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Hosomi H, Akatsuka A, Dan S, Iwasaki H, Nambu H, Kojima N. Synthesis of Acetogenin Analogs Comprising Pyrimidine Moieties Linked by Amine Bonds and Their Inhibitory Activity against Human Cancer Cell Lines. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:823-826. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akinobu Akatsuka
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research
| | - Shingo Dan
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research
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Ohta K, Fushimi T, Okamura M, Akatsuka A, Dan S, Iwasaki H, Yamashita M, Kojima N. Structure-antitumor activity relationship of hybrid acetogenins focusing on connecting groups between heterocycles and the linker moiety. RSC Adv 2022; 12:15728-15739. [PMID: 35685710 PMCID: PMC9131733 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02399g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied hybrid molecules of annonaceous acetogenins and mitochondrial complex I-inhibiting insecticides to develop a novel anticancer agent. A structure–antitumor activity relationship study focusing on the connecting groups between the heterocycles and the linker moiety bearing the tetrahydrofuran moiety was conducted. Eleven hybrid acetogenins with 1-methylpyrazole instead of γ-lactone were synthesized and their growth inhibitory activities against 39 human cancer cell lines were evaluated. The nitrogen atom at the 2′-position of the linker moiety was essential for inhibiting cancer growth. The 1-methylpyrazole-5-sulfonamide analog showed potent growth inhibition of NCI-H23, a human lung cancer cell line, in a xenograft mouse assay without critical toxicity. Hence, the results of this study may pave the way for the development of novel anticancer agents, with both selective and broad anticancer activities. The in vivo active 1-methylpyrazole-5-sulfonamide analog of acetogenins was obtained by the structure–antitumor activity relationship, focusing on the connecting groups between the heterocycle and the linker.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Ohta
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University 1 Misasagi-Shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607-8412 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fushimi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University 1-6 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Mutsumi Okamura
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research 3-8-1 Ariake-ku Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
| | - Akinobu Akatsuka
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research 3-8-1 Ariake-ku Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
| | - Shingo Dan
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research 3-8-1 Ariake-ku Tokyo 135-8550 Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwasaki
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University 1 Misasagi-Shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607-8412 Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamashita
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University 1 Misasagi-Shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607-8412 Japan
| | - Naoto Kojima
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University 1 Misasagi-Shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku Kyoto 607-8412 Japan
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Ohta K, Akatsuka A, Dan S, Iwasaki H, Yamashita M, Kojima N. Structure-Activity Relationships of Thiophene Carboxamide Annonaceous Acetogenin Analogs: Shortening the Alkyl Chain in the Tail Part Significantly Affects Their Growth Inhibitory Activity against Human Cancer Cell Lines. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:1029-1033. [PMID: 34602571 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found that the thiophene carboxamide solamin analog, which is a mono-tetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenin, showed potent antitumor activity through the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. In this study, we synthesized analogs with short alkyl chains instead of the n-dodecyl group in the tail part. We evaluated their growth inhibitory activities against human cancer cell lines. We found that the alkyl chain in the tail part plays an essential role in their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akinobu Akatsuka
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research
| | - Shingo Dan
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research
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Kojima N, Hayashi H, Iwasaki H, Yamashita M. Syntheses of C2'-Fluorinated Analogs of Solamin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:675-678. [PMID: 32612003 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The details of the total syntheses of C2'-fluorinated analogs of solamin, an antitumor annonaceous acetogenin, are described. Fluorine was enantioselectively introduced at the C2'-position by organocatalytic α-fluorination of the aldehyde according to a previously reported method. C2'-fluorinated solamin and its C2'-diastereomer were synthesized by the Sonogashira coupling of a tetrahydrofuran fragment and fluorine-containing γ-lactone fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiromi Hayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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Matsumoto T, Akatsuka A, Dan S, Iwasaki H, Yamashita M, Kojima N. Synthesis and cancer cell growth inhibition effects of acetogenin analogs bearing ethylene glycol units for enhancing the water solubility. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pires CS, de Oliveira DH, Pontel MRB, Kazmierczak JC, Cargnelutti R, Alves D, Jacob RG, Schumacher RF. Molecular iodine-catalyzed one-pot multicomponent synthesis of 5-amino-4-(arylselanyl)-1 H-pyrazoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2789-2798. [PMID: 30498528 PMCID: PMC6244180 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-pot iodine-catalyzed multicomponent reaction has been developed for the selective preparation of 5-amino-4-(arylselanyl)-1H-pyrazoles from a diverse array of benzoylacetonitriles, arylhydrazines and diaryl diselenides. The reactions were conducted in MeCN as solvent at reflux temperature under air. The methodology presents a large functional group tolerance to electron-deficient, electron-rich, and bulky substituents and gave the expected products in good to excellent yields. The synthesized 1,3-diphenyl-4-(phenylselanyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was submitted to an oxidative dehydrogenative coupling to produce a diazo compound confirmed by X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Pires
- LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel - P.O. Box 354 - 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela H de Oliveira
- LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel - P.O. Box 354 - 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria R B Pontel
- LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel - P.O. Box 354 - 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean C Kazmierczak
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel - P.O. Box 354 - 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel G Jacob
- LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel - P.O. Box 354 - 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo F Schumacher
- LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel - P.O. Box 354 - 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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7
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Convergent synthesis of stereoisomers of THF ring moiety of acetogenin thiophene analogue and their antiproliferative activities against human cancer cell lines. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gould ER, King EFB, Menzies SK, Fraser AL, Tulloch LB, Zacharova MK, Smith TK, Florence GJ. Simplifying nature: Towards the design of broad spectrum kinetoplastid inhibitors, inspired by acetogenins. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6126-6136. [PMID: 28185724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The need for new treatments for the neglected tropical diseases African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis remains urgent with the diseases widespread in tropical regions, affecting the world's very poorest. We have previously reported bis-tetrahydropyran 1,4-triazole analogues designed as mimics of the annonaceous acetogenin natural product chamuvarinin, which maintained trypanocidal activity. Building upon these studies, we here report related triazole compounds with pendant heterocycles, mimicking the original butenolide of the natural product. Analogues were active against T. brucei, with a nitrofuran compound displaying nanomolar trypanocidal activity. Several analogues also showed strong activity against T. cruzi and L. major. Importantly, select compounds gave excellent selectivity over mammalian cells with a furan-based analogue highly selective while remaining active against all three cell lines, thus representing a potential lead for a new broad spectrum kinetoplastid inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin R Gould
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Elizabeth F B King
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Stefanie K Menzies
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Andrew L Fraser
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Lindsay B Tulloch
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Marija K Zacharova
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Terry K Smith
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Gordon J Florence
- EaStChem School of Chemistry, Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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D'yakonov VA, Tuktarova RA, Ishmukhametova SR, Dzhemilev UM. The facile first total synthesis of a deuterated analog of natural muricadienin. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Dzhemilev UM, D'yakonov VA, Tuktarova RA, Dzhemileva LU, Ishmukhametova SR, Yunusbaeva MM, de Meijere A. Short Route to the Total Synthesis of Natural Muricadienin and Investigation of Its Cytotoxic Properties. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2039-2044. [PMID: 27533261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An original synthesis of the acetogenin muricadienin, the bioprecursor of solamin, has been developed. The key step in the five-step 41% overall yield synthesis is the catalytic cross-cyclomagnesiation reaction of functionally substituted 1,2-dienes with EtMgBr in the presence of Cp2TiCl2 and magnesium metal. It has been demonstrated for the first time that muricadienin exhibits a moderate in vitro inhibitory activity against topoisomerases I and IIα, key cell cycle enzymes. Using flow cytometry, muricadienin was shown to have high cytotoxicity toward the HEK293 kidney cancer cells (IC50 0.39 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Usein M Dzhemilev
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS) , Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A D'yakonov
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS) , Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Regina A Tuktarova
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS) , Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Lilya U Dzhemileva
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS) , Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
- Department of Immunology and Human Reproductive Health, Bashkir State Medical University , Lenin Street, 3, 450003, Ufa, Russian Federation
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences , Prospect Octyabrya, 71, 450054, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana R Ishmukhametova
- Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis, Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of RAS (IPC RAS) , Prospect Octyabrya, 141, 450075, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Milyausha M Yunusbaeva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences , Prospect Octyabrya, 71, 450054, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Armin de Meijere
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Akatsuka A, Kojima N, Okamura M, Dan S, Yamori T. A novel thiophene-3-carboxamide analog of annonaceous acetogenin exhibits antitumor activity via inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00246. [PMID: 28116099 PMCID: PMC5242172 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we synthesized JCI‐20679, a novel thiophene‐3‐carboxamide analog of annonaceous acetogenins which have shown potent antitumor activity, with no serious side effects, in mouse xenograft models. In this study, we investigated the antitumor mechanism of JCI‐20679. The growth inhibition profile (termed “fingerprint”) of this agent across a panel of 39 human cancer cell lines (termed “JFCR39”) was measured; this fingerprint was analyzed by the COMPARE algorithm utilizing the entire drug sensitivity database for the JFCR39 panel. The JCI‐20679‐specific fingerprint exhibited a high similarity to those of two antidiabetic biguanides and a natural rotenoid deguelin which were already known to be mitochondrial complex I inhibitors. In addition, the fingerprint exhibited by JCI‐20679 was not similar to that displayed by any typical anticancer drugs within the database, suggesting that it has a unique mode of action. In vitro experiments using bovine heart‐derived mitochondria showed direct inhibition of mitochondrial complex I by JCI‐20679 and associated derivatives. This inhibition of enzymatic activity positively correlated with tumor cell growth inhibition. Furthermore, a fluorescently labeled derivative of JCI‐20679 localized to the mitochondria of live cancer cells in vitro. These results suggest that JCI‐20679 can inhibit cancer cell growth by inhibiting mitochondrial complex I. Our results show that JCI‐20679 is a novel anticancer drug lead with a unique mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Akatsuka
