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Ren Y, Li C, Zhang Y. Preclinical Study on a Novel Fluoroderivative of Dabigatran Etexilate in Animal Models. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2024; 83:55-63. [PMID: 37830839 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Here, the fluorinated derivative, R1, was synthesized from the fluorinated dabigatran derivative (R0). The in vivo pharmacokinetic characteristics of orally administered R1, R0 injection, and dabigatran etexilate in rats were compared. Safety evaluation results showed no significant changes in the QRS wave or PR and QT intervals in rat lead II electrocardiograms. The possible toxicity of R1 was studied using the limit test method, and no obvious toxicity occurred in mice after the acute oral administration of R1. R1 inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner, had an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid and adenosine diphosphate, could significantly prolong prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, and increased fibrinogen levels. R1 is the optimal candidate compound from among more than 100 candidate compounds designed and synthesized by our research group. It was first selected through preliminary in vitro anticoagulant activity screening and further through in vivo mouse activity testing. A systematic pharmacodynamic study showed that R1 was superior to the raw material drug dabigatran ester; particularly, the absolute bioavailability of R1 increased by 206%, and this can overcome the low bioavailability defect associated with the marketed drug dabigatran ester. Another safety assessment of R1 indicated that there were no risks of acute poisoning in rats and cardiac toxicity in mice or rats. Therefore, R1 can be considered a new candidate anticoagulant compound with great potential and significance for further clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ren
- Green and Intelligent Pharmaceutical College, Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of Construction, Dongyang, Zhejiang Province, China; and
| | - Chunlei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shanghai Pharmaceutical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- Green and Intelligent Pharmaceutical College, Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of Construction, Dongyang, Zhejiang Province, China; and
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2
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Li X, Guo T, Feng Q, Bai T, Wu L, Liu Y, Zheng X, Jia J, Pei J, Wu S, Song Y, Zhang Y. Progress of thrombus formation and research on the structure-activity relationship for antithrombotic drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114035. [PMID: 34902735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many populations suffer from thrombotic disorders such as stroke, myocardial infarction, unstable angina and thromboembolic disease. Thrombus is one of the major threatening factors to human health and the prevalence of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases induced by thrombus is growing worldwide, even some persons got rare and severe blood clots after receiving the AstraZeneca COVID vaccine unexpectedly. In terms of mechanism of thrombosis, antithrombotic drugs have been divided into three categories including anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors and fibrinolytics. Nowadays, a large number of new compounds possessing antithrombotic activities are emerging in an effort to remove the inevitable drawbacks of previously approved drugs such as the high risk of bleeding, a slow onset of action and a narrow therapeutic window. In this review, we describe the causes and mechanisms of thrombus formation firstly, and then summarize these reported active compounds as potential antithrombotic candidates based on their respective mechanism, hoping to promote the development of more effective bioactive molecules for treating thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoan Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China; Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Tiantian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Jianzhong Jia
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Jin Pei
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shaoping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Yiming Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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Li Y, Lin L, Jin K, Gao L, Sheng L, Liu J, Li J. Synthesis and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) Inhibitory Activity Evaluation of Novel Arylaminoacetylhydrazone Derivatives Containing Carbazole Moiety. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Sun ZG, Yang-Liu, Zhang JM, Cui SC, Zhang ZG, Zhu HL. The Research Progress of Direct Thrombin Inhibitors. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 20:1574-1585. [PMID: 31644402 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191015201125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood coagulation is the process of changing the blood from the flowing state to the gel state. It is an important part of the hemostatic function. Coagulation is a process by which a series of coagulation factors are sequentially activated, and finally thrombin is formed to form fibrin clot. Direct thrombin inhibitors are important anticoagulant drug. These drugs can selectively bind to the active site of thrombin, inhibit thrombin activity, have strong action and high specificity, and have important significance in the clinical treatment of thrombus diseases. Some of them come from natural products of animals or plants, and many of them have been applied in the clinic. The other part is derived from the design, synthesis and activity studies of small molecule inhibitors. This review discusses the progress of direct thrombin inhibitors in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Sun
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No.163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang-Liu
