1
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Nammalwar B, Bunce RA. Recent Advances in Pyrimidine-Based Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:104. [PMID: 38256937 PMCID: PMC10820437 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrimidines have become an increasingly important core structure in many drug molecules over the past 60 years. This article surveys recent areas in which pyrimidines have had a major impact in drug discovery therapeutics, including anti-infectives, anticancer, immunology, immuno-oncology, neurological disorders, chronic pain, and diabetes mellitus. The article presents the synthesis of the medicinal agents and highlights the role of the biological target with respect to the disease model. Additionally, the biological potency, ADME properties and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (if available) are discussed. This survey attempts to demonstrate the versatility of pyrimidine-based drugs, not only for their potency and affinity but also for the improved medicinal chemistry properties of pyrimidine as a bioisostere for phenyl and other aromatic π systems. It is hoped that this article will provide insight to researchers considering the pyrimidine scaffold as a chemotype in future drug candidates in order to counteract medical conditions previously deemed untreatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskar Nammalwar
- Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA;
| | - Richard A. Bunce
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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2
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Rashdan HRM, El-Sayyad GS, Shehadi IA, Abdelmonsef AH. Antimicrobial Potency and E. coli β-Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition Efficacy of Phenazone-Based Molecules. Molecules 2023; 28:7491. [PMID: 38005213 PMCID: PMC10672871 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this investigation, 4-antipyrinecarboxaldhyde was reacted with methyl hydrazinecarbodithioate to afford the carbodithioate derivative 3. The as-prepared carbodithioate derivative 3 is considered to be a key molecule for the preparation of new antipyrine-1,3,4-thiadiazole-based molecules (4-9) through its reaction with the appropriate hydrazonoyl halides. Furthermore, a typical Biginelli three-component cyclocondensation reaction involving ethyl acetoacetate, 4-antipyrinecarboxaldhyde, and thiourea under the standard conditions is carried out in the presence of sulfuric acid to afford the corresponding antipyrine-pyrimidine hybrid molecule (10). The latter was submitted to react with hydrazine monohydrate to provide the corresponding hydrazide derivative (11) which, under reaction with ethyl acetoacetate in refluxing ethanol containing catalytic amount of acetic acid, afforded the corresponding derivative (12). The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was affirmed by their spectral and microanalytical data. We also screened for their antimicrobial potential (ZOI and MIC) and conducted a kinetic study. Additionally, the mechanism of biological action was assessed by a membrane leakage assay and SEM imaging technique. Moreover, the biological activities and the binding modes of these compounds were further supplemented by an in silico docking study against E. coli β-carbonic anhydrase. The amount of cellular protein released by E. coli is directly correlated to the concentration of compound 9, which was found to be 177.99 µg/mL following treatment with 1.0 mg/mL of compound 9. This finding supports compound 9's antibacterial properties and explains how the formation of holes in the E. coli cell membrane results in the release of proteins from the cytoplasm. The newly synthesized compounds represent acceptable antimicrobial activities with potential action against E. coli β-carbonic anhydrase. The docking studies and antimicrobial activity test proved that compound (9) declared a greater activity than the other synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda R M Rashdan
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Gharieb S El-Sayyad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University (ACU), Giza 12566, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez 43511, Egypt
- Drug Microbiology Laboratory, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo 11765, Egypt
| | - Ihsan A Shehadi
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Goyal A, Kharkwal H, Piplani M, Singh Y, Murugesan S, Aggarwal A, Kumar P, Chander S. Spotlight on 4-substituted quinolines as potential anti-infective agents: Journey beyond chloroquine. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200361. [PMID: 36494101 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Continued emerging resistance of pathogens against the clinically approved candidates and their associated limitations continuously demand newer agents having better potency with a more suited safety profile. Quinoline nuclei containing scaffolds of natural and synthetic origin have been documented for diverse types of pharmacological activities, and a number of drugs are clinically approved. In the present review, we unprecedentedly covered the biological potential of 4-substituted quinoline and elaborated a rationale for its special privilege to afford the significant number of approved clinical drugs, particularly against infectious pathogens. Compounds with 4-substituted quinoline are well documented for antimalarial activity, but in the last two decades, they have been extensively explored for activity against cancer, tuberculosis, and several other pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other infectious pathogens. In the present study, the anti-infective spectrum of this scaffold is discussed against viruses, mycobacteria, malarial parasites, and fungal and bacterial strains, along with recent updates in this area, with special emphasis on the structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Goyal
- School of Pharmacy, Maharaja Agrasen University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Harsha Kharkwal
- Amity Institute of Phytochemistry & Phytomedicine, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mona Piplani
- School of Pharmacy, Maharaja Agrasen University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- School of Pharmacy, Maharaja Agrasen University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | | | - Amit Aggarwal
- School of Pharmacy, Maharaja Agrasen University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Subhash Chander
- Amity Institute of Phytochemistry & Phytomedicine, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Ultrasound-Assisted Green Syntheses of Novel Pyrimidine Derivatives and Their Comparison with Conventional Methods. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2023.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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5
