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Luo ML, Zhao Q, He XH, Xie X, Zhu HP, You FM, Peng C, Zhan G, Huang W. Research progress of indole-fused derivatives as allosteric modulators: Opportunities for drug development. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114574. [PMID: 36996677 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation is a direct and effective method for regulating the function of biological macromolecules, which play vital roles in various cellular activities. Unlike orthosteric modulators, allosteric modulators bind to sites distant from the protein's orthosteric/active site and can have specific effects on the protein's function or activity without competing with endogenous ligands. Compared to traditional orthosteric modulators, allosteric modulators offer several advantages, including reduced side effects, greater specificity, and lower toxicity, making them a promising strategy for developing novel drugs. Indole-fused architectures are widely distributed in natural products and bioactive drug leads, displaying diverse biological activities that attract the interest of both chemists and biologists in drug discovery. Currently, an increasing number of indole-fused compounds have exhibited potent activities in allosteric modulation. In this review, we provide a brief summary of examples of allosteric modulators based on the indole-fused complex architecture, highlighting the strategies for drug design/discovery and the structure-activity relationships of allosteric modulators from the perspective of medicinal chemistry.
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Pasquini S, Contri C, Cappello M, Borea PA, Varani K, Vincenzi F. Update on the recent development of allosteric modulators for adenosine receptors and their therapeutic applications. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1030895. [PMID: 36278183 PMCID: PMC9581118 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1030895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) have been identified as promising therapeutic targets for countless pathological conditions, spanning from inflammatory diseases to central nervous system disorders, from cancer to metabolic diseases, from cardiovascular pathologies to respiratory diseases, and beyond. This extraordinary therapeutic potential is mainly due to the plurality of pathophysiological actions of adenosine and the ubiquitous expression of its receptors. This is, however, a double-edged sword that makes the clinical development of effective ligands with tolerable side effects difficult. Evidence of this is the low number of AR agonists or antagonists that have reached the market. An alternative approach is to target allosteric sites via allosteric modulators, compounds endowed with several advantages over orthosteric ligands. In addition to the typical advantages of allosteric modulators, those acting on ARs could benefit from the fact that adenosine levels are elevated in pathological tissues, thus potentially having negligible effects on normal tissues where adenosine levels are maintained low. Several A1 and various A3AR allosteric modulators have been identified so far, and some of them have been validated in different preclinical settings, achieving promising results. Less fruitful, instead, has been the discovery of A2A and A2BAR allosteric modulators, although the results obtained up to now are encouraging. Collectively, data in the literature suggests that allosteric modulators of ARs could represent valuable pharmacological tools, potentially able to overcome the limitations of orthosteric ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Cappello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- *Correspondence: Katia Varani,
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Inhibition of XPO-1 Mediated Nuclear Export through the Michael-Acceptor Character of Chalcones. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111131. [PMID: 34832913 PMCID: PMC8621101 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear export receptor exportin-1 (XPO1, CRM1) mediates the nuclear export of proteins that contain a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) towards the cytoplasm. XPO1 is considered a relevant target in different human diseases, particularly in hematological malignancies, tumor resistance, inflammation, neurodegeneration and viral infections. Thus, its pharmacological inhibition is of significant therapeutic interest. The best inhibitors described so far (leptomycin B and SINE compounds) interact with XPO1 through a covalent interaction with Cys528 located in the NES-binding cleft of XPO1. Based on the well-established feature of chalcone derivatives to react with thiol groups via hetero-Michael addition reactions, we have synthesized two series of chalcones. Their capacity to react with thiol groups was tested by incubation with GSH to afford the hetero-Michael adducts that evolved backwards to the initial chalcone through a retro-Michael reaction, supporting that the covalent interaction with thiols could be reversible. The chalcone derivatives were evaluated in antiproliferative assays against a panel of cancer cell lines and as XPO1 inhibitors, and a good correlation was observed with the results obtained in both assays. Moreover, no inhibition of the cargo export was observed when the two prototype chalcones 9 and 10 were tested against a XPO1-mutated Jurkat cell line (XPO1C528S), highlighting the importance of the Cys at the NES-binding cleft for inhibition. Finally, their interaction at the molecular level at the NES-binding cleft was studied by applying the computational tool CovDock.
