Synthesis and in vitro anticancer screening of some novel 4-[2-amino-3-cyano-4-substituted-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-1-(4H)-yl]benzenesulfonamides

Anticancer Drug Discovery By Structure-Based Repositioning Approach

Despite the tremendous progress that has occurred in recent years in cell biology and oncology, in chemical, physical and computer sciences, the disease cancer has continued as the major cause of death globally. Research organizations, academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies invest huge amounts of money in the discovery and development of new anticancer drugs. Though much effort is continuing and whatever available approaches are being attempted, the success of bringing one effective drug into the market has been uncertain. To overcome problems associated with drug discovery, several approaches are being attempted. One such approach has been the use of known, approved and marketed drugs to screen these for new indications, which have gained considerable interest. This approach is known in different terms as "drug repositioning or drug repurposing." Drug repositioning refers to the structure modification of the active molecule by synthesis, in vitro/ in vivo screening and in silico computational applications where macromolecular structure-based drug design (SBDD) is employed. In this perspective, we aimed to focus on the application of repositioning or repurposing of essential drug moieties present in drugs that are already used for the treatment of some diseases such as diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and inflammation as anticancer agents. This review thus covers the available literature where molecular modeling of drugs/enzyme inhibitors through SBDD is reported for antidiabetics, anti-HIV and inflammatory diseases, which are structurally modified and screened for anticancer activity using respective cell lines.

Rational design of biodegradable sulphonamide candidates treating septicaemia by synergistic dual inhibition of COX-2/PGE2 axis and DHPS enzyme

A new series of co-drugs was designed based on hybridising the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) inhibitor sulphonamide scaffold with the COX-2 inhibitor salicylamide pharmacophore through biodegradable linkage to achieve compounds with synergistic dual inhibition of COX-2/PGE2 axis and DHPS enzyme to enhance antibacterial activity for treatment of septicaemia. Compounds 5 b, 5j, 5n and 5o demonstrated potent in vitro COX-2 inhibitory activity comparable to celecoxib. 5j and 5o exhibited ED₅₀ lower than celecoxib in carrageenan-induced paw edoema test with % PGE2 inhibition higher than celecoxib. Furthermore, 5 b, 5j and 5n showed gastric safety profile like celecoxib. Moreover, in vivo antibacterial screening revealed that, 5j showed activity against S.aureus and E.coli higher than sulfasalazine. While, 5o revealed activity against E.coli higher than sulfasalazine and against S.aureus comparable to sulfasalazine. Compound 5j achieved the target goal as potent inhibitor of COX-2/PGE2 axis and in vivo broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against induced septicaemia in mice.

Toxicity Assessment of an Anti-Cancer Drug of p-Toluene Sulfonamide in Zebrafish Larvae Based on Cardiovascular and Locomotion Activities

p-Toluene sulfonamide (p-TSA), a small molecular drug with antineoplastic activity is widely gaining interest from researchers because of its pharmacological activities. In this study, we explored the potential cardio and neural toxicity of p-TSA in sublethal concentrations by using zebrafish as an in vivo animal model. Based on the acute toxicity assay, the 96hr LC50 was estimated as 204.3 ppm, suggesting the overall toxicity of p-TSA is relatively low in zebrafish larvae. For the cardiotoxicity test, we found that p-TSA caused only a minor alteration in treated larvae after no overall significant alterations were observed in cardiac rhythm and cardiac physiology parameters, as supported by the results from expression level measurements of several cardiac development marker genes. On the other hand, we found that acute p-TSA exposure significantly increased the larval locomotion activity during the photomotor test while prolonged exposure (4 days) reduced the locomotor startle reflex activities in zebrafish. In addition, a higher respiratory rate and blood flow velocity was also observed in the acutely treated fish groups compared to the untreated group. Finally, by molecular docking, we found that p-TSA has a moderate binding affinity to skeletal muscle myosin II subfragment 1 (S1), ATPase activity, actin- and Ca2+-stimulated myosin S1 ATPase, and v-type proton ATPase. These binding interactions between p-TSA and proteins offer insights into the potential molecular mechanism of action of p-TSA on observed altered responses toward photo and vibration stimuli and minor altered vascular performance in the zebrafish larvae.

Stimulation of Sulfonamides Antibacterial Drugs Activity as a Result of Complexation with Ru(III): Physicochemical and Biological Study

Antibiotic resistance is a global problem, and one promising solution to overcome this issue is using metallodrugs, which are drugs containing metal ions and ligands. These complexes are superior to free ligands in various characteristics including anticancer properties and mechanism of action. The pharmacological potential of metallodrugs can be modulated by the appropriate selection of ligands and metal ions. A good example of proper coordination is the combination of sulfonamides (sulfamerazine, sulfathiazole) with a ruthenium(III) ion. This work aimed to confirm that the activity of sulfonamides antibacterial drugs is initiated and/or stimulated by their coordination to an Ru(III) ion. The study determined the structure, electrochemical profile, CT-DNA affinity, and antimicrobial as well as anticancer properties of the synthesized complexes. The results proved that Ru(III) complexes exhibited better biological properties than the free ligands.