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Structure- and ligand-based drug design methods for the modeling of antimalarial agents: a review of updates from 2012 onwards. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10481-10506. [PMID: 34129805 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1932598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Malaria still persists as one of the deadliest infectious disease having a huge morbidity and mortality affecting the higher population of the world. Structure and ligand-based drug design methods like molecular docking and MD simulations, pharmacophore modeling, QSAR and virtual screening are widely used to perceive the accordant correlation between the antimalarial activity and property of the compounds to design novel dominant and discriminant molecules. These modeling methods will speed-up antimalarial drug discovery, selection of better drug candidates for synthesis and to achieve potent and safer drugs. In this work, we have extensively reviewed the literature pertaining to the use and applications of various ligand and structure-based computational methods for the design of antimalarial agents. Different classes of molecules are discussed along with their target interactions pattern, which is responsible for antimalarial activity. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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6
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Nadar S, Khan T. Pyrimidine: An elite heterocyclic leitmotif in drug discovery-synthesis and biological activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:818-842. [PMID: 34914188 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds bearing the pyrimidine core are of tremendous interest as they constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds exhibiting diverse useful biological activities that hold attractive potential for clinical translation as therapeutic agents in alleviation of a myriad of diseases. Heterocycles possessing a pyrimidine scaffold have piqued tremendous interest of organic and medicinal chemists owing to their privileged bioactivities. Drugs having the pyrimidine motif have manifested to exhibit gratifying biological activity like anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antihypertensive activities. This heterocycle, being a significant endogenous component of the body, the pyrimidine derivatives can easily interact with enzymes, genetic materials, and bio components within the cell. The landscape of FDA approved drugs, presently marketed incorporating the pyrimidine scaffold continues to evolve in number and diversity. There is a tremendous surge in discovery of new targets across many diseases especially those involving emerging resistance to clinically used battery of drugs. Pyrimidine scaffolds will continue to be explored expanding their chemical space portfolio in an effort to find novel drugs impacting these targets. This review aims to provide an elaborate recapitulation of the recent trends adopted to synthesize propitious pyrimidine incorporated hits and also focuses on the clinical significance reported for functionalized pyrimidine analogues that would quintessentially aid medicinal chemists for new research explorations in this arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahaya Nadar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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7
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Rahimi Z, Bayat M, Hosseini H. New multicomponent reactions in water: a facile synthesis of 1,3-dioxo-2-indanilidene-heterocyclic scaffolds and indenoquinoxalines through reaction of ninhydrin-malononitrile adduct with diverse N-binucleophiles. RSC Adv 2022; 12:33772-33779. [PMID: 36505672 PMCID: PMC9685738 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06469c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a highly efficient green approach for the synthesis of imidazolidin-2-ylidene-indenedione, pyrimidine-2-ylidene-indenedione and indenoquinoxaline derivatives through the one-pot three-component reaction between ninhydrin, malononitrile and various diamines in water medium under catalyst-free conditions. High yields (73-98%) of the target products were achieved with short reaction times at room temperature. Simple workup, no column chromatography, good to excellent yields, rapid reaction and green solvent are the prominent advantages of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International UniversityQazvinIran
| | - Mohammad Bayat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International UniversityQazvinIran
| | - Hajar Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International UniversityQazvinIran
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8
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Dashteh M, Baghery S, Zolfigol MA, Khazaei A, Khajevand M. Application of New Magnetic Graphene Oxide‐Porphyrin Nanoparticles for Synthesis of Pyridines and Pyrimidines
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Anomeric‐Based Oxidation. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Dashteh
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 6517838683 Iran
| | - Saeed Baghery
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 6517838683 Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Zolfigol
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 6517838683 Iran
| | - Ardeshir Khazaei
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan 6517838683 Iran
| | - Masuood Khajevand
- Department of Physical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan Iran
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9
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Díaz I, Salido S, Nogueras M, Cobo J. Design and Synthesis of New Pyrimidine-Quinolone Hybrids as Novel hLDHA Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070792. [PMID: 35890090 PMCID: PMC9322123 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A battery of novel pyrimidine-quinolone hybrids was designed by docking scaffold replacement as lactate dehydrogenase A (hLDHA) inhibitors. Structures with different linkers between the pyrimidine and quinolone scaffolds (10-21 and 24−31) were studied in silico, and those with the 2-aminophenylsulfide (U-shaped) and 4-aminophenylsulfide linkers (24−31) were finally selected. These new pyrimidine-quinolone hybrids (24−31)(a−c) were easily synthesized in good to excellent yields by a green catalyst-free microwave-assisted aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction between 3-(((2/4-aminophenyl)thio)methyl)quinolin-2(1H)-ones 22/23(a−c) and 4-aryl-2-chloropyrimidines (1−4). The inhibitory activity against hLDHA of the synthesized hybrids was evaluated, resulting IC50 values of the U-shaped hybrids 24−27(a−c) much better than the ones of the 1,4-linked hybrids 28−31(a−c). From these results, a preliminary structure−activity relationship (SAR) was established, which enabled the design of novel 1,3-linked pyrimidine-quinolone hybrids (33−36)(a−c). Compounds 35(a−c), the most promising ones, were synthesized and evaluated, fitting the experimental results with the predictions from docking analysis. In this way, we obtained novel pyrimidine-quinolone hybrids (25a, 25b, and 35a) with good IC50 values (<20 μM) and developed a preliminary SAR.
