1
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Fermaintt CS, Wacker SA. Malate dehydrogenase as a multi-purpose target for drug discovery. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230081. [PMID: 38818725 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes play critical roles in cellular metabolism, facilitating the reversible conversion of malate to oxaloacetate using NAD+/NADH as a cofactor. The two human isoforms of MDH have roles in the citric acid cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle, and thus both are key enzymes in aerobic respiration as well as regenerating the pool of NAD+ used in glycolysis. This review highlights the potential of MDH as a therapeutic drug target in various diseases, including metabolic and neurological disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. The most promising molecules for targeting MDH have been examined in the context of human malignancies, where MDH is frequently overexpressed. Recent studies have led to the identification of several antagonists, some of which are broad MDH inhibitors while others have selectivity for either of the two human MDH isoforms. Other promising compounds have been studied in the context of parasitic MDH, as inhibiting the function of the enzyme could selectively kill the parasite. Research is ongoing with these chemical scaffolds to develop more effective small-molecule drug leads that would have great potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Fermaintt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX, U.S.A
| | - Sarah A Wacker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Manhattan College, The Bronx, NY, U.S.A
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2
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Mahato R, Yadav N, Hazra CK. Synthesis of Azepinoindoles and Oxepinoindoles through Brønsted-Acid-Catalyzed Cyclization of an In Situ Generated Dihydrospiroquinoline Intermediate. Org Lett 2024; 26:3911-3916. [PMID: 38691443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a straightforward and efficient synthetic protocol to produce 5,6,7,12-tetrahydrobenzo[2,3]azepino[4,5-b]indole and 7,12-dihydro-6H-benzo[2,3]oxepino[4,5-b]indole derivatives under mild conditions. This annulation process involves the intramolecular cyclization of the in situ generated ketimine moiety via the formation of dihydrospiroindolequinoline, which serves as a key intermediate in the reaction pathway. Several control experiments and spectroscopic studies were performed to elucidate the underlying reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Kumar Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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3
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Shen W, Lu X, Shen Y, Li J, Jia A, Tang S. Synthesis of Azepino[4,5- b]indole via Ring Expansion of Tetrahydro-β-carbolines Ammonium Ylide. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38156631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The formal cyclization strategy was generally used to construct azepino[4,5-b]indole. Herein, we reported a novel and expeditious protocol for the synthesis of quaternary carbon azepino[4,5-b]indole via ring expansion of ammonium ylide, which was formed by the reaction of tetrahydro-β-carbolines with the diazo compound. The easily available substrates, mild reaction conditions, and broad functional tolerance rendered this method a practical strategy that may significantly afford an efficient method of scaffold hopping in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xiyao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Yu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Junjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Aiqun Jia
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, P. R. China
| | - Shi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
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4
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An Effective Synthesis of Previously Unknown 7-Aryl Substituted Paullones. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052324. [PMID: 36903571 PMCID: PMC10005103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A straightforward three-step procedure affording a wide range of novel 7-aryl substituted paullone derivatives was developed. This scaffold is structurally similar to 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetamides-promising antitumor agents-hence, could be useful for the development of a new class of anticancer drugs.
