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Youns M, Askoura M, Abbas HA, Attia GH, Khayyat AN, Goda RM, Almalki AJ, Khafagy ES, Hegazy WAH. Celastrol Modulates Multiple Signaling Pathways to Inhibit Proliferation of Pancreatic Cancer via DDIT3 and ATF3 Up-Regulation and RRM2 and MCM4 Down-Regulation. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:3849-3860. [PMID: 34194230 PMCID: PMC8238076 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s313933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is one of the most serious and lethal human cancers with a snowballing incidence around the world. The natural product celastrol has also been widely documented as a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-oxidant. Purpose To elucidate the antitumor effect of celastrol on pancreatic cancer cells and its modulatory role on whole genome expression. Methods The antitumor activity of celastrol on a panel of pancreatic cancer cells has been evaluated by Sulforhodamine B assay. Caspase 3/7 and histone-associated DNA fragments assays were done for apoptosis measurement. Additionally, prostaglandin (PGE2) inhibition was evaluated. Moreover, a microarray gene expression profiling was carried out to detect possible key players that modulate the antitumor effects of celastrol on cells of pancreatic cancer. Results Our findings indicated that celastrol suppresses the cellular growth of pancreatic cancer cells, induces apoptosis, and inhibits PGE2 production. Celastrol modulated many signaling genes and its cytotoxic effect was mainly mediated via over-expression of ATF3 and DDIT3, and down-expression of RRM2 and MCM4. Conclusion The current study aims to be a starting point to generate a hypothesis on the most significant regulatory genes and for a full dissection of the celastrol possible effects on each single gene to prevent the pancreatic cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Youns
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Momen Askoura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hisham A Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Gouda H Attia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafr El-Shiekh University, Kafr El-Shiekh, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahdab N Khayyat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham M Goda
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmad J Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41552, Egypt
| | - Wael A H Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Hamid AMA, Assy MG, Farid W, El-Azim MHMA. Functionalization of 2-Amino-6-thioxouracil as a Precursor for
the Synthesis of Some Novel Pyrimidine Heterocycles. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221050212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Malik AA, Dangroo NA, Ara T. Microwave‐Assisted Tandem Kornblum Oxidation and Biginelli Reaction for the Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidones. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asif A. Malik
- Department of Chemistry Organic chemistry Division National Institute of Technology (NIT) Srinagar 190006 India
| | - Nisar A. Dangroo
- Department of Chemistry Organic chemistry Division National Institute of Technology (NIT) Srinagar 190006 India
| | - Tabassum Ara
- Department of Chemistry Organic chemistry Division National Institute of Technology (NIT) Srinagar 190006 India
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4
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Shehta W, Hamid AMA. Heterocyclization of a Thiouracil Derivative as a Synthetic Entry to Novel Condensed Pyrimidines of Biological Interest. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020050218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Kawtharani R, Cherry K, Elmasri M, Abarbri M. An Easy Access to 4‐Trifluoromethylated 7‐(4‐Substitued‐1
H
‐1,2,3‐Triazol‐1‐yl)Pyrimido[1,2‐
b
]Pyridazin‐2‐One Systems. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranin Kawtharani
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E). EA 6299. Avenue Monge Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont 37200 Tours France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Médicinale et de Produit Naturels (LCMPN)Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences I Hadat Lebanon
| | - Khalil Cherry
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Catalyse, Environnement et Méthodes Analytiques (MCEMA)Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences I, Hadat Lebanon
| | - Mirvat Elmasri
- Laboratoire de Chimie Médicinale et de Produit Naturels (LCMPN)Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences I Hadat Lebanon
| | - Mohamed Abarbri
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E). EA 6299. Avenue Monge Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont 37200 Tours France
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6
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Aldulmani SAA, Alaghaz AMA. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, quantum chemical calculations, evaluation of biological and cytotoxic activities, and molecular docking studies of 2‐hydroxy‐N′‐(4,5,6‐trimethoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐inden‐1‐ylidene) benzohydrazide and its Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) complexes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201800465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharah A. A. Aldulmani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science for GirlsKing Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel‐Nasser M. A. Alaghaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceJazan University Jazan Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Boys)Al‐Azhar University Cairo Egypt
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7
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Ahmed NM, Youns M, Soltan MK, Said AM. Design, synthesis, molecular modelling, and biological evaluation of novel substituted pyrimidine derivatives as potential anticancer agents for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1110-1120. [PMID: 31117890 PMCID: PMC6537702 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1612889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