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10
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Raji M, Le TM, Huynh T, Szekeres A, Nagy V, Zupkó I, Szakonyi Z. Divergent Synthesis, Antiproliferative and Antimicrobial Studies of 1,3-Aminoalcohol and 3-Amino-1,2-Diol Based Diaminopyrimidines. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200077. [PMID: 35349207 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel diaminopyrimidines containing pinane moieties were synthesized via an efficient methodology starting from pinane-based aminoalcohols, aminodiols and 2,4-dichloropyrimidines. Bioassay tests demonstrated that compound 18a displayed much stronger antiproliferative activities against four human cancer cell lines (HeLa, Siha, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and A2780) than positive control cisplatin. In particular, compound 22a was found to be selective in inhibiting HeLa cell proliferation with cancer cell growth inhibition values higher than 95 %. Moreover, the in vitro screening of prepared compounds against different bacterial and fungal strains is reported. The results revealed that 12b and 17a, the most promising compounds, displayed selective inhibition for the Gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis and S. aureus) with percent inhibition values ranging from 75 to 95 % at 10 μg/mL concentration. Both selective inhibition and the in vitro activity values demonstrated that these compounds have the potential to be developed into clinically important therapeutic choices for the treatment of infections caused by B. subtilis and S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Raji
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Tam Minh Le
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,Stereochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Thu Huynh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, 6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, 6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Viktória Nagy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Hungary
| | - István Zupkó
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Center of Natural Products, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szakonyi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Center of Natural Products, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
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11
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Ramadan SK, Rizk SA. Synthesis, density functional theory, and cytotoxic activity of some heterocyclic systems derived from 3-(3-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acryloyl)-2H-chromen-2-one. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 19:187-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
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12
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Van de Walle T, Cools L, Mangelinckx S, D'hooghe M. Recent contributions of quinolines to antimalarial and anticancer drug discovery research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113865. [PMID: 34655985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline, a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry, has always been associated with a multitude of biological activities. Especially in antimalarial and anticancer research, quinoline played (and still plays) a central role, giving rise to the development of an array of quinoline-containing pharmaceuticals in these therapeutic areas. However, both diseases still affect millions of people every year, pointing to the necessity of new therapies. Quinolines have a long-standing history as antimalarial agents, but established quinoline-containing antimalarial drugs are now facing widespread resistance of the Plasmodium parasite. Nevertheless, as evidenced by a massive number of recent literature contributions, they are still of great value for future developments in this field. On the other hand, the number of currently approved anticancer drugs containing a quinoline scaffold are limited, but a strong increase and interest in quinoline compounds as potential anticancer agents can be seen in the last few years. In this review, a literature overview of recent contributions made by quinoline-containing compounds as potent antimalarial or anticancer agents is provided, covering publications between 2018 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Van de Walle
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Cools
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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13
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Sanad SMH, Mekky AEM. 3-Aminopyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine: Effective Precursor for Barium Hydroxide-Mediated Three Components Synthesis of New Mono- and Bis(pyrimidines) with Potential Cytotoxic Activity. Chem Biodivers 2021; 19:e202100500. [PMID: 34784450 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an efficient one-pot procedure for preparing a new series of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-fused pyrimidines was described. The target hybrids were developed through a three-component reaction of 3-amino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine, benzaldehydes, and acetophenones (molar ratio 1 : 1 : 1). The best conditions for the previous reaction were 2.5 equivalents of barium hydroxide in DMF at 150 °C for 6 h. New bis(pyrimidines) were synthesized in high yields using a similar one-pot reaction protocol with some modifications. Thus, two equivalents of each of the appropriate acetophenones and 3-aminopyrazolopyridine were reacted with one equivalent of the appropriate bis(aldehydes). The reaction was carried out at 150 °C for 8 h using 4.5 equivalents of barium hydroxide in DMF. Repeating the previous reaction with the appropriate bis(acetyl) derivatives and benzaldehydes resulted in good yields of the target bis(pyrimidines). The in vitro cytotoxic activity of new pyrimidines against the MCF-7, HEPG2, and Caco2 cell lines was evaluated using the reference doxorubicin (IC50 values of 4.34-6.97 μM). Hybrid 6h had the best activity against Caco2 and MCF-7 cell lines, IC50 values of 12.62 and 14.50 μM, respectively. The IC50 values for hybrids 6c, 6e, and 6f against MCF-7 and Caco2 cell lines were 23.99-41.69 and 33.14-43.33 μM, respectively. Furthermore, hybrid 6e displayed IC50 value of 20.06 μM HEPG2 cell lines, while the hybrids 6c, 6f and 6h exhibited IC50 values ranging between 26.29-50.51 μM. Furthermore, hybrid 6e had an IC50 value of 20.06 μM for the HEPG2 cell lines, whereas hybrids 6c, 6f, and 6h had IC50 values ranging from 26.29 to 50.51 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif M H Sanad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E M Mekky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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14
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Nguyen TK, Titov GD, Khoroshilova OV, Kinzhalov MA, Rostovskii NV. Light-induced one-pot synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives from vinyl azides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:4971-4982. [PMID: 32558855 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot procedure for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted dihydropyrimidine and pyrimidine derivatives from α-azidocinnamates was developed. The synthesis is based on the finding that the outcome of LED photolysis of α-azidocinnamates depends on the light wavelength employed. Blue light (455 nm) leads to the formation of 2H-azirines only, but violet light (395 nm), UV-A light (365 nm), or sunlight result in the transformation of the in situ formed 2H-azirines to 1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-enes. Under basic catalysis (DBU), the latter were isomerized to 1,6-dihydropyrimidines which were oxidized to pyrimidines using DDQ. A successful use of Cs2CO3 as a base and air as an oxidant was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan K Nguyen
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
| | - Gleb D Titov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
| | - Olesya V Khoroshilova
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail A Kinzhalov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
| | - Nikolai V Rostovskii
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034 Russian Federation.
