Anticancer activity of N-bis(trifluoromethyl)alkyl-N'-(polychlorophenyl) and N'-(1,2,4-triazolyl) ureas

Biological Evaluation of 4-(1H-triazol-1-yl)benzoic Acid Hybrids as Antioxidant Agents: In Vitro Screening and DFT Study

Fourteen triazole benzoic acid hybrids were previously characterized. This work aimed to screen their in vitro antioxidant activity using different assays, i.e., DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), reducing the power capability, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidants power) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylben zothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical scavenging. The 14 compounds showed antioxidant properties in relation to standard BHA (butylated hydroxylanisole) and Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid). Higher antioxidant activity was observed by the parent (1) at a concentration of 100 µg/mL (89.95 ± 0.34 and 88.59 ± 0.13%) when tested by DPPH and ABTS methods in relation to BHA at 100 µg/mL (95.02 ± 0.74 and 96.18 ± 0.33%). The parent (2) demonstrated remarkable scavenging activity when tested by ABTS (62.00 ± 0.24%), however, 3 was less active (29.98 ± 0.13%). Compounds 5, 6, 9, and 11 exhibited good scavenging activity compared to 1. DFT studies were performed using the B3LYP/6-311++g (2d,2p) level of theory to evaluate different antioxidant descriptors for the targets. Three antioxidant mechanisms, i.e., hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), sequential electron transfer proton transfer (SETPT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) were suggested to describe the antioxidant properties of 1–14. Out of the 14 triazole benzoic acid hybrids, 5, 9, 6, and 11 showed some good theoretical results, which were in agreement with some experimental outcomes. Based on the computed (PA and ETE) and (BDE and IP) values in (SPLET) and (HAT and SETPT) mechanisms, respectively, compound 9 emerged has having good antioxidant activity.

Novel Trifluoromethylcoumarinyl Urea Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, Fluorescence, and Bioactivity

A series of novel trifluoromethylcoumarinyl urea derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. The fluorescence spectra of the target compounds were recorded. The spectra show that most of the title compounds glow green with λ_max^em of 500-517 nm, while compounds 5r, 5s, 5u, and 5l (compounds named by authors) glow violet with λ_max^em of 381-443 nm. Moreover, the herbicidal and antifungal activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their potential use as pesticides. The results indicate that compound 5f against the caulis of Amaranthusretroflexus and compounds 5j and 5l against the taproot of Digitariasanguinalis are equivalent to the commercial herbicide Acetochlor. Nine of the title compounds are more antifungal than commercial fungicide Carbendazim against Botrytis cinerea.

Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design

The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.

Design, synthesis of novel Triazolones and bis-Triazolones derivatives under ultrasound irradiation and evaluation as potent angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

The condensation of several primary amines and diamines with various N¹-ethoxycarbonyles N¹-tosylhydrazonates (1a-b), triazolones (2) and bis-triazolone (3) resulted in ethanol under ultrasound irradiation. Compared with the conventional methods, the main advantages of the present procedure are milder conditions, shorter reaction time and higher yields. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. The results were compared to Captopril as a reference drug. Compounds 3b, 2h, 3a, 2d, and 2f showed not only inhibition activity with IC₅₀ values of 0.162, 0.253, 0.253, 0.281 and 0.382 µM, respectively, but also minimal toxicity. The docking of chemical compounds in the ACE active site showed possible inhibitory effect of all compounds on the catalytic activity of the enzyme, which would satisfactorily explain the anti-hypertensive effect of these compounds.

Synthesis of pH indicators for Cerenkov imaging by electrophilic substitution of bromine by fluorine in an aromatic system

Direct electrophilic fluorination using molecular fluorine gas is used in organic synthesis to create novel fluorine-containing compounds with potential beneficial activity that could not be obtained by nucleophilic substitution. In this paper, we report a novel electrophilic substitution of bromine by fluorine in an aromatic system. The mechanism of this type of fluorination was explored using the reaction between bromothymolsulfonphthalein (Bromothymol Blue) and dilute fluorine gas under acidic conditions. Substitution occurs in the bromine atoms located in the ortho-position relative to the hydroxyl group. A similar electrophilic fluorination of thymolsulfonphthalein (Thymol Blue) leads to a substitution of hydrogen atoms in the same position (ortho to hydroxyl). NMR spectroscopy was used to confirm the fluorination sites. NMR spectra of thymolsulfonphthalein and its derivatives under basic conditions can be explained by considering the absence of resonance between the two phenolic rings. Both dibromothymol blue and fluorobromothymol blue revealed intermolecular attenuate Cerenkov radiation selectively near their maximum absorbance in a pH dependent manner.