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Zhang K, Tran C, Alami M, Hamze A, Provot O. Synthesis and Biological Activities of Pyrazino[1,2- a]indole and Pyrazino[1,2- a]indol-1-one Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080779. [PMID: 34451876 PMCID: PMC8399128 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This review concerns the synthesis and biological activities of pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles and pyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1-ones reported since 1997 and the discovery of biological activity of pyrazinoindole derivatives. In the first part, we first presented the synthetic routes that have been reported from a methodological point of view to access the pyrazinoindole unit according to cyclization reactions using or not using metal catalysts. Then, syntheses and neuropsychiatric, auto-immune, anti-infectious and anti-cancer properties of pyrazinoindoles were detailed. In the second part, we first reported the main accesses to pyrazinoindol-1-one substrates according to Michael reactions, metal-catalyzed and metal-free cyclization reactions. The syntheses and anti-cancer, anti-infectious, anti-allergenic and neuropsychiatric properties of pyrazinoindolones were next described and discussed.
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The Detrimental Action of Adenosine on Glutamate-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC12 Cells Can Be Shifted towards a Neuroprotective Role through A 1AR Positive Allosteric Modulation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051242. [PMID: 32443448 PMCID: PMC7290574 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate cytotoxicity is implicated in neuronal death in different neurological disorders including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. Adenosine is a nucleoside that plays an important role in modulating neuronal activity and its receptors have been identified as promising therapeutic targets for glutamate cytotoxicity. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the role of adenosine and its receptors on glutamate-induced injury in PC12 cells and to verify the protective effect of the novel A1 adenosine receptor positive allosteric modulator, TRR469. Flow cytometry experiments to detect apoptosis revealed that adenosine has a dual role in glutamate cytotoxicity, with A2A and A2B adenosine receptor (AR) activation exacerbating and A1 AR activation improving glutamate-induced cell injury. The overall effect of endogenous adenosine in PC12 cells resulted in a facilitating action on glutamate cytotoxicity, as demonstrated by the use of adenosine deaminase and selective antagonists. However, enhancing the action of endogenous adenosine on A1ARs by TRR469 completely abrogated glutamate-mediated cell death, caspase 3/7 activation, ROS production, and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. Our results indicate a novel potential therapeutic strategy against glutamate cytotoxicity based on the positive allosteric modulation of A1ARs.
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Bi HY, Du M, Pan CX, Xiao Y, Su GF, Mo DL. Nickel(II)-Catalyzed [5 + 1] Annulation of 2-Carbonyl-1-propargylindoles with Hydroxylamine To Synthesize Pyrazino[1,2- a]indole-2-oxides in Water. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9859-9868. [PMID: 31347845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An atom-economical and practical method for the efficient synthesis of various pyrazino[1,2-a]indole-2-oxides was developed through a nickel(II)-catalyzed [5 + 1] annulation of 2-carbonyl-1-propargylindoles with hydroxylamine in water without using an organic solvent. The reaction involved an initial condensation of 2-carbonyl-1-propargylindoles with hydroxylamine to afford oxime intermediates, which then underwent a nickel(II)-catalyzed 6-exo-dig cyclization. Preliminary studies showed that (n-Bu)4NI served as a phase transfer catalyst and promoted the formation of active nickel(II) species. More importantly, the nickel(II) salt and phase transfer catalyst-in-water could be recycled seven times, and a gram scalable product was easily obtained in good yields through a filtration and washing protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , 15 Yu Cai Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Min Du
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , 15 Yu Cai Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Cheng-Xue Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , 15 Yu Cai Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Yuhong Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201 , P. R. China
| | - Gui-Fa Su
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , 15 Yu Cai Road , Guilin 541004 , China
| | - Dong-Liang Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , 15 Yu Cai Road , Guilin 541004 , China
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Karthikeyan S, Zalte RR, Festa AA, Voskressensky LG. Understanding the Binding Mechanism of a Pyrazino[1,2‐a]indole Derivative with Calf Thymus DNA. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Karthikeyan
- Department of Organic ChemistryScience FacultyPeoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho-Maklaya St.,6 Moscow Russia 117198
| | - Rajesh R. Zalte
- Department of Organic ChemistryScience FacultyPeoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho-Maklaya St.,6 Moscow Russia 117198
| | - Alexey A. Festa
- Department of Organic ChemistryScience FacultyPeoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho-Maklaya St.,6 Moscow Russia 117198
| | - Leonid G. Voskressensky
- Department of Organic ChemistryScience FacultyPeoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Miklukho-Maklaya St.,6 Moscow Russia 117198
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Dai J, Dan W, Zhang Y, Wang J. Recent developments on synthesis and biological activities of γ-carboline. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:447-461. [PMID: 30103193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
γ-Carboline alkaloids are a family of natural and synthetic agents that have diverse bioactivities including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, neuropharmacological activities and so on. They constitute an important class of pharmacologically active scaffolds that exhibit biological activity via diverse mechanisms. This review provides an update on the recent developments (2010-2017) in the synthesis and biological activities of these compounds. In cases where sufficient information is available, the mechanism and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of biological activity are presented, and based on our expertise in the field and careful analysis of the recent literature, for the potential of γ-carboline alkaloids as medicinal drugs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangkun Dai
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjia Dan
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junru Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, 201203, Shanghai, China.