Novel Dipeptides Bearing Sulfonamide as Antimalarial and Antitrypanosomal agents: Synthesis and Molecular Docking

OBJECTIVE

Currently, there is a problem of ineffective chemotherapy to trypanosomiasis and the increasing emergence of malarial drug-resistant parasites. This research aimed to develop new dipeptide-sulfonamides as antiprotozoal agents.

BACKGROUND

Protozoan parasites cause severe diseases, with human African trypanosomaisis (HAT) and malaria leading the list. The noted deficiencies of existing antitrypanosomal drugs and the worldwide resurgence of malaria, accompanied by the springing up of widespread drug-resistant protozoan parasites, represent a huge challenge in infectious disease treatment in tropical regions.

METHODS

In order to discover new antiprotozoal agents, ten novel p-nitrobenzenesulphonamide derivatives incorporating dipeptide moiety were synthesized by the condensation reaction of 3-methyl-2-(4-nitrophenylsulphonamido)pentanoic acid (6) with substituted acetamides (4a-j) using peptide coupling reagents, characterized using 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, HRMS, and investigated for their antimalarial and antitrypanosomal activities in vivo employing standard methods.

RESULTS

At 100 mg/kg body weight, N-(2-(2,6-dimethylphenylamino)-2-oxoethyl)-3-methyl-2-(4-nitrophenylsulfonamido)pentanamide showed the highest activity by inhibiting P. berghei parasite by 79.89%, which was comparable with the standard drug (artemether-lumefantrine 79.77%). In the antitrypanosomal study, N-(2-(4-chlorophenylamino)-2-oxoethyl)-3-methyl-2-(4-nitrophenylsulfonamido)pentanamide, N-(2-(4-fluorophenylamino)-2-oxoethyl)-3-methyl-2-(4-nitrophenylsulfonamido)pentanamide, and N-(2-(3-chlorophenylamino)-2-oxoethyl)-3-methyl-2-(4-nitrophenylsulfonamido)pentanamide were most potent in clearing Trypanosome brucei in mice. However, they were less active than the standard drug (diminazene aceturate). Molecular docking results demonstrated good binding affinity among the reported derivatives and target proteins in the active place of the protein. The outcome of haematological analysis and liver and kidney function tests showed that the new compounds had no adverse effect on the blood and organs.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this research showed that the new compounds demonstrated interesting antitrypanosomal and antimalarial potentials. However, further research should be carried out on the synthesized derivatives as promising drug candidates for trypanosomiasis and malaria.

Isoleucine with secondary sulfonamide functionality as anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal agents

Isoleucine substituted analogues with secondary sulfonamide group (I₁-I₆) have been synthesized. Structures of synthesized analogues have been confirmed by Fourier Transform-Infrared Red, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H and ¹³C) and ESI-MS spectroscopic tools. Cytotoxic screenings of synthesized analogues have been done on MCF-7 (breast), Prostate Cancer-3 (PC-3) and A549 (lung) cancer cell lines. N-(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-2-anilinoethyl) p-toluene sulfonamide (I₅) screened to be better cytotoxic agent on MCF-7 and A549 cell lines whereas N-(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-2-p-chloroanilino ethyl) benzene sulfonamide (I₃) against PC-3 cell line. Cell cycle analysis of N-(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-2-anilinoethyl) p-toluene sulfonamide (I₅) analogue has been carried out on A549 cell line in comparison to control and Vinblastine (standard drug). Complete arrest in G0 and G1 phase along with mild disturbance in S-phase of cell cycle has been observed. The screened analogues (I₁-I₆) also showed good antifungal and antibacterial potential against gram positive as well as gram negative strains. Computer simulation indicated good bioactivity prediction by the 'Lipinski rule' and synthesized analogues did not violate this rule. Docking study of isoleucine sulfonamide analogues (I₁-I₆) were carried out to determine the possible interaction sites of the analogues with p53 tumor suppressor-DNA complex and demonstrate that the analogues confirmed binding and inhibition with the most mutated residues of p53. Density functional theory has been used to correlate the electronic and chemical properties of analogues and they were found to be stable and chemically reactive. Thus the results suggest that isoleucine substituted sulfonamide analogues can serve as a structural model for the design of anticancer agents, antibacterial agents as well as antifungal agents with better inhibitory potential.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel N 4 -substituted sulfonamides: acetamides derivatives as dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors

Background

Sulfonamide derivatives are of great attention due to their wide spectrum of biological activities. Sulfonamides conjugated with acetamide fragments exhibit antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The inhibition dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is considered as one of the most prominent mechanism though which sulfonamide derivatives exhibits antimicrobial and antitumor activities.

