive and receiving ≥1 ITA graft. Bilateral ITA, ITA-only grafts or concomitant valve/aortic surgery patients were excluded. A non-parsimonious, RA use propensity model (42 variables) was derived excluding five factors [gender, vessel disease, insulin, renal failure and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction] that were always strictly matched for all pairs. Greedy matching resulted in well-matched ITA/RA and ITA/SV cohorts (N = 578 each). The late follow-up was truncated at 16 years, and survival comparisons were done by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS RA grafting was used in 933 (41%) DM patients and was more frequent for non-insulin (513/1348; 49.1%) compared with insulin (271/784; 34.6%) dependent patients. Relatively fewer insulin ITA/RA (169; 62%) could be matched vs non-insulin (469; 71%). Late survival was significantly better for ITA/RA overall [hazard ratio, HR (95% confidence interval) = 0.78 (0.65-0.95); P = 0.012], but this was primarily due to the non-insulin sub-cohort [HR = 0.72 (0.56-0.91); P = 0.007] as opposed to no effect for insulin [HR = 0.92 (0.68-1.26); P = 0.61]. Sub-cohort analysis revealed a significant ITA/RA survival advantage in males, preserved LV function and three-vessel disease. No sub-cohorts were associated with superior ITA/SV survival. CONCLUSION Our analysis indicated that RA grafting confers a significant late-survival advantage and, thus, supports its liberal use in DM patients undergoing multivessel CABG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Schwann
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo, College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hoffman DM, Dimitrova KR, Decastro H, Friedmann P, Geller CM, Ko W, Tranbaugh RF. Improving long term outcome for diabetic patients undergoing surgical revascularization by use of the radial artery conduit: a propensity matched study. J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 8:27. [PMID: 23421972 PMCID: PMC3598974 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-8-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes predicts worse outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) We hypothesized that a strategy using radial artery (RA) conduit(s) would improve outcomes and long term survival for diabetic patients undergoing CABG with Left Internal Thoracic Artery (LITA) and RA grafts, with or without additional saphenous vein (SV) when compared with outcomes for patients bypassed with LITA and SV but no RA. Methods A propensity matched study of long term survival in diabetic patients who had isolated first time CABG from January 1995 to June 2010 at an urban academic medical center in New York City. Our primary endpoint was all cause mortality determined from the Social Security Death Index in December 2010. Results We compared our 15 year outcomes in diabetic patients after isolated, primary CABG: 642 patients received LITA + RA +/− SV (RA group) vs. 1201 patients who had LITA + SV only (SV group). Propensity scoring for multiple preoperative and operative variables matched 409 patients from each group: 68% were male with an average age of 61 years and ejection fraction averaged 47%. Average grafts per patient was 3.7 for both groups with 2.3 arterial grafts per patient for the RA group. Operative (30 day) mortality was 0.1% RA vs. 1.9% SV, (p<0.0001) For propensity matched patients, mortality was 0.25 RA vs 0.5% SV. (p<0.001) The incidence of major complications was similar in both groups. Kaplan Meier actuarial survival at 1, 5, 10 and 12 years was 98%, 89%, 77 and 70% for RA vs. 96%, 87%, 64% and 59% for SV (p<0.006.) By Cox multivariate analysis significant predictors of mortality were: age, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, COPD, creatinine > 2.5mg/dl and low ejection fraction but only RA use predicted better survival [HR 0.683, CI 0.507- 0.920, p=0.0122]. Conclusion For diabetic patients having CABG with LITA, use of radial artery conduit adds a substantial and sustained survival advantage compared to LITA and vein. Optimal revascularization for diabetics with multi vessel disease is redefined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darryl M Hoffman
- Division of Cardiac Surgery and Office of Grants and Research Administration, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Barner HB, Bailey M, Guthrie TJ, Pasque MK, Moon MR, Damiano RJ, Lawton JS. Radial Artery Free and T Graft Patency as Coronary Artery Bypass Conduit Over a 15-Year Period. Circulation 2012; 126:S140-4. [PMID: 22965974 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.081497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrick B Barner