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Festa AA, Zalte RR, Golantsov NE, Varlamov AV, Van der Eycken EV, Voskressensky LG. DBU-Catalyzed Alkyne–Imidate Cyclization toward 1-Alkoxypyrazino[1,2-a]indole Synthesis. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9305-9311. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Festa
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Rajesh R. Zalte
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Nikita E. Golantsov
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V. Varlamov
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Erik V. Van der Eycken
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leonid G. Voskressensky
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
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2-Aminothiophene scaffolds: Diverse biological and pharmacological attributes in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:465-493. [PMID: 28987607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminothiophenes are important five-membered heterocyclic building blocks in organic synthesis, and the chemistry of these small molecules is still developing based on the discovery of cyclization by Gewald. Another attractive feature of 2-aminothiophene scaffolds is their ability to act as synthons for the synthesis of biological active thiophene-containing heterocycles, conjugates and hybrids. Currently, the biological actions of 2-aminothiophenes or their 2-N-substituted analogues are still being investigated because of their various mechanisms of action (e.g., pharmacophore and pharmacokinetic properties). Likewise, the 2-aminothiophene family is used as diverse promising selective inhibitors, receptors, and modulators in medicinal chemistry, and these compounds even exhibit effective pharmacological properties in the various clinical phases of appropriate diseases. In this review, major biological and pharmacological reports on 2-aminothiophenes and related compounds have been highlighted; most perspective drug-candidate hits were selected for discussion and described, along with additional synthetic pathways. In addition, we focused on the literature dedicated to 2-aminothiophenes and 2-N-substituted derivatives, which have been published from 2010 to 2017.
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Varani K, Vincenzi F, Merighi S, Gessi S, Borea PA. Biochemical and Pharmacological Role of A1 Adenosine Receptors and Their Modulation as Novel Therapeutic Strategy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1051:193-232. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Adenosine is an ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). Allosteric enhancers to A1ARs may represent novel therapeutic agents because they increase the activity of these receptors by mediating a shift to their active form in the A1AR-G protein ternary complex. In this manner, they are able to amplify the action of endogenous adenosine, which is produced in high concentrations under conditions of metabolic stress. A1AR allosteric enhancers could be used as a justifiable alternative to the exogenous agonists that are characterized by receptor desensitization and downregulation. In this review, an analysis of some of the most interesting allosteric modulators of A1ARs has been reported.
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, IJzerman AP, Massink A, Cruz-Lopez O, Lopez-Cara LC, Saponaro G, Preti D, Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Baraldi S, Moorman AR, Vincenzi F, Borea PA, Varani K. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Allosteric Enhancers of the A1 Adenosine Receptor Based on 2-Amino-3-(4′-Chlorobenzoyl)-4-Substituted-5-Arylethynyl Thiophene. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7673-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5008853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato
di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato
di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Leiden Academic
Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnault Massink
- Leiden Academic
Centre for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Cruz-Lopez
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato
di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Carlota Lopez-Cara
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato
di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Saponaro
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato
di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Delia Preti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato
di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato
di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato
di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Allan R. Moorman
- King Pharmaceuticals
Inc., Research and Development, 4000
CentreGreen Way, Suite 300, Cary, North Carolina 27513
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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