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15
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Abbas N, Matada GSP, Dhiwar PS, Patel S, Devasahayam G. Fused and Substituted Pyrimidine Derivatives as Profound Anti-Cancer Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:861-893. [PMID: 32698738 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200721104431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rationale behind drug design is the strategic utilization of heterocyclic fragments with specific physicochemical properties to form molecular targeted agents. Among the heterocyclic molecules, pyrimidine has proved to be a privileged pharmacophore for various biological cancer targets. The anti-cancer potential of small molecules with fused and substituted pyrimidines can be enhanced through bioisosteric replacements and altering their ADME parameters. Although several small molecules are used in cancer chemotherapy, oncology therapeutics has various limitations, especially in their routes of administration and their concurrent side effects. Such pernicious effects may be overcome, via selective biological targeting. In this review, the biological targets, to inhibit cancer, have been discussed. The structural activity relationship of fused and substituted pyrimidines was studied. Eco-friendly synthetic approaches for pyrimidine derivatives have also been discussed. This review will give an insight to scientists and researchers of medicinal chemistry discipline to design small molecules having a pyrimidine scaffold with high anti-cancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Abbas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560107, India
| | | | - Prasad S Dhiwar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560107, India
| | - Shilpa Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560107, India
| | - Giles Devasahayam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560107, India
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16
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Ramírez H, Fernandez E, Rodrigues J, Mayora S, Martínez G, Celis C, De Sanctis JB, Mijares M, Charris J. Synthesis and antimalarial and anticancer evaluation of 7-chlorquinoline-4-thiazoleacetic derivatives containing aryl hydrazide moieties. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100002. [PMID: 33660349 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Twelve 7-chloroquinoline derivatives were designed and synthesized using the principle of molecular hybridization through the coupling of 2-[2-(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylthio)-4-methylthiazol-5-yl]acetic acid 1 with various benzoyl hydrazines 2a-l. The synthetic compounds were tested as antimalarials. Some of them showed an efficient in vitro activity as inhibitors of β-hematin formation and an in vivo activity in a murine model, resulting in compounds 8 and 9 as the most active ones with IC50 values of 0.65 ± 0.09 and 0.64 ± 0.16 µM, respectively. The effects of the compounds on the cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis induction of A549 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines were also examined. Our data showed that compounds 6 and 12 were the most active agents, decreasing the cell viability of MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 15.41 and 12.99 µM, respectively. None of the compounds analyzed significantly affected the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Also, significant induction of apoptosis was observed when both cancer cell lines were incubated with compounds 6 and 12. In MCF-7 cells, treatment with these compounds led to cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. The results obtained suggest that these structures may be useful in developing new therapies for malaria and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hegira Ramírez
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Juan Rodrigues
- Departamento de Tecnología de Procesos Biológicos y Bioquímicos, División de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Soriuska Mayora
- Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.,Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Gricelis Martínez
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carmen Celis
- Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Juan B De Sanctis
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Mijares
- Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.,Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jaime Charris
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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17
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Nqoro X, Jama S, Morifi E, Aderibigbe BA. 4-Aminosalicylic Acid-based Hybrid Compounds: Synthesis and In vitro Antiplasmodial Evaluation. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999200802031547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Malaria is a deadly and infectious disease responsible for millions of death
worldwide, mostly in the African region. The malaria parasite has developed resistance to the currently
used antimalarial drugs, and it has urged researchers to develop new strategies to overcome
this challenge by designing different classes of antimalarials.
Objectives:
A class of hybrid compounds containing 4-aminosalicylic acid moiety was prepared via
esterification and amidation reactions and characterized using FTIR, NMR and LC-MS. In vitro antiplasmodial
evaluation was performed against the asexual NF54 strain of P. falciparum parasites.
Methods:
In this research, known 4-aminoquinoline derivatives were hybridized with 4-
aminosalicylic acid to afford hybrid compounds via esterification and amidation reactions. 4-
aminosalicylic acid, a dihydrofolate compound inhibits DNA synthesis in the folate pathway and is
a potential pharmacophore for the development of antimalarials.
Results:
The LC-MS, FTIR, and NMR analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of the compounds.
The compounds were obtained in yields in the range of 63-80%. The hybrid compounds
displayed significant antimalarial activity when compared to 4-aminosalicylic acid, which exhibited
poor antimalarial activity. The IC50 value of the most potent hybrid compound, 9 was 9.54±0.57 nm.
Conclusion:
4-aminosalicylic has different functionalities, which can be used for hybridization with
a wide range of compounds. It is a potential pharmacophore that can be utilized for the design of
potent antimalarial drugs. It was found to be a good potentiating agent when hybridized with 4-
aminoquinoline derivatives suggesting that they can be utilized for the synthesis of a new class of
antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhamla Nqoro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus,South Africa
| | - Siphesihle Jama
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus,South Africa
| | - Eric Morifi
- School of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Division, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Private Bag X3, WITS, 2050,South Africa
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18
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Alkış ME, Keleştemür Ü, Alan Y, Turan N, Buldurun K. Cobalt and ruthenium complexes with pyrimidine based schiff base: Synthesis, characterization, anticancer activities and electrochemotherapy efficiency. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Abu-Zaied MA, Elgemeie GH, Mahmoud NM. Synthesis of novel pyrimidine thioglycosides as structural analogs of favipiravir (avigan) and their antibird flu virus activity. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 40:336-356. [PMID: 33478340 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.1872794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel class of amino pyrimidine thioglycoside derivatives were designed from sodium 2-cyano-3-(arylamino)prop-1-ene-1,1-bis(thiolate) 1a-d and guanidine hydrochloride 2 to afford the corresponding sodium 2,6-diamino-5-aryl-1,2-dihydropyrimidine-4-thiolate 3a-d, which in coupling with peracylated α-D-gluco- and galactopyranosyl bromides 5a,b in DMF gave the corresponding pyrimidine thioglycosides 6a-h. Acidification of 2,6-diamino-5-aryl-1,2-dihydropyrimidine-4-thiolate salts 3a-d with hydrochloric acid formed the corresponding pyrimidine-4-thioles 4a-d. The latter were stirred with peracetylated halo sugars α-D-gluco- and galacto-pyranosyl bromides in sodium hydride and DMF to yield the pyrimidine thioglycosides 6a-h. Deacetylation of the pyrimidine thioglycosides gave the corresponding free pyrimidine thioglycosides 7a-h. The compounds were characterized by 13C NMR, 1H NMR, and IR. The pyrimidine thioglycosides 6a-h and free pyrimidine thioglycosides 7a-h were tested against H5N1 virus strain and exhibited high to moderate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Galal H Elgemeie
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nashwa M Mahmoud