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China
| | - Jin-Mai Zhang
- Room 205, BIO-X white house, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030,China
| | - Shi-Chang Cui
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No.163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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5
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Huang S, Ren Y, Peng X, Qian P, Meng L. Computer-aid drug design, synthesis, and anticoagulant activity evaluation of novel dabigatran derivatives as thrombin inhibitors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104965. [PMID: 31247296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, computer-aided drug design techniques were adopted to explore the structural and chemical features for dabigatran and design novel derivatives. The built 3D-QSAR models demonstrated significant statistical quality and excellent predictive ability by internal and external validation. Based on QSAR information, 11 novel dabigatran derivatives (12a-12k) were designed and predicted, then ADME prediction and molecular docking were performed. Furthermore, all designed compounds were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HR-MS. Finally, they were evaluated for anticoagulant activity in vitro. The activity results showed that the 10 obtained compounds exhibited comparable activity to the reference dabigatran (IC50 = 9.99 ± 1.48 nM), except for compound 12i. Further analysis on molecular docking was performed on three compounds (12a, 12c and 12g) with better activity (IC50 = 11.19 ± 1.70 nM, IC50 = 10.94 ± 1.85 nM and IC50 = 11.19 ± 1.70 nM). MD simulations (10 ns) were carried out, and their binding free energies were calculated, which showed strong hydrogen bond and pi-pi stacking interactions with key residues Gly219, Asp189 and Trp60D. The 10 novel dabigatran derivatives obtained can be further studied as anticoagulant candidate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Huang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yujie Ren
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
| | - Xiuxiu Peng
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Pingping Qian
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Lingwei Meng
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
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Ma L, Huang J, Zhu X, Zhu B, Wang L, Zhao W, Qiu L, Song B, Zhao C, Yan F. In vitro and in vivo anticoagulant activity of heparin-like biomacromolecules and the mechanism analysis for heparin-mimicking activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 122:784-792. [PMID: 30399381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heparin-like biomacromolecules (HepLBm), exhibiting similar chemical structure and biological properties to heparin, can be obtained by modifying either synthetic biopolymers or natural biomacromolecules with physical or chemical methods. In this work, a low-cost and biocompatible sodium alginate was chosen as a model biomacromolecule to design anticoagulant HepLBm with a similar sulfation degree to heparin. FTIR, 1H NMR, and element analysis data were used to confirm the chemical structure of HepLBm. Hemolysis tests, clotting time, complement activation, and contact activation tests were carried out to determine the in vitro anticoagulant activity of HepLBm. In addition, systematic studies of blood cell count, coagulation function, and histopathology were performed to demonstrate the in vivo anticoagulant activity and toxicity of HepLBm with SD rat experiments. Furthermore, a series of linear molecules containing carboxyl groups, sulfonic groups, and hydroxyl groups were selected and their clotting time was tested to provide a mechanism analysis for the excellent anticoagulant activity of HepLBm. With the excellent in vitro/in vivo anticoagulant activity, good biocompatibility, and low cost, the HepLBm synthesized in this work would have great potential for substitution of heparin in many application fields, such as the surface modification of biomedical devices, extracorporeal anticoagulants, and other clinical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Ma
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging Drug, Department of Ultrasound, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jianbo Huang
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging Drug, Department of Ultrasound, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging Drug, Department of Ultrasound, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bihui Zhu
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging Drug, Department of Ultrasound, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liyun Wang
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging Drug, Department of Ultrasound, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging Drug, Department of Ultrasound, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Feng Yan
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Imaging Drug, Department of Ultrasound, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Alsharif Z, Ali MA, Alkhattabi H, Jones D, Delancey E, Ravikumar PC, Alam MA. Hexafluoroisopropanol mediated benign synthesis of 2H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-ones by using a domino protocol. NEW J CHEM 2017; 41:14862-14870. [PMID: 29430169 DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Domino strategy has been used for the synthesis of 2H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-ones. Four sequential reactions: aza-Michael addition, water elimination, intramolecular acyl substitution, and [1,3]-H shift were observed in this domino protocol. Hexafluoroisopropanol is used as a promotor and recyclable solvent in this cascade process. Availability of inexpensive 2-aminopyridines and wide variety of Michael acceptors such as commercially available acrylates and unactivated Baylis-Hillman adducts makes this methodology a huge reservoir of novel fused N-heterocycles as bioactive and potential therapeutic agents. The reaction mechanism has been proposed and rationalized by density functional theory calculation. Products are obtained up to 95% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakeyah Alsharif
