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Zhao B, Fan S, Fan Z, Wang H, Zhang N, Guo X, Yang D, Wu Q, Yu B, Zhou S. Discovery of Pyruvate Kinase as a Novel Target of New Fungicide Candidate 3-(4-Methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazolyl)-6-trichloromethyl-[1,2,4]-triazolo-[3,4- b][1,3,4]-thiadizole. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12439-12452. [PMID: 30350975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Target identification is an essential basis for novel-pesticide development in new molecular design and lead optimization. 3-(4-Methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazolyl)-6-trichloromethyl[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4- b][1,3,4]thiadizole (YZK-C22) is a novel fungicide candidate with specific antifungal activity. We investigated its mode of action, and our studies indicated that YZK-C22 showed no cross resistance against Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with classic fungicide targets. Mec1 and Rad53 are two kinases that respond to DNA-replication damage, and the efficacy test showed that YZK-C22 could not perform its fungicidal activity by inhibiting DNA repair. Target screening by drug-affinity-responsive target stability (DARTS) showed that pyruvate kinase (PK), a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, was the potent new fungicidal target of YZK-C22. Fifty-eight differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) primarily involved in the metabolic process were identified by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification analysis (iTRAQ) in S. cerevisiae, and protein expression in the citrate cycle decreased with treatment of 5 mg/L YZK-C22, which was consistent with the results of DARTS. Molecular-docking analysis further validated that YZK-C22 could dock into the active center of PK instead of phosphoenolpyruvate. The enzyme activity of PK from S. cerevisiae was competitively inhibited with a Ki of 3.33 ± 0.28 μmol/L, and the cell-growth inhibition of S. cerevisiae was released by supplementation with pyruvic acid, whereas the growth of S. cerevisiae was not recovered by adding PK's substrate (phosphoenolpyruvate) or allosteric regulator (fructose-1,6-bisphosphate). The present studies uncovered and validated the primary target of the new, potent fungicidal candidate YZK-C22; our results provide a successful, valuable, and applicable case of target discovery and identification for novel-fungicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Number 94, Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300071 , PR China
| | - Sijia Fan
- Tianjin No. 1 High School , Number 117, Xian Road , Heping District, Tianjin 300051 , PR China
| | - Zhijin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Number 94, Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300071 , PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Number 94, Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300071 , PR China
| | - Nailou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Number 94, Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300071 , PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Number 94, Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300071 , PR China
| | - Dongyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Number 94, Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300071 , PR China
| | - Qifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Number 94, Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300071 , PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Number 94, Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300071 , PR China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Number 94, Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300071 , PR China
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Lee SW, Oh HM, Rho MC, Song YH. Thienotriazolopyrimidine Derivatives Inhibit STAT3 Activation Induced by IL-6. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.8.2570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhang F, Wen Q, Wang SF, Shahla Karim B, Yang YS, Liu JJ, Zhang WM, Zhu HL. Design, synthesis and antibacterial activities of 5-(pyrazin-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol derivatives containing Schiff base formation as FabH inhibitory. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Whang J, Song YH. Synthesis of Thienotriazolopyrimidine Derivatives Containing Triazolothiadiazole Moiety. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jina Whang
- Department of Chemistry; Mokwon University; Daejeon; 302-729; South Korea
| | - Yang-Heon Song
- Department of Chemistry; Mokwon University; Daejeon; 302-729; South Korea
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Zhang K, Liang X, He M, Wu J, Zhang Y, Xue W, Jin L, Yang S, Hu D. One-pot synthesis of novel chiral β-amino acid derivatives by enantioselective Mannich reactions catalyzed by squaramide cinchona alkaloids. Molecules 2013; 18:6142-52. [PMID: 23702920 PMCID: PMC6270396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18066142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient one-pot synthesis of novel β-amino acid derivatives containing a thiadiazole moiety was developed using a chiral squaramide cinchona alkaloid as organocatalyst. The reactions afforded chiral β-amino acid derivatives in moderate yields and with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities. The present study demonstrated for the first time the use of a Mannich reaction catalyzed by a chiral bifunctional organocatalyst for the one-pot synthesis of novel β-amino acid derivatives bearing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety on nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; E-Mails: (K.Z.); (X.L.); (M.H.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (W.X.); (L.J.); (S.Y.)