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
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20
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Mekky AEM, Ahmed MSM, Sanad SMH, Abdallah ZA. Bis(benzofuran-enaminone) hybrid possessing piperazine linker: Versatile precursor for microwave assisted synthesis of bis(pyrido[2',3':3,4]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines). SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1867745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. M. Mekky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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21
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Singh M, Vaishali, Kumar S, Jamra R, Pandey SK, Singh V. A metal-free approach towards synthesis of β-carboline C1 substituted Pyrido(2,3-c)carbazole derivatives (nitramarine analogues) through A3-coupling and estimation of their light emitting properties. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Ghoneim AA, El-Farargy AF, Bakr RB. Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking of Novel Substituted Pyrimidinone Derivatives as Anticancer Agents. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1837888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Atef Ghoneim
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Rania B. Bakr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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23
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Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions of (4-bromophenyl)-4,6-dichloropyrimidine through Commercially Available Palladium Catalyst: Synthesis, Optimization and Their Structural Aspects Identification through Computational Studies. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
5-(4-bromophenyl)-4,6-dichloropyrimidine was arylated with several aryl/heteroaryl boronic acids via the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction by using Pd(0) catalyst to yield novel pyrimidine analogs (3a-h). It was optimized so that good yields were obtained when 5 mol % Pd(PPh3)4 was used along with K3PO4 and 1,4-Dioxane. Electron-rich boronic acids were succeeded to produce good yields of products. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also applied on these new compounds to analyze their reactivity descriptors and electronic and structural relationship. According to DFT studies, compound 3f is the most reactive one, while 3g is the most stable one. As per DFT studies, the hyperpolarizability (β) values of these compounds do not show them as very good non-linear optical (NLO) materials. Compound 3f has the highest β value among all the compounds under study but still it is not high enough to render it a potent NLO material.
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24
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Bao Z, Zhou ZY, Mao YT, Shao LX. N-heterocyclic carbene-Pd(II)-1-methylimidazole complex-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of 2-chloro-4-aminoquinazolines with arylboronic acids. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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El‐Mekabaty A, Etman HA, Mosbah A, Fadda AA. Synthesis and Biological Screening of Some Pyrimidinone‐Based Heterocycles from Enamines. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El‐Mekabaty
- Department: ChemistryInstitution: Faculty of ScienceMansoura UniversityMansoura (Egypt)Address 1: Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceMansoura University El-Gomhoria Street ET 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Hassan A. Etman
- Department: ChemistryInstitution: Faculty of ScienceMansoura UniversityMansoura (Egypt)Address 1: Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceMansoura University El-Gomhoria Street ET 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mosbah
- Department: ChemistryInstitution: Faculty of ScienceMansoura UniversityMansoura (Egypt)Address 1: Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceMansoura University El-Gomhoria Street ET 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Fadda
- Department: ChemistryInstitution: Faculty of ScienceMansoura UniversityMansoura (Egypt)Address 1: Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceMansoura University El-Gomhoria Street ET 35516 Mansoura Egypt
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26
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Perupogu N, Kumar DR, Ramachandran D. Anticancer activity of newly synthesized 1,2,4-Oxadiazole linked 4-(Oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Revathi N, Sankarganesh M, Dhaveethu Raja J, Vinoth Kumar GG, Sakthivel A, Rajasekaran R. Bio-active mixed ligand Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of pyrimidine derivative Schiff base: DFT calculation, antimicrobial, antioxidant, DNA binding, anticancer and molecular docking studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:3012-3024. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1759454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj Revathi
- Department of Chemistry, Ramco Institute of Technology, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Chemistry, Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Sankarganesh
- Department of Chemistry, K. Ramakrishnan College of Technology, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Arumugam Sakthivel
- Department of Chemistry, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramalingam Rajasekaran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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28
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Rámirez H, Rodrigues JR, Mijares MR, De Sanctis JB, Charris JE. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-[2-(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylthio)-4-methylthiazol-5-yl]-N-phenylacetamide derivatives as antimalarial and cytotoxic agents. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519819899073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of 2-[2-(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylthio)-4-methylthiazol-5-yl]- N-phenylacetamide derivatives is synthesized via substitution with 2-mercapto-4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid at position 4 of 4,7-dichloroquinoline to obtain an intermediate acetic acid derivative. The chemical behavior of these reactants was investigated using different reaction conditions to optimize the nucleophilic substitution at position 4. The final compounds are prepared using a modified version of the Steglich esterification reaction between the acetic acid intermediate 3 and different anilines. The structures are confirmed by infrared, 1H, 13C, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer 135°, Correlated Spectroscopy, heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy and (Long range HETCOR using three BIRD pulses) FLOCK-NMR spectral studies, and by elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds are tested in vitro and in vivo for their potential antimalarial and anticancer activities, with derivative 11 being the most promising candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hegira Rámirez
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan R Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Cell Biology, Simón Bolívar University, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Michael R Mijares
- Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Juan B De Sanctis
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaime E Charris
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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29
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Sanad SMH, Ahmed AAM, Mekky AEM. Efficient synthesis and molecular docking of novel antibacterial pyrimidines and their related fused heterocyclic derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed A. M. Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceCairo University Giza Egypt
- Preparatory Year DeanshipJouf University Sakaka Saudi Arabia
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30
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Feng LS, Xu Z, Chang L, Li C, Yan XF, Gao C, Ding C, Zhao F, Shi F, Wu X. Hybrid molecules with potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activity against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:931-971. [PMID: 31692025 DOI: 10.1002/med.21643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a tropical disease, leading to around half a million deaths annually. Antimalarials such as quinolines are crucial to fight against malaria, but malaria control is extremely challenged by the limited pipeline of effective pharmaceuticals against drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum which are resistant toward almost all currently accessible antimalarials. To tackle the growing resistance, new antimalarial drugs are needed urgently. Hybrid molecules which contain two or more pharmacophores have the potential to overcome the drug resistance, and hybridization of quinoline privileged antimalarial building block with other antimalarial pharmacophores may provide novel molecules with enhanced in vitro and in vivo activity against drug-resistant (including multidrug-resistant) P falciparum. In recent years, numerous of quinoline hybrids were developed, and their activities against a panel of drug-resistant P falciparum strains were screened. Some of quinoline hybrids were found to possess promising in vitro and in vivo potency. This review emphasized quinoline hybrid molecules with potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activity against drug-resistant P falciparum, covering articles published between 2010 and 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi Xu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Le Chang