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5
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Qin N, Peng LY, Jin MN, Wu XR, Jia M, Gan CC, Zhu W, Zhang P, Liu XQ, Duan HQ. Target identification of anti-diabetic and anti-obesity flavonoid derivative (Fla-CN). Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Reyes Romero A, Lunev S, Popowicz GM, Calderone V, Gentili M, Sattler M, Plewka J, Taube M, Kozak M, Holak TA, Dömling ASS, Groves MR. A fragment-based approach identifies an allosteric pocket that impacts malate dehydrogenase activity. Commun Biol 2021; 4:949. [PMID: 34376783 PMCID: PMC8355244 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenases (MDHs) sustain tumor growth and carbon metabolism by pathogens including Plasmodium falciparum. However, clinical success of MDH inhibitors is absent, as current small molecule approaches targeting the active site are unselective. The presence of an allosteric binding site at oligomeric interface allows the development of more specific inhibitors. To this end we performed a differential NMR-based screening of 1500 fragments to identify fragments that bind at the oligomeric interface. Subsequent biophysical and biochemical experiments of an identified fragment indicate an allosteric mechanism of 4-(3,4-difluorophenyl) thiazol-2-amine (4DT) inhibition by impacting the formation of the active site loop, located >30 Å from the 4DT binding site. Further characterization of the more tractable homolog 4-phenylthiazol-2-amine (4PA) and 16 other derivatives are also reported. These data pave the way for downstream development of more selective molecules by utilizing the oligomeric interfaces showing higher species sequence divergence than the MDH active site. Romero et al. perform NMR-based screening of 1500 fragments to identify fragments that bind at the oligomeric interface of malate dehydrogenase (MDH). Their study indicates an allosteric mechanism impacting enzymatic activity, paving the way for development of more selective molecules and a starting point for the future development of specific MDH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilio Reyes Romero
- Drug Design, University of Groningen, Department of Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Serjey Lunev
- EV Biotech, Zernikelaan 8, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Vito Calderone
- CERM and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | | | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Jacek Plewka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Taube
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.,National Synchrotron Radiation Centre SOLARIS, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tad A Holak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alexander S S Dömling
- Drug Design, University of Groningen, Department of Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R Groves
- Drug Design, University of Groningen, Department of Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Akunuri R, Vadakattu M, Bujji S, Veerareddy V, Madhavi YV, Nanduri S. Fused-azepinones: Emerging scaffolds of medicinal importance. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113445. [PMID: 33901899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hymenialdisine an alkaloid of oroidin class has drawn the attention of researchers owing to its unique structural features and interesting biological properties. Hymenialdisine exhibited promising inhibitory activity against a number of therapeutically important kinases viz., CDKs, GSK-3β etc., and showed anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, neuroprotective, anti-fouling, anti-plasmodium properties. Hymenialdisine and other structurally related oroidin alkaloids such as dibromo-hymenialdisine, stevensine, hymenin, axinohydantoin, spongicidines A-D, latonduines and callyspongisines contain pyrrolo[2,3-c] azepin-8-one core in common. Keeping in view of the interesting structural and therapeutic features of HMD, several structural modifications were carried around the fused-azepinone core which resulted in a number of diverse structural motifs like indolo-azepinones, paullones, aza-paullones, darpones and 5,7-dihydro-6H-benzo[b]pyrimido[4,5-d] azepin-6-one. In this review, an attempt is made to collate and review the structures of diverse hymenialdisine and related fused-azepinones of synthetic/natural origin and their biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Akunuri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Manasa Vadakattu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Sushmitha Bujji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Vaishnavi Veerareddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Y V Madhavi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500 037, India.
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8
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Kadagathur M, Patra S, Sigalapalli DK, Shankaraiah N, Tangellamudi ND. Syntheses and medicinal chemistry of azepinoindolones: a look back to leap forward. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:738-764. [PMID: 33459333 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffolds constitute nearly 75% of small molecules which favorably act as drug candidates. For the past few decades, numerous natural and synthetic indole-based scaffolds have been reported for their diverse pharmacological profiles. In particular, indole-fused azepines, termed azepinoindolones, have come under the radar of medicinal chemists owing to their synthetic and pharmacological importance. A plethora of literature reports has been generated thereof, which calls for the need for the compilation of information to understand their current status in drug discovery. Accumulating reports of evidence suggest that compounds containing this privileged scaffold display their cytotoxic effects via inhibition of kinase, topoisomerase I, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH), and tubulin polymerization and as DNA minor groove binding agents. Herein, we endeavor to present a closer look at the advancements of various synthetic and derivatization methods of azepinoindolone-based compounds. We have further extended our efforts to discuss the pharmacological effects of azepinoindolones in the whole range of medicinal chemistry as anti-Alzheimer, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, and antipyranosomal agents and as drug delivery vectors. Our analysis of recent advances reveals that azepinoindolones will continue to serve as potential pharmaceutical modalities in the years to come and their substantial pool of synthetic methods will be ever expanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Kadagathur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad-500037, India.
| | - Sandip Patra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad-500037, India.
| | - Dilep Kumar Sigalapalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad-500037, India.
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad-500037, India.
| | - Neelima D Tangellamudi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad-500037, India.