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467
| | - Mohamad Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hessa Alkhattabi
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467
| | - Derika Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467
| | - Evan Delancey
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467
| | - P C Ravikumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)† Bhubaneswar, Jatni Campus, Dt: Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Mohammad A Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467
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Two novel dinuclear ellipsoid Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes bridged by 4,5-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)phthalic acid: Synthesis, structural characterization and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:235-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Kang HG, Lee SJ, Chung JY, Cheong JS. Thrombocytopenia induced by dabigatran: two case reports. BMC Neurol 2017; 17:124. [PMID: 28662704 PMCID: PMC5492117 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin K inhibitors (e.g. warfarin) and indirect thrombin inhibitors (e.g. heparin) are widely used to prevent thromboembolic disorders (e.g. myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, and stroke). These agents have been mainstays of anticoagulation for people older than 60 years. However, their administration is associated with a risk of bleeding and requires careful monitoring of patients. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), such as dabigatran, are significantly safer in preventing thromboembolism than warfarin and heparin (sporadically causes thrombocytopenia) and are more specific for their target protein, thrombin. The major advantage of dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, is that it reversibly inhibits both free and clot-bound thrombin by tight binding affinity and the predictable pharmacodynamic effect. A few studies, however, reported that dabigatran can cause thrombocytopenia, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Thus, an antidote for dabigatran was developed to prevent thrombocytopenia. Case presentation In this report, we discuss two cases of thrombocytopenia and purpura after dabigatran treatment. A 73-year-old man showed hemorrhagic necrotic skin lesions on his neck and right hand. He was administered dabigatran (220 mg/day) for cerebral infarction for three days and his platelet count decreased abruptly (6000/μL). This suggested that dabigatran had caused thrombocytopenia and purpura; therefore, dabigatran administration was discontinued. The results of a blood test, performed 14 days after stopping dabigatran treatment, showed that the platelet count had recovered to the normal range of more than 150,000/μL. A 75-year-old woman had taken warfarin continuously for 8 years. However, she had a new cerebral infarction. Therefore, warfarin treatment was replaced with dabigatran (300 mg/day). Her platelet count decreased (41,000/μL) significantly and dabigatran treatment was discontinued. The blood test results show that platelet counts gradually recovered to the normal range. Conclusions Dabigatran application may cause bleeding; therefore, careful monitoring during dabigatran treatment is required to prevent thrombocytopenia. An explanation is that the interaction of dabigatran with thrombin, because of its strong binding affinity, may cause the observed thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Goo Kang
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Research Center for Bioactive Materials and Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Chung
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sung Cheong
- Department of Neurology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Hospital, Iksan, 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Yang H, Liu Q, Gao X, Ren Y, Gao Y. Novel dabigatran derivatives with a fluorine atom at the C-2 position of the terminal benzene ring: Design, synthesis and anticoagulant activity evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 126:799-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Design, synthesis and antithrombotic evaluation of novel non-peptide thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:458-470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Akhtar W, Khan MF, Verma G, Shaquiquzzaman M, Rizvi MA, Mehdi SH, Akhter M, Alam MM. Therapeutic evolution of benzimidazole derivatives in the last quinquennial period. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:705-753. [PMID: 27951484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole, a fused heterocycle bearing benzene and imidazole has gained considerable attention in the field of contemporary medicinal chemistry. The moiety is of substantial importance because of its wide array of pharmacological activities. This nitrogen containing heterocycle is a part of a number of therapeutically used agents. Moreover, a number of patents concerning this moiety in the last few years further highlight its worth. The present review covers the recent work published by scientists across the globe during last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Akhtar
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohemmed Faraz Khan
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Garima Verma
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M Shaquiquzzaman
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M A Rizvi
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Syed Hassan Mehdi
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mymoona Akhter
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M Mumtaz Alam
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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