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Munir R, Zahoor AF, Javed S, Parveen B, Mansha A, Irfan A, Khan SG, Irfan A, Kotwica-Mojzych K, Mojzych M. Simmons-Smith Cyclopropanation: A Multifaceted Synthetic Protocol toward the Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5651. [PMID: 37570621 PMCID: PMC10420228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation is a widely used reaction in organic synthesis for stereospecific conversion of alkenes into cyclopropane. The utility of this reaction can be realized by the fact that the cyclopropane motif is a privileged synthetic intermediate and a core structural unit of many biologically active natural compounds such as terpenoids, alkaloids, nucleosides, amino acids, fatty acids, polyketides and drugs. The modified form of Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation involves the employment of Et2Zn and CH2I2 (Furukawa reagent) toward the total synthesis of a variety of structurally complex natural products that possess broad range of biological activities including anticancer, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. This review aims to provide an intriguing glimpse of the Furukawa-modified Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation, within the year range of 2005 to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Munir
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.M.); (B.P.); (A.M.); (S.G.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.M.); (B.P.); (A.M.); (S.G.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Sadia Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Bushra Parveen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.M.); (B.P.); (A.M.); (S.G.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Asim Mansha
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.M.); (B.P.); (A.M.); (S.G.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samreen Gul Khan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.M.); (B.P.); (A.M.); (S.G.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Ali Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.M.); (B.P.); (A.M.); (S.G.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Katarzyna Kotwica-Mojzych
- Laboratory of Experimental Cytology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3-go Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
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Seley-Radtke KL, Yates MK. The evolution of nucleoside analogue antivirals: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part 1: Early structural modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:66-86. [PMID: 29649496 PMCID: PMC6396324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. Rather than providing a simple chronological account, we have examined and attempted to explain the thought processes, advances in synthetic chemistry and lessons learned from antiviral testing that led to a few molecules being moved forward to eventual approval for human therapies, while others were discarded. The present paper focuses on early, relatively simplistic changes made to the nucleoside scaffold, beginning with modifications of the nucleoside sugars of Ara-C and other arabinose-derived nucleoside analogues in the 1960's. A future paper will review more recent developments, focusing especially on more complex modifications, particularly those involving multiple changes to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these articles will help virologists and others outside the field of medicinal chemistry to understand why certain drugs were successfully developed, while the majority of candidate compounds encountered barriers due to low-yielding synthetic routes, toxicity or other problems that led to their abandonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Yates
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Clarkson R, Komsta Z, Mayes BA, Moussa A, Shelbourne M, Stewart A, Tyrrell AJ, Wallis LL, Weymouth-Wilson AC. Synthesis of 2,3-Dideoxy-2-fluoro-2,3-endo-methylene- and 2,3-Dideoxy-2-fluoro-3-C-hydroxymethyl-2,3-endo-methylene-pentofuranoses and Their Use in the Preparation of Conformationally Locked Bicyclic Nucleosides. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2198-215. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502712g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Clarkson
- Dextra, Science
and Technology Centre, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 6BZ, U.K
| | - Zofia Komsta
- Dextra, Science
and Technology Centre, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 6BZ, U.K
| | - Benjamin A. Mayes
- Idenix Pharmaceuticals, 320
Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Adel Moussa
- Idenix Pharmaceuticals, 320
Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Montserrat Shelbourne
- Dextra, Science
and Technology Centre, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 6BZ, U.K
| | - Alistair Stewart
- Idenix Pharmaceuticals, 320
Bent Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Andrew J. Tyrrell
- Dextra, Science
and Technology Centre, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 6BZ, U.K
| | - Laura L. Wallis
- Dextra, Science
and Technology Centre, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 6BZ, U.K