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Abstract
A new class of 5,7-dichloro-1,3-benzoxazole derivatives4–11were synthesized by fusing 5,7-dichloro-2-hydrazino-1,3-benzoxazole3nucleus with aliphatic acids, active methylene compounds, and with selected esters to form heterocyclic ring systems like 1,2,4-triazoles, pyrazoles, and triazine moieties. The compound3on diazotization reaction affords the tetrazole compound. The synthesized compounds were characterized by1H NMR, IR, Mass, and13C NMR spectral data and screened for cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antilipase activities. The compounds4,5, and8have shown significant antimicrobial activities, whereas compounds6and8have been emerged as leading cytotoxic agents. The compounds9,10, and11were found to be strong enzyme inhibitors.
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Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of N-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazine carboxamide derivatives of benzothiazole. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yusuf M, Kaur M, Jain P, Solanki I. New 1,3,4-bisthiadiazolines: synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 97:470-478. [PMID: 22832010 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The bisthiadiazolines 4a-4g have been synthesized in good yields from the cyclization reactions of bisthiosemicarbazones 3a-3g with acetic anhydride. The condensation reaction of dibenzaldehydes 2a-2g with thiosemicarbazide in alcoholic medium provided 3a-3g and former were obtained from the O-alkylation of 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde with suitable 1,ω-dibromoalkanes under alkaline conditions in the presence of dry EtOH/DMF. The intermediates 3a-3g and bishetrocyclics 4a-4g were also screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against seven bacterial strains (Klubsellia pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Straphylococcus aureus, Bacillius subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Streptoccus pyrogens) and five fungi strains (Aspergillius janus, Pencillium glabrum, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus sclerotiorum, Aspergillus niger). The compounds 3f, 3g, 4f &4g were found to be significantly active against the tested microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
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El-Sayed WA, Abdel Megeid RE, Abbas HAS. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of new 1-[(tetrazol-5-yl)methyl] indole derivatives, their 1,2,4-triazole thioglycosides and acyclic analogs. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1085-96. [PMID: 21811915 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
New 1-[(tetrazol-5-yl)methyl]indole derivatives, their acyclic nucleoside analogs and the corresponding glycoside derivatives were synthesized. Furthermore, the [)(1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methyl])-2H-tetrazole derivative as well as the corresponding thioglucoside were prepared. The synthesized compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus Niger, Penicillium sp, Candida albican, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus lacti, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., and streptomyces sp. Compounds 3, 5 and 19b exhibited potent antibacterial activity and compounds 4, 5 and 10 exhibited high activities against the tested fungi compared with fusidic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weal A El-Sayed
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Center, El-Dokki, Cairo 72427, Egypt.
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Mei Q, Yang J, Peng Y, Zhao Z. Synthesis and Characterisation of Novel 1,3-Bis{(6-Aryl-1,2,4-Triazolo [3,4-b][1,3,4]Thiadiazol-3-yl)-Methoxy}benzenes under Microwave Irradiation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.3184/174751911x13097969919696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eleven novel 1,3-bis{(6-aryl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-3-yl)-methoxy}benzenes have been synthesised in high yields by the condensation of 5,5'-[1,3-phenylene-bis(oxymethylene)]bis(4-amino-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole) with substituted benzoic acids in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride under microwave irradiation. Compared with the conventional heating method, this method is facile, rapid and efficient. The structures of all new compounds were characterised by 1H NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Mei
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yongle Peng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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Xia Q, Xu D, He Q, Li X, Sun D. Synthesis and Biological Activity Test of Some New Five Membered Heterocycles. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Synthesis of new sulfur-linked di- and triheterocyclic compounds containing thienotriazolopyrimidine and triazolothiadiazole moieties. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2011.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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13
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Chen H, Zhao J, Li Y, Shen F, Li X, Yin Q, Qin Z, Yan X, Wang Y, Zhang P, Zhang J. Synthesis and biological activity of novel 5′-arylamino-nucleosides by microwave-assisted one-pot tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig/reduction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:574-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Efficient synthesis of novel 1,2,4-triazole fused acyclic and 21–28 membered macrocyclic and/or lariat macrocyclic oxaazathia crown compounds with potential antimicrobial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5265-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Rani M, Ramachandran R, Kabilan S. Efficient Synthesis of Novel 2,4-[Diaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl]-5-spiro-4-acetyl-2-(acetylamino)-Δ 2-1,3,4-thiadiazolines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910903161694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Rani