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9
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Continuous high-pressure operation of a pharmaceutically relevant Krapcho dealkoxycarbonylation reaction. J Flow Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Shelar S, Shim EH, Brinkley GJ, Kundu A, Carobbio F, Poston T, Tan J, Parekh V, Benson D, Crossman DK, Buckhaults PJ, Rakheja D, Kirkman R, Sato Y, Ogawa S, Dutta S, Velu SE, Emberley E, Pan A, Chen J, Huang T, Absher D, Becker A, Kunick C, Sudarshan S. Biochemical and Epigenetic Insights into L-2-Hydroxyglutarate, a Potential Therapeutic Target in Renal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6433-6446. [PMID: 30108105 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevation of L-2-hydroxylgutarate (L-2-HG) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is due in part to reduced expression of L-2-HG dehydrogenase (L2HGDH). However, the contribution of L-2-HG to renal carcinogenesis and insight into the biochemistry and targets of this small molecule remains to be elucidated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Genetic and pharmacologic approaches to modulate L-2-HG levels were assessed for effects on in vitro and in vivo phenotypes. Metabolomics was used to dissect the biochemical mechanisms that promote L-2-HG accumulation in RCC cells. Transcriptomic analysis was utilized to identify relevant targets of L-2-HG. Finally, bioinformatic and metabolomic analyses were used to assess the L-2-HG/L2HGDH axis as a function of patient outcome and cancer progression. RESULTS L2HGDH suppresses both in vitro cell migration and in vivo tumor growth and these effects are mediated by L2HGDH's catalytic activity. Biochemical studies indicate that glutamine is the predominant carbon source for L-2-HG via the activity of malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2). Inhibition of the glutamine-MDH2 axis suppresses in vitro phenotypes in an L-2-HG-dependent manner. Moreover, in vivo growth of RCC cells with basal elevation of L-2-HG is suppressed by glutaminase inhibition. Transcriptomic and functional analyses demonstrate that the histone demethylase KDM6A is a target of L-2-HG in RCC. Finally, increased L-2-HG levels, L2HGDH copy loss, and lower L2HGDH expression are associated with tumor progression and/or worsened prognosis in patients with RCC. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our studies provide biochemical and mechanistic insight into the biology of this small molecule and provide new opportunities for treating L-2-HG-driven kidney cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Shelar
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Eun-Hee Shim
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Garrett J Brinkley
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anirban Kundu
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Francesca Carobbio
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tyler Poston
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jubilee Tan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Vishwas Parekh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Daniel Benson
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Phillip J Buckhaults
- South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Calorina
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Richard Kirkman
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shilpa Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadanandan E Velu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Alison Pan
- Calithera Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jason Chen
- Calithera Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Tony Huang
- Calithera Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Anja Becker
- Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Conrad Kunick
- Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sunil Sudarshan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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11
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Rehbein MC, Husmann S, Lechner C, Kunick C, Scholl S. Fast and calibration free determination of first order reaction kinetics in API synthesis using in-situ ATR-FTIR. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 126:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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The Impact of Global Sensitivities and Design Measures in Model-Based Optimal Experimental Design. Processes (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/pr6040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of chemical engineering, mathematical models have been proven to be an indispensable tool for process analysis, process design, and condition monitoring. To gain the most benefit from model-based approaches, the implemented mathematical models have to be based on sound principles, and they need to be calibrated to the process under study with suitable model parameter estimates. Often, the model parameters identified by experimental data, however, pose severe uncertainties leading to incorrect or biased inferences. This applies in particular in the field of pharmaceutical manufacturing, where usually the measurement data are limited in quantity and quality when analyzing novel active pharmaceutical ingredients. Optimally designed experiments, in turn, aim to increase the quality of the gathered data in the most efficient way. Any improvement in data quality results in more precise parameter estimates and more reliable model candidates. The applied methods for parameter sensitivity analyses and design criteria are crucial for the effectiveness of the optimal experimental design. In this work, different design measures based on global parameter sensitivities are critically compared with state-of-the-art concepts that follow simplifying linearization principles. The efficient implementation of the proposed sensitivity measures is explicitly addressed to be applicable to complex chemical engineering problems of practical relevance. As a case study, the homogeneous synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-1H-1-benzazepine-2,5-dione, a scaffold for the preparation of various protein kinase inhibitors, is analyzed followed by a more complex model of biochemical reactions. In both studies, the model-based optimal experimental design benefits from global parameter sensitivities combined with proper design measures.
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13
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Singh AK, Raj V, Saha S. Indole-fused azepines and analogues as anticancer lead molecules: Privileged findings and future directions. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:244-265. [PMID: 28803677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The search for new lead compounds of simple structure, displaying highest quality anti-tumor potency with new mechanisms of action and least adverse effects is the major intention of cancer drug discovery now a days. For the time being, indole-fused azepines emerged as a simple class of compounds prolifically designed with strong pharmacological significances in particular of cancer protecting ability. In the recent years from the efforts of our research group, indole-fused heteroazepines, a simple structural class achieved by fusion of indole with oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen containing heteroazepine rings, have known for its superior outcomes in cancer treatment. Surprisingly, the chemistry and biology of these unique families with an amazing role in cancer drug discovery has remained broadly unexplored. This short review is consequently an endeavor to highlight the preliminary ideas over this structural class and to draw the medical attention towards future development of indole-fused azepines and analogues for their promising function in cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Vinit Raj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India.