New anticancer agents are highly needed to overcome cancer cell resistance. A novel series of pyrimidine pyrazoline-anthracene derivatives (PPADs) (4a-t) were designed and synthesised. The anti-liver cancer activity of all compounds was screened in vitro against two hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines (HepG2 and Huh-7) as well as normal fibroblast cells by resazurin assay. The designed compounds 4a-t showed a broad-spectrum anticancer activity against the two cell lines and their activity was more prominent on cancer compared to normal cells. Compound 4e showed high potency against HepG2 and Huh-7 cell lines ((IC50=5.34 and 6.13 μg/mL, respectively) comparable to that of doxorubicin (DOX) activities. A structure activity relationship (SAR) has been investigated and compounds 4e, 4i, 4m, and 4q were the most promising anticancer agents against tested cell lines. These compounds induced apoptosis in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells through significant activation of caspase 3/7 at all tested concentrations. In conclusion, 4e could be a potent anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa Mohamed Ahmed
- a Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Youns
- b Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt.,c Department of Functional Genome Analysis , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Moustafa Khames Soltan
- d Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt.,e Oman College of Health Sciences , Muscat , Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ahmed Mohammed Said
- a Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt.,f Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
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8
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A Promising Copper(II) Complex as Antifungal and Antibiofilm Drug against Yeast Infection. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081856. [PMID: 30049937 PMCID: PMC6222317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mortality rate of candidemia and the limited option for the treatment of Candida spp. infection have been driving the search for new molecules with antifungal property. In this context, coordination complexes of metal ions and ligands appear to be important. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize two new copper(II) complexes with 2-thiouracil and 6-methyl-2-thiouracil ligands and to evaluate their mutagenic potential and antifungal activity against Candida. The complexes were synthesized and characterized by infrared vibrational spectroscopy, CHN elemental analysis, UV-Vis experiments and ESI-HRMS spectrometry studies. The antifungal activity was evaluated by broth microdilution against 21 clinical isolates of Candida species. The mutagenic potential was evaluated by the Ames test. The complexes were Cu(Bipy)Cl2(thiouracil) (Complex 1) and Cu(Bipy)Cl2(6-methylthiouracil) (Complex 2). Complex 1 showed fungicidal and fungistatic activities against all isolates. Furthermore, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) from 31 to 125 µg/mL and inhibition percentage of 9.9% against the biofilms of C. krusei and C. glabrata were demonstrated. At the concentrations tested, complex 1 exhibited no mutagenic potential. Complex 2 and the free ligands exhibited no antifungal activity at the concentrations evaluated. Since complex 1 presented antifungal activity against all the tested isolates and no mutagenic potential, it could be proposed as a potential new drug for anti-Candida therapy.
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Gregorić T, Sedić M, Grbčić P, Tomljenović Paravić A, Kraljević Pavelić S, Cetina M, Vianello R, Raić-Malić S. Novel pyrimidine-2,4-dione-1,2,3-triazole and furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-one-1,2,3-triazole hybrids as potential anti-cancer agents: Synthesis, computational and X-ray analysis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:1247-1267. [PMID: 27875779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole tethered pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives (5-23) were successfully prepared by the copper(I)-catalyzed click chemistry. While known palladium/copper-cocatalyzed method based on Sonogashira cross-coupling followed by the intramolecular 5-endo-dig ring closure generated novel 6-alkylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-one-1,2,3-triazole hybrids (24b-37b), a small library of their 5-alkylethynyl analogs (24a-37a) was synthesized and described for the first time by tandem terminal alkyne dimerization and subsequent 5-endo-trig cyclization, which was additionally corroborated with computational and X-ray crystal structure analyses. The nature of substituents on alkynes and thereof homocoupled 1,3-diynes predominantly influenced the ratio of the formed products in both pathways. In vitro antiproliferative activity of prepared compounds evaluated on five human cancer cell lines revealed that N,N-1,3-bis-(1,2,3-triazole)-5-bromouracil (5-7) and 5,6-disubstituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-one-1,2,3-triazole 34a hybrids exhibited the most pronounced cytostatic acitivities against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells with higher potencies than the reference drug 5-fluorouracil. Cytostatic effect of pyrimidine-2,4-dione-1,2,3-triazole hybrid 7 in HepG2 cells could be attributed to the Wee-1 kinase inhibition and abolishment of sphingolipid signaling mediated by acid ceramidase and sphingosine kinase 1. Importantly, this compound proved to be a non-mitochondrial toxicant, which makes it a promising candidate for further lead optimization and development of a new and more efficient agent for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Gregorić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Marulićev Trg 20, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirela Sedić
- University of Rijeka, Department of Biotechnology, Radmile Matejčić 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; University of Rijeka, Centre for High-throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Petra Grbčić
- University of Rijeka, Department of Biotechnology, Radmile Matejčić 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Sandra Kraljević Pavelić
- University of Rijeka, Department of Biotechnology, Radmile Matejčić 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; University of Rijeka, Centre for High-throughput Technologies, Radmile Matejčić 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mario Cetina
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 28a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robert Vianello
- Computational Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Group, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Silvana Raić-Malić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Marulićev Trg 20, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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10
