1
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Becker D, Bharatam PV, Gohlke H. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-Induced Reactivity Decrease in CYP2D6. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:6026-6040. [PMID: 38994927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is one of the most important enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Genetic polymorphism can influence drug metabolism by CYP2D6 such that a therapy is seriously affected by under- or overdosing of drugs. However, a general explanation at the atomistic level for poor activity is missing so far. Here we show for the 20 most common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP2D6 that poor metabolism is driven by four mechanisms. We found in extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations that the rigidity of the I-helix (central helix), distance between central phenylalanines (stabilizing bound substrate), availability of basic residues on the surface of CYP2D6 (binding of cytochrome P450 reductase), and position of arginine 132 (electron transfer to heme) are essential for an extensive function of the enzyme. These results were applied to SNPs with unknown effects, and potential SNPs that may lead to poor drug metabolism were identified. The revealed molecular mechanisms might be important for other drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Becker
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), and Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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2
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Cheng Z, He Y, Chen Y, Zhao G, Liu Y, Zhang J, Li X, Ran G, Zhang Q, Peng Y, Li W, Zheng J. Mechanism-Based Inactivation of CYP2D6 by Phellopterin and Related Drug-Drug Interaction with Metoprolol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1745-1755. [PMID: 38214270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Phellopterin (PLP) is a linear furanocoumarin widely found in citrus fruits and herbal medicines. The study aims to comprehensively investigate the mechanism of inhibition of CYP2D6 enzyme activity by PLP and its alteration of metoprolol pharmacokinetics. PLP was found to irreversibly inhibit CYP2D6 in time-, concentration-, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent manners. Coincubation with quinidine, which is a competitive inhibitor of CYP2D6, attenuated this time-dependent inhibition. Glutathione (GSH) and catalase/superoxide dismutase failed to reverse the PLP-induced CYP2D6 inactivation. GSH trapping experiments provided strong evidence that PLP metabolic activation produces epoxide or γ-ketoaldehyde intermediates. In addition, pretreatment with PLP resulted in significant increases in Cmax and area under curve of plasma metoprolol in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pain, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
- School of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Guode Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Ximei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Guangyun Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
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3
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Yan Z, Ma L, Huang J, Carione P, Kenny JR, Hop CECA, Wright M. New Methodology for Determining Plasma Protein Binding Kinetics Using an Enzyme Reporter Assay Coupling with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4086-4094. [PMID: 36791153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Determination of drug binding kinetics in plasma is important yet extremely challenging. Accordingly, we introduce "dynamic free fraction" as a new binding parameter describing drug-protein binding kinetics. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that the dynamic free fraction can be determined by coupling the drug binding assay with a reporter enzyme in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry measuring the relative initial steady-state rates of enzymatic reactions in the absence and presence of matrix proteins. This novel and simple methodology circumvents a long-standing challenge inherent in existing methods for determining binding kinetics constants, such as kon and koff, and enables assessment of the impact of protein binding kinetics on pharmaceutical properties of drugs. As demonstrated with nine model drugs, the predicted liver extraction ratio, a measure of efficiency of drug removal by the liver, correlates significantly better to the observed extraction ratio when using the dynamic free fraction (fD) in place of the unbound fraction (fu) of the drug in plasma. Similarly, the in vivo hepatic clearance of these drugs, a measure of liver drug elimination, is highly comparable to the clearance values calculated with the dynamic free fraction (fD), which is markedly better than those calculated with the unbound fraction (fu). In contrast to the prevailing view, these results indicate that protein binding kinetics is an important pharmacokinetic property of a drug. As plasma protein binding is one of the most important drug properties, this new methodology may represent a breakthrough and could have a real impact on the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyin Yan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julie Huang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pasquale Carione
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew Wright
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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4
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Identification of Putative Plant-Based ALR-2 Inhibitors to Treat Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2825-2841. [PMID: 35877418 PMCID: PMC9319673 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common diabetes complication (DM). Aldose reductase -2 (ALR-2) is an oxidoreductase enzyme that is most extensively studied therapeutic target for diabetes-related complications that can be inhibited by epalrestat, which has severe adverse effects; hence the discovery of potent natural inhibitors is desired. In response, a pharmacophore model based on the properties of eplarestat was generated. The specified pharmacophore model searched the NuBBEDB database of natural compounds for prospective lead candidates. To assess the drug-likeness and ADMET profile of the compounds, a series of in silico filtering procedures were applied. The compounds were then put through molecular docking and interaction analysis. In comparison to the reference drug, four compounds showed increased binding affinity and demonstrated critical residue interactions with greater stability and specificity. As a result, we have identified four potent inhibitors: ZINC000002895847, ZINC000002566593, ZINC000012447255, and ZINC000065074786, that could be used as pharmacological niches to develop novel ALR-2 inhibitors.