Results

In this study, a new series of 2-(arylamino)acetamides and N-arylacetamides containing sulfonamide moieties were designed, synthesized, characterized and assessed for their antimicrobial activity and screened for cytotoxic activity against human lung carcinoma (A-549) and human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. A molecular docking study was performed to identify the mode of action of the synthesized compounds and their good binding interactions were observed with the active sites of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR).

Conclusion

Most of the synthesized compounds showed significant activity against A-549 and MCF-7 when compared to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), which was used as a reference drug. Some of these synthesized compounds are active as antibacterial and antifungal agents.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13065-019-0603-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of Novel Quinazoline-Sulfonamide Hybrids

By combining the structural features of quinazoline and sulfonamides, novel hybrid compounds 2–21 were synthesized using a simple and convenient method. Evaluation of these compounds against different cell lines identified compounds 7 and 17 as most active anticancer agents as they showed effectiveness on the four tested cell lines. The anticancer screening results of the tested compounds provides an encouraging framework that could lead to the development of potent new anticancer agents.

Synthesis, anticancer and radiosensitizing evaluation of some novel sulfonamide derivatives

In this study, novel series of sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized starting from 2-cyanoacetyl)hydrazono)ethyl)phenyl)benzenesulfonamide 4a and 2-cyanoacetyl)hydrazono)ethyl)phenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide 4b. Different biologically active moieties as pyrazol, thiophene, pyridine and pyrimidines were introduced in order to investigate their in-vitro anticancer activity, in addition to a novel series of sulfonamide chalcones were synthesized from the reported 4-acetyl-N-(P-tolyl) benzenesulfonamide 3b. The newly synthesized sulfonamide derivatives were characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analyses and were tested for their in-vitro anticancer activity against human tumor liver cell line (HEPG-2). The most potent compounds in this study were compounds 4a, 4b, 5a, 6a, 6b, 8, 9, 11, 13, 18 and 19 which showed higher activity than doxorubicin with IC50 ranging from 11.0 to 31.8 μM. Additionally, eight compounds among the most potent were evaluated for their ability to enhance the cell killing effect of γ-radiation.

A review on anticancer potential of bioactive heterocycle quinoline

The advent of Camptothecin added a new dimension in the field anticancer drug development containing quinoline motif. Quinoline scaffold plays an important role in anticancer drug development as their derivatives have shown excellent results through different mechanism of action such as growth inhibitors by cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, disruption of cell migration, and modulation of nuclear receptor responsiveness. The anti-cancer potential of several of these derivatives have been demonstrated on various cancer cell lines. In this review we have compiled and discussed specifically the anticancer potential of quinoline derivatives, which could provide a low-height flying bird's eye view of the quinoline derived compounds to a medicinal chemist for a comprehensive and target oriented information for development of clinically viable anticancer drugs.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Synthesis of heterocyclic 4-substituted pyridine-3-sulfonamide derivatives and their inhibition of the human cytosolic isozymes I and II and transmembrane tumor-associated isozymes IX and XII

A series of novel heterocyclic 4-substituted pyridine-3-sulfonamides 2-13, 15-20 have been synthesized and investigated as inhibitors of four isoforms of zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA.EC 4.2.1.1), that is the cytosolic CA I and II, and tumor-associated isozymes CA IX and XII. Against the human isozymes hCA I the new compounds showed K(I) values in the range 169-5400 nM, toward hCA II in range 58.5-1238 nM, against hCA IX in range 19.5-652 nM and against hCA XII in the range of 16.8-768 nM. Compounds 15-19 representing 4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-pyridinesulfonamide derivatives showed good hCA IX inhibitory efficacy with K(I) = 19.5-48.6 nM comparable or more effective than clinically used sulfonamides: AAZ, MZA, EZA, DCP, IND (K(I) = 24-50 nM). Anticancer evaluation at a single dose 10 μM, against a panel of 60 human tumor cell lines, was performed at the US National Cancer Institute, on compounds 2, 3, 5-13, 16, 17, 19, 20. Among them 6 bearing 4-(3,4,-dichlorophenyl)piperazine moiety showed broad spectrum of growth inhibition in the range 25-89% over 26 cell lines representing all tumors subpanels.