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14
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Kumar Boominathan SS, Reddy MM, Hou RJ, Chen HF, Wang JJ. A simple and efficient method for constructing azepino[4,5-b]indole derivatives via acid catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:1872-1875. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02722a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new and efficient synthetic methodology has been developed to prepare azepino[4,5-b]indole derivatives under Brønsted acid catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mutra Mohana Reddy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Jhih Hou
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fen Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
| | - Jeh-Jeng Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
- Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research
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15
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Falke H, Chaikuad A, Becker A, Loaëc N, Lozach O, Abu Jhaisha S, Becker W, Jones P, Preu L, Baumann K, Knapp S, Meijer L, Kunick C. 10-iodo-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinoline-6-carboxylic acids are selective inhibitors of DYRK1A. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3131-43. [PMID: 25730262 PMCID: PMC4506206 DOI: 10.1021/jm501994d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase DYRK1A has been suggested to act as one of the intracellular regulators contributing to neurological alterations found in individuals with Down syndrome. For an assessment of the role of DYRK1A, selective synthetic inhibitors are valuable pharmacological tools. However, the DYRK1A inhibitors described in the literature so far either are not sufficiently selective or have not been tested against closely related kinases from the DYRK and the CLK protein kinase families. The aim of this study was the identification of DYRK1A inhibitors exhibiting selectivity versus the structurally and functionally closely related DYRK and CLK isoforms. Structure modification of the screening hit 11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid revealed structure-activity relationships for kinase inhibition and enabled the design of 10-iodo-substituted derivatives as very potent DYRK1A inhibitors with considerable selectivity against CLKs. X-ray structure determination of three 11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinoline-6-carboxylic acids cocrystallized with DYRK1A confirmed the predicted binding mode within the ATP binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Falke
- Institut
für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Nuffield
Department
of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of
Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Anja Becker
- Institut
für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nadège Loaëc
- ManRos
Therapeutics, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
- “Protein
Phosphorylation and Human Disease” Group, Station Biologique
de Roscoff, CNRS, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Olivier Lozach
- “Protein
Phosphorylation and Human Disease” Group, Station Biologique
de Roscoff, CNRS, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Samira Abu Jhaisha
- Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen
University, Wendlingweg
2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Becker
- Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen
University, Wendlingweg
2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter
G. Jones
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lutz Preu
- Institut
für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Knut Baumann
- Institut
für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield
Department
of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of
Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos
Therapeutics, Perharidy Research Center, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Conrad Kunick
- Institut
für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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Denis JG, Franci G, Altucci L, Aurrecoechea JM, de Lera ÁR, Álvarez R. Synthesis of 7-alkylidene-7,12-dihydroindolo[3,2-d]benzazepine-6-(5H)-ones (7-alkylidene-paullones) by N-cyclization–oxidative Heck cascade and characterization as sirtuin modulators. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2800-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02493a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-induced cascade of N-cyclization and oxidative Heck reaction of o-alkynylanilines produced 7-alkylidene-indolobenzazepinones (paullones) that have sirtuin modulation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Denis
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química (CINBIO) and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV)
- Universidade de Vigo
- 36310 Vigo
- Spain
| | - G. Franci
- Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli
- Dipartimento di Biochimica
- Biofisica e Patologia generale
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - L. Altucci
- Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli
- Dipartimento di Biochimica
- Biofisica e Patologia generale
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - J. M. Aurrecoechea
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Universidad del País Vasco
- 48080 Bilbao
- Spain
| | - Á. R. de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química (CINBIO) and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV)
- Universidade de Vigo
- 36310 Vigo
- Spain
| | - R. Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química (CINBIO) and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV)
- Universidade de Vigo
- 36310 Vigo
- Spain
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17
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Filak LK, Kalinowski DS, Bauer TJ, Richardson DR, Arion VB. Effect of the piperazine unit and metal-binding site position on the solubility and anti-proliferative activity of ruthenium(II)- and osmium(II)- arene complexes of isomeric indolo[3,2-c]quinoline-piperazine hybrids. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:6934-43. [PMID: 24927493 PMCID: PMC4087041 DOI: 10.1021/ic500825j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
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In this study, the indoloquinoline
backbone and piperazine were combined to prepare indoloquinoline–piperazine
hybrids and their ruthenium- and osmium-arene complexes in an effort
to generate novel antitumor agents with improved aqueous solubility.