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan Li
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Feng Shi
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
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31
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Marella A, Verma G, Shaquiquzzaman M, Khan MF, Akhtar W, Alam MM. Malaria Hybrids: A Chronological Evolution. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1144-1177. [PMID: 30887923 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190315100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, an upsetting malaise caused by a diverse class of Plasmodium species affects about 40% of the world's population. The distress associated with it has reached colossal scales owing to the development of resistance to most of the clinically available agents. Hence, the search for newer molecules for malaria treatment and cure is an incessant process. After the era of a single molecule for malaria treatment ended, there was an advent of combination therapy. However, lately there had been reports of the development of resistance to many of these agents as well. Subsequently, at present most of the peer groups working on malaria treatment aim to develop novel molecules, which may act on more than one biological processes of the parasite life cycle, and these scaffolds have been aptly termed as Hybrid Molecules or Double Drugs. These molecules may hold the key to hitherto unknown ways of showing a detrimental effect on the parasite. This review enlists a few of the recent advances made in malaria treatment by these hybrid molecules in a sequential manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Garima Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110062, India
| | - Md Shaquiquzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110062, India
| | - Md Faraz Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110062, India
| | - Wasim Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110062, India
| | - Md Mumtaz Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110062, India
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32
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Kumar S, Kaushik A, Narasimhan B, Shah SAA, Lim SM, Ramasamy K, Mani V. Molecular docking, synthesis and biological significance of pyrimidine analogues as prospective antimicrobial and antiproliferative agents. BMC Chem 2019; 13:85. [PMID: 31384832 PMCID: PMC6661814 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrimidine nucleus is a significant pharmacophore that exhibited excellent pharmacological activities. A series of pyrimidine scaffolds was synthesized and its chemical structures were confirmed by physicochemical and spectral analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential towards Gram positive and negative bacteria as well as fungal species. They were also assessed for their anticancer activity toward a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT116). Whilst results of antimicrobial potential revealed that compounds Ax2, Ax3, Ax8 and Ax14 exhibited better activity against tested microorganisms, the results of antiproliferative activity indicated that compounds Ax7 and Ax10 showed excellent activity against HCT116. Further, the molecular docking of pyrimidine derivatives Ax1, Ax9 and Ax10 with CDK8 (PDB id: 5FGK) protein indicated that moderate to better docking results within the binding pocket. Compounds Ax8 and Ax10 having significant antimicrobial and anticancer activities may be selected as lead compounds for the development of novel antimicrobial and anticancer agent, respectively.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- 1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001 India
| | - Archana Kaushik
- 1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001 India
| | | | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia.,3Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Siong Meng Lim
- 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia.,4Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia.,4Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- 5Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, 51452 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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33
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Koteswara Rao CP, Rao TB, Charan GK, Srinu B, Maturi SR. Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation of 2-{4-[5-(5-Substituted arylpyrimidin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-phenyl}thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine Derivatives. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219050244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Wang S, Luo N, Li Y, Wang C. DBU-Mediated Cyclization of Acylcyclopropanecarboxylates with Amidines: Access to Polysubstituted Pyrimidines. Org Lett 2019; 21:4544-4548. [PMID: 31184171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DBU-mediated cyclization of 2-acyl-1-cyanocyclopropanecarboxylates with amidines for the synthesis of multisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives is described. This reaction gives a practical method for producing a diverse set of pyrimidines, having simple experimentation, readily available starting materials, a wide substrate scope, and very good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Yangzhou University , 180 Siwangting Street , Yangzhou 225002 , P. R. China
| | - Naili Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Yangzhou University , 180 Siwangting Street , Yangzhou 225002 , P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy , Taizhou Polytechnic College , Taizhou 225300 , P. R. China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Yangzhou University , 180 Siwangting Street , Yangzhou 225002 , P. R. China
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35
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Tripathi M, Taylor D, Khan SI, Tekwani BL, Ponnan P, Das US, Velpandian T, Rawat DS. Hybridization of Fluoro-amodiaquine (FAQ) with Pyrimidines: Synthesis and Antimalarial Efficacy of FAQ-Pyrimidines. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:714-719. [PMID: 31097988 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To evade the possible toxicity associated with the formation of quinone-imine metabolite in amodiaquine (AQ), the para-hydroxyl group was replaced with a -F atom, and the resulting 4'-fluoro-amodiaquine (FAQ) was hybridized with substituted pyrimidines. The synthesized FAQ-pyrimidines displayed better in vitro potency than chloroquine (CQ) against the resistant P. falciparum strain (Dd2), exhibiting up to 47.3-fold better activity (IC50: 4.69 nM) than CQ (IC50: 222 nM) and 2.8-fold better potency than artesunate (IC50: 13.0 nM). Twelve compounds exhibited better antiplasmodial activity than CQ against the CQ-sensitive (NF54) strain. Two compounds were evaluated in vivo against a P. berghei-mouse malaria model. Mechanistic heme-binding studies, computational docking studies against Pf-DHFR and in vitro microsomal stability studies were performed for the representative molecules of the series to assess their antimalarial efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Dale Taylor
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Prija Ponnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ujjalkumar Subhash Das
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Diwan S. Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Kumar S, Deep A, Narasimhan B. A Review on Synthesis, Anticancer and Antiviral Potentials of Pyrimidine Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407214666180124160405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Pyrimidine is the six membered heterocyclic aromatic compound similar to
benzene and pyridine containing two nitrogen atoms at 1st and 3rd positions. Pyrimidine is present
throughout nature in various forms and is the building blocks of numerous natural compounds from
antibiotics to vitamins and liposacharides. The most commonly recognized pyrimidines are the bases of
RNA and DNA, the most abundant being cytosine, thymine or uracil.
