1
|
E. E, Prasana JC, Muthu S, Anuradha A. Molecular Structure, Spectroscopic, Quantum Computational, and Molecular Docking Investigations on Propyl Gallate. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2107688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunice E.
- Department of Physics, Madras Christian College, East Tambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
- University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Johanan Christian Prasana
- Department of Physics, Madras Christian College, East Tambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
- University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Muthu
- Department of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Cheyyar, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Physics, Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M. G. R Government Arts and Science College, Uthiramerur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A. Anuradha
- University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Queen Mary’s College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Agrahari AK, Bose P, Jaiswal MK, Rajkhowa S, Singh AS, Hotha S, Mishra N, Tiwari VK. Cu(I)-Catalyzed Click Chemistry in Glycoscience and Their Diverse Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7638-7956. [PMID: 34165284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between organic azides and terminal alkynes, commonly known as CuAAC or click chemistry, has been identified as one of the most successful, versatile, reliable, and modular strategies for the rapid and regioselective construction of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as diversely functionalized molecules. Carbohydrates, an integral part of living cells, have several fascinating features, including their structural diversity, biocompatibility, bioavailability, hydrophilicity, and superior ADME properties with minimal toxicity, which support increased demand to explore them as versatile scaffolds for easy access to diverse glycohybrids and well-defined glycoconjugates for complete chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological investigations. This review highlights the successful development of CuAAC or click chemistry in emerging areas of glycoscience, including the synthesis of triazole appended carbohydrate-containing molecular architectures (mainly glycohybrids, glycoconjugates, glycopolymers, glycopeptides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycoclusters, and glycodendrimers through regioselective triazole forming modular and bio-orthogonal coupling protocols). It discusses the widespread applications of these glycoproducts as enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery and development, sensing, gelation, chelation, glycosylation, and catalysis. This review also covers the impact of click chemistry and provides future perspectives on its role in various emerging disciplines of science and technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Bose
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Manoj K Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanchayita Rajkhowa
- Department of Chemistry, Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology (JIST), Jorhat, Assam 785010, India
| | - Anoop S Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science and Engineering Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Murugan R, Bhargava Reddy M, Pandurangan P, Anandhan R. Gold-like Thiolate-Protected Ultrasmall Cubic Copper Nanocluster-Based Metal-Organic Framework as a Selective Catalyst for Stepwise Synthesis of Unsymmetric Bistriazole by Click Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56004-56016. [PMID: 33259181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile synthesis of a thiolate-protected water-soluble ultrasmall cubic copper nanocluster-based metal-organic framework (CuMOF) as an efficient and chemoselective catalyst for the azide-alkyne click reaction. Interestingly, the diffuse reflectance spectra of CuMOFs exhibit three discrete plasmon bands at 463, 505, and 674 nm, which are similar to those corresponding to the fingerprint region of thiolate-protected atomically precise Au25 nanoclusters; hence, CuMOFs are termed as gold-like ultrasmall cubic copper nanoclusters. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm the cubic morphology of CuMOFs with nanoclusters showing particle size distribution of ∼2-12 nm. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) spectrum of CuMOFs is attributed to the individual particles consisting of few Cun(SR)m with Cu(0) core atoms and Cu(I)SR staples, i.e., Cu2(SR)4, Cu(SR)6, Cu3(SR)7, and Cu4(SR)8. To our surprise, the unsymmetric bistriazoles resulting from the click reaction of bifunctional azides and alkynes in the presence of CuMOFs were achieved by step-by-step conversion of the terminal azide selectively with maximum yield in the range of 70-88%. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption studies confirm the size-dependent surface area, pore volume, and pore size for the CuMOFs prepared by varying metal-to-ligand ratios. The plausible mechanism for the selective mono-click at CuMOFs suggests the existence of bifunctional terminal interactions via thiol and sulfonate groups that might have provided the site-isolation-based active sites for selective catalysis. The easy recovery of CuMOFs and their reusability up to 5 times without significant loss of activity are very promising for the selective organic conversions in pharmaceutical and industrial formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramadurai Murugan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Mandapati Bhargava Reddy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Prabhu Pandurangan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Ramasamy Anandhan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anandhan R, Reddy MB, Sasikumar M. Development of novel triazole based dendrimer supported spiroborate chiral catalysts for the reduction of (E)-O-benzyl oxime: an enantioselective synthesis of (S)-dapoxetine. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03217g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A reusable dendrimer supported spiroborate catalysts 2 and 3 have been synthesized via a “click” chemistry and demonstrated as catalysts for the reduction of (E)-O-benzyl oxime 13 to synthesis of (S)-dapoxetine 14 with 94% ee and 46% overall yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Anandhan