Synthesis, structural, spectroscopic studies, NBO analysis, NLO and HOMO-LUMO of 4-methyl-N-(3-nitrophenyl)benzene sulfonamide with experimental and theoretical approaches

The sulfonamide compound, 4-methyl-N-(3-nitrophenyl)benzene sulfonamide (abbreviated as 4M3NPBS) has been synthesized and characterized by FTIR, FT-Raman NMR, single crystal X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. Density functional (DFT) calculations have been carried out for the title compound by performing DFT level of theory using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) basis set. The calculated results show that the predicted geometry can well reproduce the structural parameters. Predicted vibrational frequencies have been assigned and compared with the experimental IR spectra and they support each other. The UV-Vis spectrum of the compound was recorded. The theoretical electronic absorption spectra have been calculated by using CIS, TD-DFT, ZINDO methods. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions, charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The first order hyperpolarizability (β0) of 4M3NPBS was calculated using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method on the basis of finite-field approach. In addition, frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potential were carried out by using density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occur in the molecule. The thermal stability of the title compound was determined with the aid of thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA).

Synthesis, X-ray structural, characterization, NBO and HOMO-LUMO analysis using DFT study of 4-methyl-N-(naphthalene-1-yl)benzene sulfonamide

The sulfonamide compound, 4-methyl-N-(naphthalene-1-yl)benzene sulfonamide (abbreviated as 4MNBS) was synthesized from the reaction of 4-methyl benzene sulfonyl chloride with 1-naphthyl amine. The 4MNBS was characterized by FTIR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis. By using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method with 6-31G(d,p) basis set, the molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies were calculated and compared with the experimental data. The title compound crystallizes in the triclinic system of space group p-1 with a=10.3873(7)Å, b=10.4090(7)Å, c=15.7084(10)Å; α=75.735(3)°; ß=70.737(3)°; γ=68.120(3)° and z=4. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions, charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. In addition, atomic charges, frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potential were computed by using Density Functional Theory (DFT/B3LYP) 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs in the molecule.

Antitumor activity of novel pyridine, thiophene and thiazole derivatives

2-Cyano-N'-[1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)]ethylideneacetohydrazide 1 was obtained via reaction of cyanoacetic acid hydrazide with 2,5-dimethoxyacetophenone. A number of novel pyridines 2a-j, 3, 4, thiophenes 5-9 and thiazoles 10-12 were prepared by using the hydrazide-hydrazone derivative 1 as a starting material. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was characterized by elemental analyses, IR, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR and mass spectral data. All the target compounds were subjected to in vitro antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. Compounds 2j and 6 showed a higher activity with IC(50) values (54.54, 61.57 μM), 8 when compared with a reference drug IC(50) value (68.99 μM), while compound 5 is nearly as active as doxorubicin (CAS 23214-92-8).

(3Z,3'Z)-3,3'-(3,5-Dimethyl-furan-2,4-diyl)bis-(4-hy-droxy-pent-3-en-2-one)

In the title mol-ecule, C(16)H(20)O(5), the two 4-hy-droxy-pent-3-en-2-one units are essentially planar, with r.m.s. deviations of 0.0183 (2) and 0.0134 (2) Å for the non-H atoms, and make dihedral angles of 81.20 (10) and 84.44 (10)° with the central furan ring. The dihedral angle between these two side units is 22.06 (9)°. Two intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate two S(6) ring motifs. A weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O inter-action is also observed.

Novel 4-(4-substituted-thiazol-2-ylamino)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)-benzenesulfonamides as cytotoxic and radiosensitizing agents

A series of novel 4-(4-substituted-thiazol-2-ylamino)-N-(pyridin-2-yl) benzene-sulfonamides were synthesized and screened for their cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Compounds 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 14 displayed significant activity against MCF-7 when compared to doxorubicin, which was used as a reference drug. The synergistic effect of Gamma radiation for the most active derivatives 7, 9, and 11 was also studied and their IC(50) values markedly decreased to 11.9 μM, 11.7 μM, and 11.6 μM, respectively.

Anti-breast cancer activity of some novel 1,2-dihydropyridine, thiophene and thiazole derivatives

A variety of novel 1,2-dihydropyridines 10-17, thiophenes 18-21 and thiazole 22 having a biologically active sulfone moiety were obtained via the reaction of 2-cyano-N'-[1-(4-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl) phenyl) ethylidene] acetohydrazide 3 with a variety of reagents. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectral data. All the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in-vitro anticancer activity against human breast cancer cell line (MCF7). Compounds 15 and 11 with IC(50) values (20.6, 25.5 μM) exhibited better activity than Doxorubicin as a reference drug with IC(50) value (32.02 μM), while compound 14 is nearly as active as Doxorubicin as positive control.