- a Department of Chemistry , Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Ramachandran
- a Department of Chemistry , Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Kabilan
- a Department of Chemistry , Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fan Z, Yang Z, Zhang H, Mi N, Wang H, Cai F, Zuo X, Zheng Q, Song H. Synthesis, crystal structure, and biological activity of 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-containing 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2630-2636. [PMID: 20014761 DOI: 10.1021/jf9029628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds play an important role as the main sources of lead molecules of agrochemicals. Synthesis and biological activity of thiadiazole-containing 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazoles were seldom reported. To find novel lead compounds with various biological activities, a series of 6-substituted-3-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazolyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadizoles were rationally designed and synthesized according to the principle of combinations of bioactive substructures by the condensation of 3-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazolyl)-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione with various carboxylic acids and phosphorus oxychloride. All newly synthesized compounds were identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR), electroionization mass spectrometry (EI/MS), and elementary analysis. The crystal structure of 3-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazolyl)-6-(4-methylphenyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadizole was determined by X-ray diffraction crystallography. In this crystal, two intermolecular hydrogen bonds (N2...H-C12 and N3...H-C13), a weak intermolecular interaction (S...S), and the weak ppi-ppi intermolecular interaction were observed. Fungicide screening indicated that all of the target compounds showed certain extent of growth inhibition against fungi tested. 3-(4-Methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazolyl)-6-n-propyl[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadizole and 3-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazolyl)-6-trichloromethyl[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadizole were found to have potential wide spectrum of fungicide activity. The median effective concentrations (EC(50)) detected for 3-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazolyl)-6-trichloromethyl[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadizole to six fungi were from 7.28 micromol/L against Pellicularia sasakii (Shirai) to 42.49 micromol/L against Alternaria solani . The results indicated that thiadiazole-containing 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazoles were potential fungicide lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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Chen H, Zhang H, Feng J, Li X, Jiao L, Qin Z, Yin Q, Zhang J. A Convenient Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pseudonucleosides Bearing a Thiazolidin-4-one Moiety by Tandem Staudinger/Aza-Wittig/Cyclization. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Khalil NS. A facile synthesis, structure, and antimicrobial evaluation of novel 4-arylhydrazono-5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dihydropyrazol-3-ones, their N- and N,O-bis-β-d-glucosides. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1654-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ding Q, Lei X, Jin J, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang H. Synthesis and Structure of Novel 1,2,4-triazole Derivatives Containing the 2,4-dinitrophenylthio Group. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.3184/030823409x401961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Some novel 1,2,4-triazole derivatives containing the 2,4-dinitrophenylthio group have been synthesised in high yields by means of the reactions of 3-substituted-4-amino −1 H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4 H)-thiones or ( E)-3-aryl-4-(benzylideneamino)-1 H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4 H)-thiones with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The ( E)-3-aryl-4-(benzylideneamino)-1 H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4 H)-thiones were prepared by the reaction of 4-amino-3-aryl-2 H-1,2,4-triazole-3(4 H)-thiones and diverse aromatic aldehydes. The 2, 4-dinitrophenyl group linked to the S atom, not to the N atom, was confirmed by the crystal structures. The structures of all the compounds were determined by elemental analysis, IR, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichun Ding
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, P.R. China
| | - Xinxiang Lei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, P.R. China
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jianyu Jin
- College of Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, P.R. China
| | - Lixue Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, P.R. China
| | - Huiai Du
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, P.R. China
| | - Haile Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
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Sánchez B, Bravo JL, Arívalo MJ, López I, Light ME, Silvero G. Facile Synthesis of 4,5-Dihydro-1,3,4-Thiadiazoles by 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Thioisomünchnones. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch08412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present paper summarizes a straightforward synthesis of 4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazoles by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of thioisomünchnones. These reactions have been carried out in dichloromethane and are essentially complete within 60 min at room temperature. Under such mild conditions the asymmetric version has been explored as well. Unequivocal structure elucidation has been accomplished by means of one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques as well as X-ray structure analysis.
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