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai 600 025
- India
| | | | - Murugesan Sasikumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology
- Chennai
- India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anandhan R, Kannan A, Rajakumar P. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of triazole-based macrocyclic amides through click chemistry. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1254800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Anandhan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayyavoo Kannan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Rajakumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kannan A, Saravanan V, Rajakumar P. Synthesis, Photophysical, Electrochemical Studies, and Antioxidant Properties of Fluorescein-Linked Glycodendrimers. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayyavoo Kannan
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Madras; Guindy Campus Chennai 600 025 India
| | - Velautham Saravanan
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Madras; Guindy Campus Chennai 600 025 India
| | - Perumal Rajakumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Madras; Guindy Campus Chennai 600 025 India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Patil DA, Surana SJ. Synthesis, biological evaluation of 2,3-disubstituted-imidazolyl/benzimidazolyl-quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Tiwari VK, Mishra BB, Mishra KB, Mishra N, Singh AS, Chen X. Cu-Catalyzed Click Reaction in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3086-240. [PMID: 26796328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC), popularly known as the "click reaction", serves as the most potent and highly dependable tool for facile construction of simple to complex architectures at the molecular level. Click-knitted threads of two exclusively different molecular entities have created some really interesting structures for more than 15 years with a broad spectrum of applicability, including in the fascinating fields of synthetic chemistry, medicinal science, biochemistry, pharmacology, material science, and catalysis. The unique properties of the carbohydrate moiety and the advantages of highly chemo- and regioselective click chemistry, such as mild reaction conditions, efficient performance with a wide range of solvents, and compatibility with different functionalities, together produce miraculous neoglycoconjugates and neoglycopolymers with various synthetic, biological, and pharmaceutical applications. In this review we highlight the successful advancement of Cu(I)-catalyzed click chemistry in glycoscience and its applications as well as future scope in different streams of applied sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Bhuwan B Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Kunj B Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Anoop S Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anandkumar D, Raja R, Rajakumar P. Synthesis, photophysical properties and anticancer activity of micro-environment sensitive amphiphilic bile acid dendrimers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20147k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin-cored bile acid dendrimers containing deoxymethyl cholate and methyl cholate units at the periphery, have been synthesized by convergent methodology using a click chemistry approach and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and MALDI-TOF MS data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Anandkumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Maraimalai Campus
- Chennai 600 025
- India
| | - Rathinam Raja
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Maraimalai Campus
- Chennai 600 025
- India
| | - Perumal Rajakumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Maraimalai Campus
- Chennai 600 025
- India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of N-acylheteroaryl hydrazone derivatives as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
12
|
Synthesis and antioxidant studies of novel bi-, tri-, and tetrapodal 9-aryl-1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Kannan A, Rajakumar P. Synthesis and catalytic application of glycodendrimers decorated with gold nanoparticles – reduction of 4-nitrophenol. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06375b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Au–DSNPs and Au–DENPs with an average diameter of 7.2 and 4.0 nm have been synthesized and proved to be good catalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayyavoo Kannan
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Guindy Campus
- Chennai 600025
- India
| | - Perumal Rajakumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Guindy Campus
- Chennai 600025
- India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kannan A, Rajakumar P. Synthesis, photophysical, electrochemical and laser properties of anthracene conjugated glycodendrimers with triazole as a bridging unit. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07901b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light emitting glycodendrimers 1, 2 and 3 were successfully synthesized by click reaction and the higher generation glycodendrimers showed enhanced optical, photophysical, laser and electrochemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayyavoo Kannan
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai-600 025
- India
| | - Perumal Rajakumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- Chennai-600 025
- India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Novel N-Methyl Pyrrolidine Dendrimers via [3+2] Cycloaddition. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INDIA SECTION A-PHYSICAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40010-013-0120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Synthesis and effect of substituent position on anti-inflammatory activity of 3-(halobenzyl)isocarbostyrils. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
17
|
Rajakumar P, Anandhan R, Vadla GP, Vellaichamy E. Synthesis and cardio protective biological applications of glucodendrimers by H9C2 cell studies. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 99:403-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