- Molecular Pharmacology Cancer Chemotherapy Center Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoto Kojima
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Chemistry Kyoto Pharmaceutical University Kyoto Japan
| | - Mutsumi Okamura
- Molecular Pharmacology Cancer Chemotherapy Center Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Tokyo Japan
| | - Shingo Dan
- Molecular Pharmacology Cancer Chemotherapy Center Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Tokyo Japan
| | - Takao Yamori
- Molecular Pharmacology Cancer Chemotherapy Center Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research Tokyo Japan; Present address: Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency Tokyo Japan
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Comerford KB, Ayoob KT, Murray RD, Atkinson SA. The Role of Avocados in Complementary and Transitional Feeding. Nutrients 2016; 8:E316. [PMID: 27213450 PMCID: PMC4882728 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant dietary patterns tend to be insufficient sources of fruits, vegetables, and fiber, as well as excessive in salt, added sugars, and overall energy. Despite the serious long-term health risks associated with suboptimal fruit and vegetable intake, a large percentage of infants and toddlers in the U.S. do not consume any fruits or vegetables on a daily basis. Since not all fruits and vegetables are nutritionally similar, guidance on the optimal selection of fruits and vegetables should emphasize those with the greatest potential for nutrition and health benefits. A challenge is that the most popularly consumed fruits for this age group (i.e., apples, pears, bananas, grapes, strawberries) do not closely fit the current general recommendations since they tend to be overly sweet and/or high in sugar. Unsaturated oil-containing fruits such as avocados are nutritionally unique among fruits in that they are lower in sugar and higher in fiber and monounsaturated fatty acids than most other fruits, and they also have the proper consistency and texture for first foods with a neutral flavor spectrum. Taken together, avocados show promise for helping to meet the dietary needs of infants and toddlers, and should be considered for inclusion in future dietary recommendations for complementary and transitional feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Comerford
- Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Keith T Ayoob
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Robert D Murray
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Katte TA, Reekie TA, Jorgensen WT, Kassiou M. The Formation of Seven-Membered Heterocycles under Mild Pictet–Spengler Conditions: A Route to Pyrazolo[3,4]benzodiazepines. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4883-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Katte
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Tristan A. Reekie
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - William T. Jorgensen
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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15
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Kojima N, Suga Y, Matsumoto T, Tanaka T, Akatsuka A, Yamori T, Dan S, Iwasaki H, Yamashita M. Synthesis of dansyl-labeled probe of thiophene analogue of annonaceous acetogenins for visualization of cell distribution and growth inhibitory activity toward human cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1276-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kojima N, Fushimi T, Tatsukawa T, Tanaka T, Okamura M, Akatsuka A, Yamori T, Dan S, Iwasaki H, Yamashita M. Thiophene-3-carboxamide analogue of annonaceous acetogenins as antitumor drug lead. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:684-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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New cytotoxic annonaceous acetogenin mimetics having a nitrogen-heterocyclic terminal and their application to cell imaging. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Rational approaches, design strategies, structure activity relationship and mechanistic insights for anticancer hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 77:422-87. [PMID: 24685980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A Hybrid drug which comprises the incorporation of two drug pharmacophores in one single molecule are basically designed to interact with multiple targets or to amplify its effect through action on another bio target as one single molecule or to counterbalance the known side effects associated with the other hybrid part(.) The present review article offers a detailed account of the design strategies employed for the synthesis of anticancer agents via molecular hybridization techniques. Over the years, the researchers have employed this technique to discover some promising chemical architectures displaying significant anticancer profiles. Molecular hybridization as a tool has been particularly utilized for targeting tubulin protein as exemplified through the number of research papers. The microtubule inhibitors such as taxol, colchicine, chalcones, combretasatin, phenstatins and vinca alkaloids have been utilized as one of the functionality of the hybrids and promising results have been obtained in most of the cases with some of the tubulin based hybrids exhibiting anticancer activity at nanomolar level. Linkage with steroids as biological carrier vector for anticancer drugs and the inclusion of pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs), a family of DNA interactive antitumor antibiotics derived from Streptomyces species in hybrid structure based drug design has also emerged as a potential strategy. Various heteroaryl based hybrids in particular isatin and coumarins have also been designed and reported to posses' remarkable inhibitory potential. Apart from presenting the design strategies, the article also highlights the structure activity relationship along with mechanistic insights revealed during the biological evaluation of the hybrids.
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