In addition, the position of the metal-binding unit was varied, and
the effect of these structural alterations on the aqueous solubility
and antiproliferative activity of their ruthenium- and osmium-arene
complexes was studied. The indoloquinoline–piperazine hybrids
L1–3 were prepared in situ and
isolated as six ruthenium and osmium complexes [(η6-p-cymene)M(L1–3)Cl]Cl, where
L1 = 6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl-methylene)-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-2-N-amine, M = Ru ([1a]Cl), Os ([1b]Cl), L2 = 6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl-methylene)-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-N-amine, M = Ru ([2a]Cl), Os ([2b]Cl), L3 = 6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl-methylene)-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-8-N-amine, M = Ru ([3a]Cl), Os ([3b]Cl). The
compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, one- and two-dimensional
NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, IR and UV–vis spectroscopy,
and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The antiproliferative activity
of the isomeric ruthenium and osmium complexes [1a,b]Cl–[3a,b]Cl was examined in
vitro and showed the importance of the position of the metal-binding
site for their cytotoxicity. Those complexes containing the metal-binding
site located at the position 4 of the indoloquinoline scaffold ([2a]Cl and [2b]Cl) demonstrated the most potent
antiproliferative activity. The results provide important insight
into the structure–activity relationships of ruthenium- and
osmium-arene complexes with indoloquinoline–piperazine hybrid
ligands. These studies can be further utilized for the design and
development of more potent chemotherapeutic agents. Three different structural isomers of the indoloquinoline−piperazine
hybrid were prepared in situ and isolated as ruthenium-
and osmium-arene complexes. The effect of the piperazine unit and
metal-binding site position on the aqueous solubility and antiproliferative
activity of the metal complexes was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas K Filak
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Imidazopyridine-fused [1,3]-diazepinones: Synthesis and antiproliferative activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:382-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Ramig K, Greer EM, Szalda DJ, Karimi S, Ko A, Boulos L, Gu J, Dvorkin N, Bhramdat H, Subramaniam G. NMR Spectroscopic and Computational Study of Conformational Isomerism in Substituted 2-Aryl-3H-1-benzazepines: Toward Isolable Atropisomeric Benzazepine Enantiomers. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8028-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4013089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Ramig
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College of the City University of New York,
17 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Edyta M. Greer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College of the City University of New York,
17 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - David J. Szalda
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College of the City University of New York,
17 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Sasan Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, Queensborough Community College of the City University of New York, 222-05 56th Avenue, Bayside, New York 11364, United States
| | - Allen Ko
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College of the City University of New York,
17 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Laura Boulos
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College of the City University of New York,
17 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Jiansan Gu
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College of the City University of New York,
17 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Nathan Dvorkin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College of the City University of New York,
17 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Hema Bhramdat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York,
65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Gopal Subramaniam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York,
65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
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20
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Filak LK, Göschl S, Heffeter P, Ghannadzadeh Samper K, Egger AE, Jakupec MA, Keppler BK, Berger W, Arion VB. Metal-Arene Complexes with Indolo[3,2-c]-quinolines: Effects of Ruthenium vs Osmium and Modifications of the Lactam Unit on Intermolecular Interactions, Anticancer Activity, Cell Cycle, and Cellular Accumulation. Organometallics 2013; 32:903-914. [PMID: 23431223 PMCID: PMC3573711 DOI: 10.1021/om3012272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Six novel ruthenium(II)- and osmium(II)-arene complexes with three modified indolo[3,2-c]quinolines have been synthesized in situ starting from 2-aminoindoloquinolines and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde in the presence of [M(p-cymene)Cl(2)](2) (M = Ru, Os) in ethanol. All complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques ((1)H, (13)C NMR, IR, UV-vis), and ESI mass spectrometry, while four complexes were investigated by X-ray diffraction. The complexes have been tested for antiproliferative activity in vitro in A549 (non-small cell lung), SW480 (colon), and CH1 (ovarian) human cancer cell lines and showed IC(50) values between 1.3 and >80 μM. The effects of Ru vs Os and modifications of the lactam unit on intermolecular interactions, antiproliferative activity, and cell cycle are reported. One ruthenium complex and its osmium analogue have been studied for anticancer activity in vivo applied both intraperitoneally and orally against the murine colon carcinoma model CT-26. Interestingly, the osmium(II) complex displayed significant growth-inhibitory activity in contrast to its ruthenium counterpart, providing stimuli for further investigation of this class of compounds as potential antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas K Filak