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, St Louis University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dashwood MR, Tsui JC. 'No-touch' saphenous vein harvesting improves graft performance in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: a journey from bedside to bench. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 58:240-50. [PMID: 22967905 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The saphenous vein is the most commonly used conduit in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery yet its patency is inferior to the internal thoracic artery. Vascular damage inflicted to the vein when using conventional harvesting techniques affects its structure. Endothelial denudation is associated with early vein graft failure while damage of the outermost vessel layers has adverse long-term effects on graft performance. While many in vitro and in vivo experimental studies aimed at improving vein graft patency have been performed to date no significant 'bench to bedside' advances have been made. Among experimental strategies employed is the use of pharmacological agents, gene targeting and external stents. A 'no-touch' technique, where the saphenous vein is removed with minimal trauma and normal architecture preserved, produces a superior graft with long term patency comparable to the internal thoracic artery. Interestingly, many experimental studies are aimed at repairing or replacing those regions of the saphenous vein damaged when harvesting conventionally. 'No-touch' harvesting is superior in coronary artery bypass patients with long-term data published 5years ago. Here we describe a 'bedside to bench' situation where the mechanisms underlying the improved performance of 'no touch' saphenous vein grafts in patients have been studied in the laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Dashwood
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ito N, Kuwahara G, Sukehiro Y, Teratani H. WITHDRAWN: Endoscopic Radial Artery Harvesting: Long-Term Results and Graft Patency Rate. Ann Thorac Surg 2012:S0003-4975(12)01336-7. [PMID: 22840603 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy. This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Autologous saphenous vein is commonly used as a conduit to bypass atherosclerotic lesions in coronary and femoral arteries. Despite the wide use of arterial conduits, which are less susceptible to complications and failure, as alternative conduits, the saphenous vein will continue to be used in coronary artery bypass grafting until acceptable alternative approaches are evaluated. Hence, preservation of vein graft patency is essential for the long-term success. Gene therapy is attractive in this setting as an ex-vivo technology to genetically manipulate the conduit before grafting. The use of safe and efficient vectors for delivery is a necessity as well as a strategy to improve patency in the long term. Here, we review the current clinical practice, the pathogenesis of bypass graft failure and adenovirus-mediated gene therapy strategies designed to improve late vein graft failure by modulation of smooth muscle cells in the vein wall.
Collapse
|
41
|
Autologous microsurgical breast reconstruction and coronary artery bypass grafting: an anatomical study and clinical implications. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 134:181-98. [PMID: 22270931 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify possible avenues of sparing the internal mammary artery (IMA) for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in women undergoing autologous breast reconstruction with deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flaps. BACKGROUND Optimal autologous reconstruction of the breast and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are often mutually exclusive as they both require utilisation of the IMA as the preferred arterial conduit. Given the prevalence of both breast cancer and coronary artery disease, this is an important issue for women's health as women with DIEP flap reconstructions and women at increased risk of developing coronary artery disease are potentially restricted from receiving this reconstructive option should the other condition arise. METHODS The largest clinical and cadaveric anatomical study (n=315) to date was performed, investigating four solutions to this predicament by correlating the precise requirements of breast reconstruction and CABG against the anatomical features of the in situ IMAs. This information was supplemented by a thorough literature review. RESULTS Minimum lengths of the left and right IMA needed for grafting to the left-anterior descending artery are 160.08 and 177.80 mm, respectively. Based on anatomical findings, the suitable options for anastomosis to each intercostals space are offered. In addition, 87-91% of patients have IMA perforator vessels to which DIEP flaps can be anastomosed in the first- and second-intercostal spaces. CONCLUSION We outline five methods of preserving the IMA for future CABG: (1) lowering the level of DIEP flaps to the fourth- and fifth-intercostals spaces, (2) using the DIEP pedicle as an intermediary for CABG, (3) using IMA perforators to spare the IMA proper, (4) using and end-to-side anastomosis between the DIEP pedicle and IMA and (5) anastomosis of DIEP flaps using retrograde flow from the distal IMA. With careful patient selection, we hypothesize using the IMA for autologous breast reconstruction need not be an absolute contraindication for future CABG.
Collapse
|
42
|
Mestres CA. La cirugía coronaria, el patrón-oro. CIRUGIA CARDIOVASCULAR 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1134-0096(11)70042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
43
|
Barner HB. Radial artery patency. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 41:92-3. [PMID: 21820911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
|