Synthesis of Canthardin Sulfanilamides and Their Acid Anhydride Analogues via a Ring-Opening Reaction of Activated Aziridines and Their Associated Pharmacological Effects

The cantharidinimide derivatives, 5a-h, including sulfanilamides containing pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, hydrogen, thiazolyl, and oxazolyl groups were synthesized. Modification of cantharidinimide by means of the reaction of activated aziridine ring opening led to the discovery of a novel class of antitumor compounds. The analogues 10i-k, 11l-n, 12o-p, and 16q-s were obtained from treating cantharidinimide 6 and analogues (7, 8, and 13) with activated aziridines, which produced a series of ring-opened products including normal and abnormal types. Some of these compounds showed cytotoxic effects in vitro against HL-60, Hep3B, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. The most potent cytostatic compound, N-cantharidinimido-sulfamethazine (5a), exhibited anti-HL-60 and anti-Hep3B cell activities. Two compounds 5g and 5h displayed slight effects on the Hep3B cell line, while the other compounds produced no response in these four cell lines.

Synthesis of 3,3,3-trifluoroethyl isocyanate, carbamate and ureas. Anticancer activity evaluation of N-(3,3,3-trifluoroethyl)-N'-substituted ureas

A new method is described for producing 3,3,3-trifluoroethyl isocyanate from perfluoroisobutene (PFIB). Isocyanate was used for synthesis of carbamates and ureas. A series of trifluoroethyl-substituted ureas has been tested in the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, USA) by the NCI-60 DTP Human Tumor Cell Line Screening Program at a single high dose (10^-5 M). The moderate anticancer activity was shown against some types of cancer on the individual human cell lines for leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer and renal cancer.

Synthesis and anticancer activity evaluation of 3,4-mono- and bicyclosubstituted N-(het)aryl trifluoromethyl succinimides

Novel trifluoromethylated mono- and bicyclic succinimides derived from trifluoromethylmaleic anhydride were synthesized using cyclopentadiene or 2,3-dimethylbutadiene and (het)arylamines. The biological activity of these compounds was evaluated using prediction methods and experimental studies. This series of new trifluoromethyl succinimides (3a,b and 6a-c) were tested by the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, USA) by Program NCI-60 DTP Human Tumor Cell Line Screen at a single high dose (10^-5 M). Imides revealed activity on Leukemia cell lines (RPMI-8226 - myeloma cell line), Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer cell lines (A549/ATCC - lung carcinoma epithelial cells) and Renal cancer cell lines (A498 and SN12C).

Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of novel selenoester derivatives

A series of 31 new selenoesters were synthesized and their cytotoxic activity was evaluated against a prostate cancer cell line (PC-3). The most active compounds were also tested against three tumoural cell lines (MCF-7, A-549 and HT-29) and one non-tumour prostate cell line (RWPE-1). Thirteen compounds showed significant activity towards all tumour cells investigated, and some of them were even more potent than etoposide and cisplatin, which were used as reference drugs. Because of their pronounced potency and/or selectivity, four analogues (5, 21, 28 and 30), were selected in order to assess their redox properties related to a possible redox modulating activity. The glutathione peroxidase (GPx) assay showed slight activity for compound 30 and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-(DPPH) assay showed a weak activity for compounds 5 and 28. The present results revealed that analogues 5, 21, 28 and 30 might serve as a useful starting point for the design of improved anti-tumour agents.

Synthesis, evaluation of anticancer activity and COMPARE analysis of N-bis(trifluoromethyl)alkyl-N'-substituted ureas with pharmacophoric moieties

A series of new synthesized N-bis(trifluoromethyl)alkyl-N'-substituted ureas have been tested in the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, USA) by Program NCI-60 DTP Human Tumor Cell Line Screen at a single high dose (10(-5) M). COMPARE analysis has been carried out for all tested compounds. The tested compounds showed antitumor activity against individual cell lines. The most sensitive cell lines relative to the tested compounds are: 5 g Leukemia RPMI-8226 (GI% 52.7), Non-Small Cell Lung cancer HOP-92 (GI % 88.53), NCI-H522 (GI % 64.41), Melanoma UACC-62 (GI% 53.08), SK-MEL-5 (GI % 74.63), Breast cancer MDA-MB-468 (GI% 51.29), T-47D (GI % 65.1), 5b Leukemia K-562 (GI % 55.55), 7 m Leukemia HL-60(TB) (GI % 51.76).