Results:
Pyrimidine is a core structure in a wide variety of compounds that exhibits significant biological
activity and also plays an important role in the drug discovery process. Various synthetic aspects
indicated that pyrimidine derivatives are easy to synthesize and has diverse biological and chemical
applications. The present review article aims to review the work reported on synthesis, anticancer and
antiviral potentials of pyrimidine derivatives during new millennium.
Conclusion:
It may be concluded that the fused pyrimidine derivatives enhanced the anticancer potential
against different human cancer cell lines and antiviral potential against different human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) etc, which created interest among the medicinal
chemists in the pyrimidine skeleton in medicinal chemistry. Thus, a tremendous scope for research is
present in this direction for investigating pyrimidine derivatives as lead molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Aakash Deep
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ch. Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, India
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Basha MT, Alghanmi RM, Shehata MR, Abdel-Rahman LH. Synthesis, structural characterization, DFT calculations, biological investigation, molecular docking and DNA binding of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) nanosized Schiff base complexes bearing pyrimidine moiety. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kumar S, Narasimhan B, Lim SM, Ramasamy K, Mani V, Shah SAA. Design, Synthesis and Therapeutic Potential of Some 6, 6'-(1,4- phenylene)bis(4-(4-bromophenyl)pyrimidin-2-amine)analogues. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:609-621. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666181210162413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
<P>Background: A series of 6, 6'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(4-(4-bromophenyl)pyrimidin-2-amine)
derivatives has been synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation and its chemical structures was
confirmed by FT-IR, 1H/13C-NMR spectral and elemental analyses. The molecular docking study was
carried out to find the interaction between active bis-pyrimidine compounds with CDK-8 protein. The
in vitro antimicrobial potential of the synthesized compounds was determined against Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacterial species as well fungal species by tube dilution technique. Antimicrobial
results indicated that compound 11y was found to be most potent one against E. coli (MICec = 0.67
µmol/mL) and C. albicans (MICca = 0.17 µmol/mL) and its activity was comparable to norfloxacin
(MIC = 0.47 µmol/mL) and fluconazole (MIC = 0.50 µmol/mL), respectively.
Conclusion:
Anticancer screening of the synthesized compounds using Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay
demonstrated that compounds 2y (IC50 = 0.01 µmol/mL) and 4y (IC50= 0.02 µmol/mL) have high antiproliferative
potential against human colorectal carcinoma cancer cell line than the reference drug (5-
fluorouracil) and these compounds also showed best dock score with better potency within the ATP
binding pocket and may also be used lead for rational drug designing.</P>
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | | | - Siong Meng Lim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Synthesis, in silico experiments and biological evaluation of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrazole derivatives as antimalarial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:353-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gupta P, Singh L, Singh K. The hybrid antimalarial approach. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kumar S, Narasimhan B, Lim SM, Ramasamy K, Mani V, Shah SAA. Design, Synthesis and Biological Potential of 5-(2-Amino-6-(3/4-bromophenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)benzene-1,3-diol Scaffolds as Promising Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents. Mini Rev Med Chem 2018; 19:851-864. [PMID: 30306864 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666181009141924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A series of 5-(2-amino-6-(3/4-bromophenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)benzene-1,3-diol scaffolds was synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation and characterized by NMR, IR, Mass and elemental analyses. METHODS The synthesized pyrimidine scaffolds were screened for their antimicrobial activity by tube dilution method as well for antiproliferative activity (human colorectal (HCT116) cancer cell line) by SRB assay. RESULTS The antimicrobial screening results demonstrated that compounds, k6, k12, k14 and k20 were found to be the most potent ones against selected microbial species. The anticancer screening results indicated that compounds, k8 and k14 displayed potent anticancer activity against cancer cell line (HCT116). CONCLUSION Further, the molecular docking study carried to find out the interaction between active pyrimidine compounds with CDK-8 protein indicated that compound k14 showed best dock score with better potency within the ATP binding pocket and may be used as a lead for rational drug designing of the anticancer molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | | | - Siong Meng Lim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Bai S, Liu S, Zhu Y, Wu Q. Asymmetric synthesis and antiviral activity of novel chiral amino-pyrimidine derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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43
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Kumar S, Lim SM, Ramasamy K, Mani V, Shah SAA, Narasimhan B. Design, synthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity study on human colorectal carcinoma cell line of new 4,4'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(pyrimidin-2-amine) derivatives. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:73. [PMID: 29938365 PMCID: PMC6020093 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyrimidine molecules attracted organic chemists very much due to their biological and chemotherapeutic importance. Their related fused heterocycles are of interest as potential bioactive molecules so, we have designed and prepared a new class of 4,4′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(pyrimidin-2-amine) molecules and screened for their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxicity studies. Results The structures of synthesized bis-pyrimidine molecules were confirmed by physicochemical and spectral means. The synthesized compounds were further evaluated for their in vitro biological potentials i.e. antimicrobial activity using tube dilution method and anticancer activity against human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cancer cell line by Sulforhodamine B assay. Conclusions The biological study demonstrated that compounds s7, s8, s11, s14, s16, s17 and s18 have shown more promising antimicrobial activity with best MIC values than the cefadroxil (antibacterial) and fluconazole (antifungal) and compound s3 found to have better anticancer activity against human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cancer cell line.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Siong Meng Lim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Jain S, Kumar A, Saini D. Novel arylidene derivatives of quinoline based thiazolidinones: Synthesis, in vitro, in vivo and in silico study as antimalarials. Exp Parasitol 2018; 185:107-114. [PMID: 29355497 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Jain
- Drug Discovery and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India
| | - Deepika Saini
- Drug Discovery and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, India.
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Kumar S, Narasimhan B. Therapeutic potential of heterocyclic pyrimidine scaffolds. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:38. [PMID: 29619583 PMCID: PMC5884769 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds offer a high degree of structural diversity and have proven to be broadly and economically useful as therapeutic agents. Comprehensive research on diverse therapeutic potentials of heterocycles compounds has confirmed their immense significance in the pathophysiology of diseases. Heterocyclic pyrimidine nucleus, which is an essential base component of the genetic material of deoxyribonucleic acid, demonstrated various biological activities. The present review article aims to review the work reported on therapeutic potentials of pyrimidine scaffolds which are valuable for medical applications during new generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
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Chopra R, Chibale K, Singh K. Pyrimidine-chloroquinoline hybrids: Synthesis and antiplasmodial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:39-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Madhu Sekhar M, Nagarjuna U, Padmavathi V, Padmaja A, Reddy NV, Vijaya T. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of pyrimidinyl 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 145:1-10. [PMID: 29310025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new class of methylthio linked pyrimidinyl 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles were prepared under conventional and ultrasound irradiation methods. All the compounds were obtained in higher yields and in shorter reaction times in ultrasound irradiation method when compared with the conventional method. The title compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity. The compounds 12c and 12f exhibited promising antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa whereas the compounds 13c and 13f showed pronounced antifungal activity against A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Madhu Sekhar
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - U Nagarjuna
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - V Padmavathi
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - A Padmaja
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - N Vasudeva Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - T Vijaya
- Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Nqoro X, Tobeka N, Aderibigbe BA. Quinoline-Based Hybrid Compounds with Antimalarial Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122268. [PMID: 29257067 PMCID: PMC6149725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of quinoline-based compounds for the treatment of malaria infections is hampered by drug resistance. Drug resistance has led to the combination of quinolines with other classes of antimalarials resulting in enhanced therapeutic outcomes. However, the combination of antimalarials is limited by drug-drug interactions. In order to overcome the aforementioned factors, several researchers have reported hybrid compounds prepared by reacting quinoline-based compounds with other compounds via selected functionalities. This review will focus on the currently reported quinoline-based hybrid compounds and their preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhamla Nqoro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
| | - Naki Tobeka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
| | - Blessing A Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
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49
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Hu YQ, Gao C, Zhang S, Xu L, Xu Z, Feng LS, Wu X, Zhao F. Quinoline hybrids and their antiplasmodial and antimalarial activities. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:22-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kumar S, Lim SM, Ramasamy K, Vasudevan M, Shah SAA, Narasimhan B. Bis-pyrimidine acetamides: design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:80. [PMID: 29086907 PMCID: PMC5548699 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past few years, increased resistance of microorganisms towards antimicrobial agents become a serious health problem, so there is a need for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. On the other hand, bis-pyrimidines possess various types of biological activity. In view of this, in the present study we have designed and synthesized a new series of bis-pyrimidine acetamides by Claisen-Schmidt condensation and screened for its in vitro antimicrobial and anticancer activities. RESULTS The synthesized bis-pyrimidine acetamide derivatives were confirmed by IR, 1H/13C-NMR, Mass spectral studies as well C, H, N analyses. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial potential against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis); Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica) bacterial and fungal (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) strains by tube dilution technique and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) recorded in µmol/mL was comparable to reference drugs, cefadroxil (antibacterial) and fluconazole (antifungal). The in vitro anticancer activity (IC50 value) determined against human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cancer cell line by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) technique and 5-fluorouracil used as reference drug. CONCLUSIONS The biological study demonstrated that compounds 3, 13, 16, 17 and 18 were found to be most active antimicrobial agents with best MIC values than the cefadroxil (antibacterial) and fluconazole (antifungal) and compounds 12, 16 and 18 found to have better anticancer activity against human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cancer cell line with best IC50 value than the 5-fluorouracil (anticancer). Graphical abstract SAR of bis-pyrimidine acetamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001 India
| | - Siong Meng Lim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Mani Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, 51452 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor D. E Malaysia
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