18
|
Rajakumar P, Anandhan R, Manoj D, Santhanalakshmi J. Synthesis, H2PO4−and Pd2+ion sensing and gold nanoparticle encapsulation of ferrocenyldendrimers by a green chemistry approach. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43238f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
19
|
Jayanthi M, Rajakumar P. Synthesis and analysis of in vitro anti-arthritic activity of dendrimers with methyl, ethyl and isopropyl salicylates as surface groups. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07992b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers containing methyl, ethyl and isopropyl salicylates on the surface were synthesized using the divergent approach starting from a simple core unit benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Jayanthi
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- GuindyChennai-600025, India
| | - Perumal Rajakumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Madras
- GuindyChennai-600025, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kumbhare MR, Sivakumar T, Lakhote T, Govinda Mo P. An Evaluation of Membrane Stabilizing Activity and Antimicrobial Activity of
Stem Bark of Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) Against Selected Microbes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ajdd.2014.41.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
21
|
Kushwaha D, Tiwari VK. Click Chemistry Inspired Synthesis of Glycoporphyrin Dendrimers. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8184-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4012392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kushwaha
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Vinod K. Tiwari
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rajakumar P, Anandhan R, Kannan A. Synthesis and in vitro anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory studies on hypervalent pyranoside glycodendrimers with triazole bridging point. Supramol Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2013.783917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Rajakumar
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Madras, Guindy Campus , Chennai , 600 025 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Ramasamy Anandhan
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Madras, Guindy Campus , Chennai , 600 025 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Ayyavoo Kannan
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Madras, Guindy Campus , Chennai , 600 025 , Tamil Nadu , India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chabre YM, Roy R. Multivalent glycoconjugate syntheses and applications using aromatic scaffolds. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4657-708. [PMID: 23400414 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35483k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycan-protein interactions are of utmost importance in several biological phenomena. Although the variety of carbohydrate residues in mammalian cells is limited to less than a dozen different sugars, their spatial topographical presentation in what is now associated as the "glycocodes" provides the fundamental keys for specific and high affinity "lock-in" recognition events associated with a wide range of pathologies. Toward deciphering our understanding of these glycocodes, chemists have developed new creative tools that included dendrimer chemistry in order to provide monodisperse multivalent glycoconjugates. This review provides a survey of the numerous aromatic architectures generated for the multivalent presentation of relevant carbohydrates using covalent attachment or supramolecular self-assemblies. The basic concepts toward their controlled syntheses will be described using modern synthetic procedures with a particular emphasis on powerful organometallic methodologies. The large variety of dendritic aromatic scaffolds, together with a brief survey of their unique biophysical and biological properties will be critically reviewed. The distinctiveness of the resulting multivalent glycoarchitectures, encompassing glycoclusters, glycodendrimers and molecularly defined self-assemblies, in forming well organized cross-linked lattices with multivalent carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins) together with their photophysical, medical, and imaging properties will also be briefly highlighted. The topic will be presented in increasing order of aromatic backbone complexities and will end with fullerenes together with self-assembled nanostructures, thus complementing the various scaffolds described in this special thematic issue dedicated to multivalent glycoscience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoann M Chabre
- Pharmaqam - Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cantekin S, de Greef TFA, Palmans ARA. Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide: a versatile ordering moiety for supramolecular chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6125-37. [PMID: 22773107 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35156k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
After their first synthesis in 1915 by Curtius, benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides (BTAs) have become increasingly important in a wide range of scientific disciplines. Their simple structure and wide accessibility in combination with a detailed understanding of their supramolecular self-assembly behaviour allow full utilization of this versatile, supramolecular building block in applications ranging from nanotechnology to polymer processing and biomedical applications. While the opportunities in the former cases are connected to the self-assembly of BTAs into one-dimensional, nanometer-sized rod like structures stabilised by threefold H-bonding, their multivalent nature drives applications in the biomedical field. This review summarises the different types of BTAs that appeared in the recent literature and the applications they have been evaluated in. Currently, the first commercial applications of BTAs are emerging. The adaptable nature of this multipurpose building block promises a bright future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seda Cantekin
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|