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Pałasz A, Cież D. In search of uracil derivatives as bioactive agents. Uracils and fused uracils: Synthesis, biological activity and applications. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:582-611. [PMID: 25306174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This review article is an effort to summarize recent developments in researches providing uracil derivatives with promising biological potential. This article also aims to discuss potential future directions on the development of more potent and specific uracil analogues for various biological targets. Uracils are considered as privileged structures in drug discovery with a wide array of biological activities and synthetic accessibility. Antiviral and anti-tumour are the two most widely reported activities of uracil analogues however they also possess herbicidal, insecticidal and bactericidal activities. Their antiviral potential is based on the inhibition of key step in viral replication pathway resulting in potent activities against HIV, hepatitis B and C, the herpes viruses etc. Uracil derivatives such as 5-fluorouracil or 5-chlorouracil were the first pharmacological active derivatives to be generated. Poor selectivity limits its therapeutic application, resulting in high incidences of gastrointestinal tract or central nervous toxicity. Numerous modifications of uracil structure have been performed to tackle these problems resulting in the development of derivatives exhibiting better pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties including increased bioactivity, selectivity, metabolic stability, absorption and lower toxicity. Researches of new uracils and fused uracil derivatives as bioactive agents are related with modifications of substituents at N(1), N(3), C(5) and C(6) positions of pyrimidine ring. This review is an endeavour to highlight the progress in the chemistry and biological activity of the uracils, predominately after the year 2000. In particular are presented synthetic methods and biological study for such analogues as: 5-fluorouracil or 5-chlorouracil derivatives, tegafur analogues, arabinopyranonucleosides of uracil, glucopyranonucleosides of uracil, liposidomycins, caprazamycins or tunicamycins, tritylated uridine analogues, nitro or cyano derivatives of uracil, uracil-quinazolinone, uracil-indole or uracil-isatin-conjugates, pyrimidinophanes containing one or two uracil units and nitrogen atoms in bridging polymethylene chains etc. In this review is also discussed synthesis and biological activity of fused uracils having uracil ring annulated with other heterocyclic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Pałasz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3 St, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Cież
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3 St, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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David E, Milanole G, Ivashkin P, Couve-Bonnaire S, Jubault P, Pannecoucke X. Syntheses and Applications of Monofluorinated Cyclopropanes. Chemistry 2012; 18:14904-17. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zemmouri R, Kajjout M, Castanet Y, Eddarir S, Rolando C. Palladium-catalyzed stereoconvergent formylation of (E/Z)-β-bromo-β-fluorostyrenes: straightforward access to (Z)-α-fluorocinnamic aldehydes and (Z)-β-fluorocinnamic alcohols. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7691-8. [PMID: 21812490 DOI: 10.1021/jo200798h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here the stereoconvergent formylation of (E/Z)-β-bromo-β-fluorostyrene mixtures with carbon monoxide and sodium formate catalyzed by palladium. Optimization of reaction conditions leads to the corresponding pure (Z)-α-fluorocinnamaldehydes in good yields. The reaction was extended to styrenes bearing electro-attracting or electro-donating groups. The obtained α-fluoroaldehydes were smoothly reduced to the corresponding (Z)-β-fluorocinnamic alcohol by NaBH(4). The reaction could be performed on functionalized substrates as demonstrated by the access to the glucoside of β-fluoroconiferyl alcohol, (Z)-β-fluoroconiferin, a strong inhibitor of lignin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajae Zemmouri
- USR CNRS 3290, Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse et la Protéomique, Université de Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
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Vega-Pérez JM, Periñán I, Palo-Nieto C, Vega-Holm M, Iglesias-Guerra F. Alkenyl β-d-galactopyranoside derivatives as efficient chiral templates in stereoselective cyclopropanation and epoxidation reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vega-Pérez JM, Periñán I, Iglesias-Guerra F. The use of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-xylofuranose as a chiral auxiliary in asymmetric cyclopropanation reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vega-Pérez JM, Periñán I, Vega M, Iglesias-Guerra F. Stereoselective cyclopropanation of unsaturated acetals, using carbohydrates with d-gluco, l-rhamno and d-xylo configurations as chiral auxiliaries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shen Q, Hong JH. Selective synthesis and application to the synthesis of (E)-fluorovinyl nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 27:213-23. [PMID: 18260007 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701845170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A selective method for synthesizing (E)-fluorovinyl was developed. Novel acyclic (E)-fluorovinyl versions of neplanocin A were designed and selectively synthesized as potential antiviral agents. The condensation of the bromide 7 with the nucleosidic bases (5-FU, C, A, G) and the deprotection afforded the desired acyclic fluorovinyl nucleosides. The synthesized compounds 11, 12, 13, and 16 were evaluated for their antiviral activity. The guanine derivative 16 showed toxicity-dependent anti-HIV-1 activity in MT-4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Shen
- BK-21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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