Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 1-(8-(benzyloxy)quinolin-2-yl)-6-substituted-4,6-diazaspiro[2,4]heptane-5,7-diones

Synthesis of Indole-Fused Dihydrothiopyrano Scaffolds via (3 + 3)-Annulations of Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Indoline-2-Thiones

A new methodology for the synthesis of N-haloindole-fused dihydrothiopyrano derivatives via (3 + 3)-annulation of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs) with indoline-2-thiones in the presence of Sc(OTf)₃ as a Lewis acid catalyst has been developed. This protocol provides a variety of indole-fused dihydrothiopyrano molecules in good to excellent yields, which architecturally resemble other indole-fused tricyclic molecules having potential medicinal value. In addition, we have described a detailed reaction mechanism and transformation of the furnished product into N-fused thiazino indole molecule.

Synthesis, molecular modeling studies and anticonvulsant activity of certain (1-(benzyl (aryl) amino) cyclohexyl) methyl esters

A series of (1-(benzyl (aryl) amino) cyclohexyl) methyl esters 7a-n were prepared and screened for their anticonvulsant profile. Screening of these esters 7a-n and their starting alcohols 6a and 6b revealed that compound 7k was the most potent one in the scPTZ screening test with an ED₅₀ value of 0.0056mmol/kg being about 10- and 164-fold more potent than phenobarbital (ED₅₀=0.056mmol/kg) and ethosuximide (ED₅₀=0.92mmol/kg) as reference drugs, respectively. Meanwhile, in the MES test, compounds 7b and 7k at doses 0.0821mmol/kg and 0.0334mmol/kg, exerted 66% and 50% protection of the tested mice, respectively, compared with diphenylhydantoin, which exerted 100% protection at dose 0.16mmol/kg. In the neurotoxicity screen test, almost all esters 7a-n did not show any minimal motor impairment at the maximum administrated dose. The anticonvulsant effectiveness of esters 7a-n was higher than their corresponding alcohols 6a and 6b. Compounds 7b and 7k exhibited pronounced anticonvulsant activity devoid of neurotoxicity in minimal motor impairment test and hepatotoxicity in the serum enzyme activity assay. 3D pharmacophore model using Discovery Studio 2.5 programs showed high fit value. The obtained experimental results of sc-PTZ activity of compounds 7a-n was consistent with the molecular modeling study.

Current Research on Antiepileptic Compounds

Epilepsy affects about 1% of the world’s population. Due to the fact all antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have some undesirable side effects and about 30% of epileptic patients are not seizure-free with the existing AEDs, there is still an urgent need for the development of more effective and safer AEDs. Based on our research work on antiepileptic compounds and other references in recent years, this review covers the reported work on antiepileptic compounds which are classified according to their structures. This review summarized 244 significant anticonvulsant compounds which are classified by functional groups according to the animal model data, although there are some limitations in the data. This review highlights the properties of new compounds endowed with promising antiepileptic properties, which may be proven to be more effective and selective, and possibly free of unwanted side effects. The reviewed compounds represent an interesting possibility to overcome refractory seizures and to reduce the percentage of patients with a poor response to drug therapy.

Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Benzenesulfonamide Derivatives as Potential Anticonvulsant Agents

A novel series of benzenesulfonamide derivatives containing 4-aminobenzenesul-fonamide and α-amides branched valproic acid or 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid moieties were synthesized and screened for their anticonvulsant activities in mice maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) test. The activity experimental study showed that 2,2-dipropyl-N¹-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)malonamide (18b) had the lowest median effective dose (ED50) of 16.36 mg/kg in MES test, and 2,2-dimethyl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide (12c) had the lowest ED50 of 22.50 mg/kg in scPTZ test, which resulted in the protective indexe (PI) of 24.8 and 20.4, respectively. These promising data suggest the new compounds have good potential as new class of anticonvulsant agents with high effectiveness and low toxicity for the treatment of epilepsy.

N-[(2,6-Dimethylphenoxy)alkyl]aminoalkanols-their physicochemical and anticonvulsant properties

Twenty four new N-[(dimethylphenoxy)alkyl]aminoalkanols have been synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity in a series of in vivo tests: the maximum electroshock (MES), 6 Hz, and subcutaneous metrazole (ScMet). The compounds were also evaluated for possible neurotoxicity in the rotarod test. The majority of the achieved compounds exhibit quantified anticonvulsant activity. The most active compound 4: R-(-)-2N-[(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)ethyl]aminopropan-1-ol is active in MES with ED50=5.34 (male mice, ip), 22.28 (female mice, ip), 51.19 (male mice, po), 7.43 (rats, ip), and 28.60 (rats, po). Thermal analysis proved that its hydrochloride (4a) can exist in polymorphic forms. The compound binds to σ, 5-HT1A, and α2 receptors as well as 5-HT transporter and it does not exhibit mutagenic properties.

Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of ethyl 2,2-dimethyl-1-(2-substitutedhydrazinecarboxamido) cyclopropanecarboxylate derivatives

In this study on the development of new anticonvulsants, fourteen ethyl 2,2-dimethyl-1-(2-substitutedhydrazinecarboxamido) cyclopropanecarboxylate derivatives were synthesized and tested for anticonvulsant activity using the maximal electroshock, subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole screens, which are the most widely employed seizure models for early identification of candidate anticonvulsants. Their neurotoxicity was determined applying the rotorod test. Two compounds 6f and 6k showed promising anticonvulsant activities in both models employed for anticonvulsant evaluation. The most active compound 6k showed the maximal electroshock-induced seizures with ED50 value of 9.2 mg/kg and TD50 value of 387.5 mg/kg after intraperitoneally injection to mice, which provided compound 6k with a protective index (TD50/ED50 ) of 42.1 in the maximal electroshock test.

DMPPQA, a novel angiogenesis inhibitor, induces apoptosis in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells and HUVECs

Cytotoxic activity of 5,7-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-N-propylquinolin-4-amine (DMPPQA) was investigated in human colon cancer cells HCT-116 and umbilical vein endothelial cell line HUVEC. The IC(50) of DMPPQA on HCT-116 and HUVEC cells were respectively 1.26 and 7.43 µM after 72 h treatment. DMPPQA inhibited the growth of HCT-116 and HUVEC cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Typical morphological changes of apoptotic body formation were seen after DMPPQA with Hoechst 33258 staining. FCM analysis showed that DMPPQA induced apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential loss (ΔΨm) and increase in the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) of HCT-116 cells. After treating with DMPPQA, apoptosis-related protein expression of Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP-1 and P53 increased and Bcl-2 protein expression decreased. DMPPQA treatment of HUVECs reduced cell migration and microcapillary tube formation in a Matrigel matrix. It also decreased VEGF protein expression. Thus DMPPQA acts as an angiogenesis inhibitor and induces cell apoptosis by a caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway.