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Grigor’eva AE, Bardasheva AV, Ryabova ES, Tupitsyna AV, Zadvornykh DA, Koroleva LS, Silnikov VN, Tikunova NV, Ryabchikova EI. Changes in the Ultrastructure of Staphylococcus aureus Cells Make It Possible to Identify and Analyze the Injuring Effects of Ciprofloxacin, Polycationic Amphiphile and Their Hybrid. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2192. [PMID: 37764036 PMCID: PMC10537381 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purposeful development of synthetic antibacterial compounds requires an understanding of the relationship between effects of compounds and their chemical structure. This knowledge can be obtained by studying changes in bacteria ultrastructure under the action of antibacterial compounds of a certain chemical structure. Our study was aimed at examination of ultrastructural changes in S. aureus cells caused by polycationic amphiphile based on 1,4‒diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DL412), ciprofloxacin and their hybrid (DL5Cip6); the samples were incubated for 15 and 45 min. DL412 first directly interacted with bacterial cell wall, damaging it, then penetrated into the cell and disrupted cytoplasm. Ciprofloxacin penetrated into cell without visually damaging the cell wall, but altered the cell membrane and cytoplasm, and inhibited the division of bacteria. The ultrastructural characteristics of S. aureus cells damaged by the hybrid clearly differed from those under ciprofloxacin or DL412 action. Signs associated with ciprofloxacin predominated in cell damage patterns from the hybrid. We studied the effect of ciprofloxacin, DL412 and their hybrid on S. aureus biofilm morphology using paraffin sections. Clear differences in compound effects on S. aureus biofilm (45 min incubation) were observed. The results obtained allow us to recommend this simple and cheap approach for the initial assessment of antibiofilm properties of synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena I. Ryabchikova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Lavrent’ev av., 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.E.G.); (A.V.B.); (E.S.R.); (A.V.T.); (D.A.Z.); (L.S.K.); (V.N.S.); (N.V.T.)
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2
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Antonova LV, Sevostianova VV, Silnikov VN, Krivkina EO, Velikanova EA, Mironov AV, Shabaev AR, Senokosova EA, Khanova MY, Glushkova TV, Akentieva TN, Sinitskaya AV, Markova VE, Shishkova DK, Lobov AA, Repkin EA, Stepanov AD, Kutikhin AG, Barbarash LS. Comparison of the Patency and Regenerative Potential of Biodegradable Vascular Prostheses of Different Polymer Compositions in an Ovine Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108540. [PMID: 37239889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of suitable autologous grafts and the impossibility of using synthetic prostheses for small artery reconstruction make it necessary to develop alternative efficient vascular grafts. In this study, we fabricated an electrospun biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) prosthesis and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PHBV/PCL) prosthesis loaded with iloprost (a prostacyclin analog) as an antithrombotic drug and cationic amphiphile with antibacterial activity. The prostheses were characterized in terms of their drug release, mechanical properties, and hemocompatibility. We then compared the long-term patency and remodeling features of PCL and PHBV/PCL prostheses in a sheep carotid artery interposition model. The research findings verified that the drug coating of both types of prostheses improved their hemocompatibility and tensile strength. The 6-month primary patency of the PCL/Ilo/A prostheses was 50%, while all PHBV/PCL/Ilo/A implants were occluded at the same time point. The PCL/Ilo/A prostheses were completely endothelialized, in contrast to the PHBV/PCL/Ilo/A conduits, which had no endothelial cells on the inner layer. The polymeric material of both prostheses degraded and was replaced with neotissue containing smooth-muscle cells; macrophages; proteins of the extracellular matrix such as type I, III, and IV collagens; and vasa vasorum. Thus, the biodegradable PCL/Ilo/A prostheses demonstrate better regenerative potential than PHBV/PCL-based implants and are more suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V Antonova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Viktoriia V Sevostianova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Silnikov
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniya O Krivkina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Elena A Velikanova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Andrey V Mironov
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Amin R Shabaev
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Evgenia A Senokosova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Mariam Yu Khanova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Glushkova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Akentieva
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Anna V Sinitskaya
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Victoria E Markova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Daria K Shishkova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Arseniy A Lobov
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Research Institute of Cytology, 4 Tikhoretskiy Prospekt, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Egor A Repkin
- Centre for Molecular and Cell Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment, 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander D Stepanov
- Institute of Medicine, Kemerovo State University, 6 Krasnaya Street, Kemerovo 650000, Russia
| | - Anton G Kutikhin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Leonid S Barbarash
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
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3
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Antonova L, Kutikhin A, Sevostianova V, Lobov A, Repkin E, Krivkina E, Velikanova E, Mironov A, Mukhamadiyarov R, Senokosova E, Khanova M, Shishkova D, Markova V, Barbarash L. Controlled and Synchronised Vascular Regeneration upon the Implantation of Iloprost- and Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs-Conjugated Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts into the Ovine Carotid Artery: A Proteomics-Empowered Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235149. [PMID: 36501545 PMCID: PMC9736446 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Implementation of small-diameter tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) into clinical practice is still delayed due to the frequent complications, including thrombosis, aneurysms, neointimal hyperplasia, calcification, atherosclerosis, and infection. Here, we conjugated a vasodilator/platelet inhibitor, iloprost, and an antimicrobial cationic amphiphilic drug, 1,5-bis-(4-tetradecyl-1,4-diazoniabicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-yl) pentane tetrabromide, to the luminal surface of electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) TEVGs for preventing thrombosis and infection, additionally enveloped such TEVGs into the PCL sheath to preclude aneurysms, and implanted PCLIlo/CAD TEVGs into the ovine carotid artery (n = 12) for 6 months. The primary patency was 50% (6/12 animals). TEVGs were completely replaced with the vascular tissue, free from aneurysms, calcification, atherosclerosis and infection, completely endothelialised, and had clearly distinguishable medial and adventitial layers. Comparative proteomic profiling of TEVGs and contralateral carotid arteries found that TEVGs lacked contractile vascular smooth muscle cell markers, basement membrane components, and proteins mediating antioxidant defense, concurrently showing the protein signatures of upregulated protein synthesis, folding and assembly, enhanced energy metabolism, and macrophage-driven inflammation. Collectively, these results suggested a synchronised replacement of PCL with a newly formed vascular tissue but insufficient compliance of PCLIlo/CAD TEVGs, demanding their testing in the muscular artery position or stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cell specification after the implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Antonova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Anton Kutikhin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-9609077067
| | - Viktoriia Sevostianova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Arseniy Lobov
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Research Institute of Cytology, 4 Tikhoretskiy Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Egor Repkin
- Centre for Molecular and Cell Technologies, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment, 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Evgenia Krivkina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Elena Velikanova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Andrey Mironov
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Rinat Mukhamadiyarov
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Evgenia Senokosova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Mariam Khanova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Daria Shishkova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Victoria Markova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
| | - Leonid Barbarash
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia
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Dan W, Gao J, Qi X, Wang J, Dai J. Antibacterial quaternary ammonium agents: Chemical diversity and biological mechanism. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114765. [PMID: 36116235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections have seriously threatened public health especially with the increasing resistance and the cliff-like decline of the number of newly approved antibacterial agents. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) possess potent medicinal properties with 95 successfully marketed drugs, which also have a long history as antibacterial agents. In this review, we summarize the chemical diversity of antibacterial QACs, divided into chain-like and aromatic ring, reported over the past decade (2012 to mid-2022). Additionally, the structure-activity relationships, mainly covering hydrophobicity, charges and skeleton features, are discussed. In the cases where sufficient information is available, antibacterial mechanisms including biofilm, cell membrane, and intracellular targets are presented. It is hoped that this review will provide sufficient information for medicinal chemists to discover the new generation of antibacterial agents based on QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Dan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Jixiang Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohui Qi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Junru Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jiangkun Dai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China.
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Multisubstituted pyrimidines effectively inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7931. [PMID: 33846401 PMCID: PMC8041844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are multicellular communities of microorganisms that generally attach to surfaces in a self-produced matrix. Unlike planktonic cells, biofilms can withstand conventional antibiotics, causing significant challenges in the healthcare system. Currently, new chemical entities are urgently needed to develop novel anti-biofilm agents. In this study, we designed and synthesized a set of 2,4,5,6-tetrasubstituted pyrimidines and assessed their antibacterial activity against planktonic cells and biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus. Compounds 9e, 10d, and 10e displayed potent activity for inhibiting the onset of biofilm formation as well as for killing pre-formed biofilms of S. aureus ATCC 25923 and Newman strains, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 11.6 to 62.0 µM. These pyrimidines, at 100 µM, not only decreased the number of viable bacteria within the pre-formed biofilm by 2–3 log10 but also reduced the amount of total biomass by 30–50%. Furthermore, these compounds were effective against planktonic cells with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values lower than 60 µM for both staphylococcal strains. Compound 10d inhibited the growth of S. aureus ATCC 25923 in a concentration-dependent manner and displayed a bactericidal anti-staphylococcal activity. Taken together, our study highlights the value of multisubstituted pyrimidines to develop novel anti-biofilm agents.
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Introduction of an efficient DABCO-based bis-dicationic ionic salt catalyst for the synthesis of arylidenemalononitrile, pyran and polyhydroquinoline derivatives. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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7
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Turguła A, Materna K, Gwiazdowska D, Walkiewicz F, Marcinkowska K, Pernak J. Difunctional ammonium ionic liquids with bicyclic cations. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06054a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The increasing limitations regarding the applied amounts of plant protection make hybrid ionic liquids an interesting class of compounds belonging to the III generation ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Turguła
- Department of Chemical Technology
- Poznan University of Technology
- Poznan 60-965
- Poland
| | - Katarzyna Materna
- Department of Chemical Technology
- Poznan University of Technology
- Poznan 60-965
- Poland
| | - Daniela Gwiazdowska
- Department of Natural Science and Quality Assurance
- Poznan University of Economics and Business
- Poland
| | - Filip Walkiewicz
- Department of Chemical Technology
- Poznan University of Technology
- Poznan 60-965
- Poland
| | | | - Juliusz Pernak
- Department of Chemical Technology
- Poznan University of Technology
- Poznan 60-965
- Poland
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8
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Synthesis, crystal structures, computational studies and antimicrobial activity of new designed bis((5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio)alkanes. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Preparation of a new DABCO-based ionic liquid and investigation on its application in the synthesis of benzimidazoquinazolinone and pyrimido[4,5-b]-quinoline derivatives. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Priyanka, Singh V, Ekta, Katiyar D. Synthesis, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and E. coli DNA gyrase inhibitory activities of coumarinyl amino alcohols. Bioorg Chem 2017; 71:120-127. [PMID: 28196603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the in vitro antimicrobial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration) of fourteen coumarinyl amino alcohols 2-16 against eight bacterial strains and two fungi. Among these compounds 4, 8, 12, 15 and 16 showed moderate to good microbial inhibition with MIC values varied from 6.25 to 25μg/mL. The most promising compounds were also evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic and E. coli DNA gyrase inhibitory activities along with the two 7-oxy-4-methyl coumarinyl amino alcohol derivatives 17 and 18, which were found to be the most potent in in vitro antimicrobial screening in our previous study. All the active compounds, including 17 and 18, were also docked into the E. coli DNA gyrase ATP binding site (PDB ID: 1KZN) to investigate their binding interactions. Of these compound 17 has shown maximum binding energy value of -6.13kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka
- Department of Chemistry, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow 226021, India
| | - Ekta
- Department of Bioinformatics, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Diksha Katiyar
- Department of Chemistry, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Lukáč M, Devínsky F, Pisárčik M, Papapetropoulou A, Bukovský M, Horváth B. Novel Phospholium-Type Cationic Surfactants: Synthesis, Aggregation Properties and Antimicrobial Activity. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-016-1908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Biological evaluation of tetracationic compounds based on two 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane moieties connected by different linkers. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6012-6020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Sanches LM, Petri DFS, de Melo Carrasco LD, Carmona-Ribeiro AM. The antimicrobial activity of free and immobilized poly (diallyldimethylammonium) chloride in nanoparticles of poly (methylmethacrylate). J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:58. [PMID: 26404400 PMCID: PMC4582890 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several cationic polymers exhibit a useful antimicrobial property, however the structure–activity relationship still requires a more complete investigation. The main objective of this work is the comparison between the antimicrobial activity and toxicity of free and immobilized poly (diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA) in biocompatible poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles (NPs). Results NPs synthesis by emulsion polymerization is performed over a range of [PDDA] at two methylmethacrylate (MMA) concentrations. The PMMA/PDDA dispersions are characterized by dynamic light-scattering for sizing, polydispersity and zeta-potential analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), plating plus colony forming unities (CFU) counting for determination of the minimal microbicidal concentrations (MMC) against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and hemolysis evaluation against mammalian erythrocytes. There is a high colloidal stability for the cationic PMMA/PDDA NPs over a range of [PDDA]. NPs diverse antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms reduces cell viability by eight-logs (E. coli), seven-logs (S. aureus) or two-logs (C. albicans). The NPs completely kill E. coli over a range of [PDDA] that are innocuous to the erythrocytes. Free PDDA antimicrobial activity is higher than the one observed for PDDA in the NPs. There is no PDDA induced-hemolysis at the MMC in contrast to the hemolytic effect of immobilized PDDA in the NPs. Hemolysis is higher than 15 % for immobilized PDDA at the MMC for S. aureus and C. albicans. Conclusions The mobility of the cationic antimicrobial polymer PDDA determines its access to the inner layers of the cell wall and the cell membrane, the major sites of PDDA antimicrobial action. PDDA freedom does matter for determining the antimicrobial activity at low PDDA concentrations and absence of hemolysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0123-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luccas Missfeldt Sanches
- Biocolloids Lab, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, CEP 05513-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Letícia Dias de Melo Carrasco
- Biocolloids Lab, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, CEP 05513-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro
- Biocolloids Lab, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, CEP 05513-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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