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Thomann A, Zapp J, Hutter M, Empting M, Hartmann RW. Steering the azido-tetrazole equilibrium of 4-azidopyrimidines via substituent variation - implications for drug design and azide-alkyne cycloadditions. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:10620-30. [PMID: 26340222 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01006c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on an interesting constitutional isomerism called azido-tetrazole equilibrium which is observed in azido-substituted N-heterocycles. We present a systematic investigation of substituent effects on the isomer ratio within a 2-substituted 4-azidopyrimidine model scaffold. NMR- and IR-spectroscopy as well as X-ray crystallography were employed for thorough analysis and characterization of synthesized derivatives. On the basis of this data, we demonstrate the possibility to steer this valence tautomerism towards the isomer of choice by means of substituent variation. We show that the tetrazole form can act as an efficient disguise for the corresponding azido group masking its well known reactivity in azide-alkyne cycloadditions (ACCs). In copper(I)-catalyzed AAC reactions, substituent-stabilized tetrazoles displayed a highly decreased or even abolished reactivity whereas azides and compounds in the equilibrium were directly converted. By use of an acid sensitive derivative, we provide, to our knowledge, the first experimental basis for a possible exploitation of this dynamic isomerism as a pH-dependent azide-protecting motif for selective SPAAC conjugations in aqueous media. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of stabilized tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines for Fragment-Based Drug Design (FBDD) in the field of quorum sensing inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thomann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department for Drug Design and Optimization (DDOP), Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - J Zapp
- Saarland University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Campus C2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M Hutter
- Saarland University, Center for Bioinformatics, Campus E2.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M Empting
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department for Drug Design and Optimization (DDOP), Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - R W Hartmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department for Drug Design and Optimization (DDOP), Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. and Saarland University, Department for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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11
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Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of novel isoxazole/pyrazole derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Venugopala KN, Govender R, Khedr MA, Venugopala R, Aldhubiab BE, Harsha S, Odhav B. Design, synthesis, and computational studies on dihydropyrimidine scaffolds as potential lipoxygenase inhibitors and cancer chemopreventive agents. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:911-21. [PMID: 25733811 PMCID: PMC4338777 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s73890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrimidine scaffold has a wide range of potential pharmacological activities such as antiviral, antitubercular, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. 5-Lipoxygenase enzyme is an enzyme responsible for the metabolism of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes. The elevated levels of this enzyme and its metabolites in cancer cells have a direct relation on the development of cancer when compared to normal cells. The development of novel lipoxygenase inhibitors can have a major role in cancer therapy. A series of substituted 1,4-dihydropyrimidine analogues were synthesized and characterized by (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, and HRMS. Molecular docking against lipoxygenase enzyme (protein data bank code =3V99) was done using Molecular Operating Environment 2013.08 and Leadit 2.1.2 softwares and showed high affinities. The synthesized compounds were tested for their lipoxygenase inhibitory activity and showed inhibition ranging from 59.37%±0.66% to 81.19%±0.94%. The activity was explained by a molecular docking study. The title compounds were also tested for cytotoxic activity against two human cancer cell lines Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 and human melanoma cells and a normal peripheral blood mononuclear cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ; Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Reshme Govender
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mohammed A Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rashmi Venugopala
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bandar E Aldhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sree Harsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bharti Odhav
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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13
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Wang J, Li S, Yang T, Yang J. Synthesis and antioxidant activities of Coenzyme Q analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:710-3. [PMID: 25232967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinones (Coenzyme Q) substituted at the C-6 position with various groups were designed and synthesized based on the Coenzyme Q10 as potent antioxidant. In vitro antioxidant activities of these compounds were evaluated and compared with commercial antioxidant Coenzyme Q10 employing DPPH assay. All these synthesized Coenzyme Q analogues are found to exhibit good antioxidant activities. Of which Compound 8b bearing a N-benzoylpiperazine group at the C-6 position showed more potent inhibition of DPPH radical than Coenzyme Q10. All these results suggested the applicability of the Coenzyme Q analogues as potent antioxidants for combating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, PR China; Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
| | - Shuo Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, PR China
| | - Tao Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, PR China.
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