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Filak LK, Göschl S, Hackl S, Jakupec MA, Arion VB. Ruthenium- and osmium-arene complexes of 8-substituted indolo[3,2- c]quinolines: Synthesis, X-ray diffraction structures, spectroscopic properties, and antiproliferative activity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012; 393:252-260. [PMID: 23471093 PMCID: PMC3587412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Six novel ruthenium(II)- and osmium(II)-arene complexes with indoloquinoline modified ligands containing methyl and halo substituents in position 8 of the molecule backbone have been synthesised and comprehensively characterised by spectroscopic methods (1H, 13C NMR, UV-Vis), ESI mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography. Binding of indoloquinolines to a metal-arene scaffold makes the products soluble enough in biological media to allow for assaying their antiproliferative activity. The complexes were tested in three human cancer cell lines, namely A549 (non-small cell lung cancer), SW480 (colon carcinoma) and CH1 (ovarian carcinoma), yielding IC50 values in the 10-6-10-7 M concentration range after continuous exposure for 96 h. Compounds with halo substituents in position 8 are more effective cytotoxic agents in vitro than the previously reported species halogenated in position 2 of the indoloquinoline backbone. High antiproliferative activity of both series of substances may be due at least in part to their potential to act as DNA intercalators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vladimir B. Arion
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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22
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Sakya SM, Flick AC, Coe JW, Gray DL, Liang S, Ferri F, Van Den Berg M, Pouwer K. Synthesis of 4-azepanones and heteroaromatic-fused azepines. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Li Z, Lu N, Wang L, Zhang W. Synthesis of Paullone and Kenpaullone Derivatives by Photocyclization of 2-(2-Chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-arylacetamides. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Filak LK, Mühlgassner G, Bacher F, Roller A, Galanski M, Jakupec MA, Keppler BK, Arion VB. Ruthenium- and Osmium-Arene Complexes of 2-Substituted Indolo[3,2-c]quinolines: Synthesis, Structure, Spectroscopic Properties, and Antiproliferative Activity. Organometallics 2010; 30:273-283. [PMID: 21253447 PMCID: PMC3022494 DOI: 10.1021/om101004z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The synthesis of new modified indolo[3,2-c]quinoline ligands L1−L8 with metal-binding sites is reported. By coordination to ruthenium− and osmium−arene moieties 16 complexes of the type [(η6-p-cymene)M(L)Cl]Cl (1a,b−8a,b), where M is RuII or OsII and L is L1−L8, have been prepared. All compounds were comprehensively characterized by elemental analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, IR, UV−vis, and NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (2a, 4a, 4b, 5a, 7a, and 7b). The complexes were tested for antiproliferative activity in vitro in three human cancer cell lines, namely, CH1 (ovarian carcinoma), SW480 (colon adenocarcinoma), and A549 (non-small-cell lung cancer), yielding IC50 values in the submicromolar or low micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas K Filak
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Tobisu M, Fujihara H, Koh K, Chatani N. Synthesis of 2-boryl- and silylindoles by copper-catalyzed borylative and silylative cyclization of 2-alkenylaryl isocyanides. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4841-7. [PMID: 20557065 DOI: 10.1021/jo101024f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a method for the synthesis of 2-borylindoles via the copper(I)-catalyzed borylative cyclization of 2-alkenylphenyl isocyanides using diboronate. The reaction proceeds at room temperature under neutral conditions and exhibits high tolerance to functional groups, such as Br, CO(2)R, COR, CONMe(2), and CN. The 2-borylindoles synthesized in the present study can be elaborated into an array of indole-based derivatives, for example, through the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. The utility of this method is demonstrated in the rapid synthesis of a kinase inhibitor, paullone. The reaction can be extended to the synthesis of 2-hydride indole and 2-silylindole by using hydroboronate (or hydrosilane) and silylboronate, respectively. Under these copper-catalyzed conditions, a quinoxaline ring system can also be constructed by using 1,2-isocyanobenzene as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Tobisu
- Frontier Research Base for Global YoungResearchers, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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