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5
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Chaudhari KR, Savjani JK, Savjani KT, Shah H. Improved Pharmaceutical Properties of Ritonavir through Co-crystallization Approach with Liquid Assisted Grinding Method. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 47:1633-1642. [PMID: 35156497 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2042553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ritonavir is a BCS class II antiretroviral agent which shows poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. The cocrystallization approach was selected to overcome these problems and to improve the physicochemical and mechanical properties of Ritonavir. The novel pharmaceutical Ritonavir-L-tyrosine cocrystals (RTC at a molar ratio of 1:1) were synthesized using the liquid assisted grinding (LAG) method. The possibility of molecular interactions between drug and coformer were studied using Gold software version 5.2. The newly formed crystalline solid phase was characterized through Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Solid-State Nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR). The improved pharmaceutical properties were confirmed by solubility, dissolution, and powder compaction study. The prepared cocrystals exhibited an 11.24-fold increase in solubility and a 3.73-fold increase in % of drug release at 1 h compared to pure drug. Tabletability and compaction behaviour of the pure drug and cocrystal with added excipients assessed. The tabletability profile of cocrystals showed enhanced tabletting performance as compared to pure drug. The stability studies revealed that cocrystals were stable for at least one month when stored at 40 °C/75% RH and 25 °C/60% RH conditions. The cocrystallization approach was found to be very promising and showed an overall improved performance of Ritonavir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jignasa K Savjani
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Harsh Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, 11201, USA
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6
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Jaladanki CK, Khatun S, Gohlke H, Bharatam PV. Reactive Metabolites from Thiazole-Containing Drugs: Quantum Chemical Insights into Biotransformation and Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1503-1517. [PMID: 33900062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Drugs containing thiazole and aminothiazole groups are known to generate reactive metabolites (RMs) catalyzed by cytochrome P450s (CYPs). These RMs can covalently modify essential cellular macromolecules and lead to toxicity and induce idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions. Molecular docking and quantum chemical hybrid DFT study were carried out to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in the biotransformation of thiazole (TZ) and aminothiazole (ATZ) groups leading to RM epoxide, S-oxide, N-oxide, and oxaziridine. The energy barrier required for the epoxidation is 13.63 kcal/mol, that is lower than that of S-oxidation, N-oxidation, and oxaziridine formation (14.56, 17.90, and 20.20, kcal/mol respectively). The presence of the amino group in ATZ further facilitates all the metabolic pathways, for example, the barrier for the epoxidation reaction is reduced by ∼2.5 kcal/mol. Some of the RMs/their isomers are highly electrophilic and tend to form covalent bonds with nucleophilic amino acids, finally leading to the formation of metabolic intermediate complexes (MICs). The energy profiles of these competitive pathways have also been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K Jaladanki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Samima Khatun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), and Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
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7
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Anand K, Abdul NS, Ghazi T, Ramesh M, Gupta G, Tambuwala MM, Dureja H, Singh SK, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Pandi B, Saravanan M, Chuturgoon AA. Induction of Caspase-Mediated Apoptosis in HepG2 Liver Carcinoma Cells Using Mutagen-Antioxidant Conjugated Self-Assembled Novel Carbazole Nanoparticles and In Silico Modeling Studies. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:265-277. [PMID: 33458478 PMCID: PMC7807466 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, novel self-assembled carbazole-thiooctanoic acid nanoparticles (CTNs) were synthesized from amino carbazole (a mutagen) and thiooctanoic acid (an antioxidant). The nanoparticles were characterized using hyperspectral techniques. Then, the antiproliferative potential of CTNs was determined in HepG2 liver carcinoma cells. This study employed a solvent-antisolvent interaction method to synthesize a spherical CTN of size less than 50 nm. Moreover, CT was subsequently capped to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the additional comparative studies. The CT derivative was synthesized from carbazole and lipoic acid by the amide bond formation reaction using a coupling agent. Furthermore, it was characterized using infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The CT-capped gold nanoparticles (CTAuNPs) were prepared from CT, chloroauric acid, and NaBH4. The CTAuNPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible, high-resolution TEM, DLS, and Fourier transform IR techniques. The cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing ability of both nanoparticles were determined in HepG2 cells. The results demonstrate that CTNs exhibit antiproliferative activity in the cancerous HepG2 cells. Moreover, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were conducted to explore the therapeutic potential of CT against human EGFR suppressor protein to gain more insights into the binding mode of the CT, which may show a significant role in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Anand
- Department
of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences
and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Naeem Sheik Abdul
- Discipline
of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical
Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline
of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical
Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Muthusamy Ramesh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Omega College
of Pharmacy, Hyderabad 501 301, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School
of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura Mahal Road, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
- School of
Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand
University, Rohtak 124001 Haryana, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- School
of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline
of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Priority
Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research
Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle (UoN), Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini
University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Boomi Pandi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa
University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical
Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle 1871, Ethiopia
| | - Anil Amichund Chuturgoon
- Discipline
of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical
Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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8
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Jaladanki CK, Gahlawat A, Rathod G, Sandhu H, Jahan K, Bharatam PV. Mechanistic studies on the drug metabolism and toxicity originating from cytochromes P450. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:366-394. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1765792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K. Jaladanki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Anuj Gahlawat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Gajanan Rathod
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Hardeep Sandhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Kousar Jahan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V. Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
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9
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Ramesh M, Bharatam PV. Formation of a Toxic Quinoneimine Metabolite from Diclofenac: A Quantum Chemical Study. Drug Metab Lett 2018; 13:64-76. [PMID: 30210009 DOI: 10.2174/1872312812666180913120736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diclofenac is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug. It is predominantly metabolized by CYP2C9. 4'-hydroxydiclofenac and its quinoneimine are the metabolites of diclofenac. However, few numbers of serious cases of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity due to diclofenac metabolism were reported. The formation of the quinoneimine metabolite was found to be responsible for this idiosyncratic toxicity. Quinoneimine is an over-oxidized metabolite of diclofenac. METHOD In this work, computational studies were conducted to detail the formation of a quinoneimine metabolite from diclofenac. Further, the idiosyncratic toxicity of quinoneimine due to its reactivity was also investigated by quantum chemical analysis. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the possibility of formation of quinoneimine metabolite due to various factors that are involved in the metabolism of diclofenac. The present study may provide the structural in-sights during the drug development processes to avoid the metabolism directed idiosyncratic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthusamy Ramesh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali)-160 062, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali)-160 062, India
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10
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Balakumar C, Ramesh M, Tham CL, Khathi SP, Kozielski F, Srinivasulu C, Hampannavar GA, Sayyad N, Soliman ME, Karpoormath R. Ligand- and structure-based in silico studies to identify kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3687-3704. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1396255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekaran Balakumar
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Muthusamy Ramesh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Chuin Lean Tham
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Samukelisiwe Pretty Khathi
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Frank Kozielski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Cherukupalli Srinivasulu
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Girish A. Hampannavar
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Nisar Sayyad
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E. Soliman
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
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11
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Jaladanki CK, Shaikh A, Bharatam PV. Biotransformation of Isoniazid by Cytochromes P450: Analyzing the Molecular Mechanism using Density Functional Theory. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:2060-2073. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K. Jaladanki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Akbar Shaikh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V. Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, 160 062 Punjab, India
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