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Bastrakov M, Starosotnikov A. Recent Progress in the Synthesis of Drugs and Bioactive Molecules Incorporating Nitro(het)arene Core. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060705. [PMID: 35745627 PMCID: PMC9228974 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic nitro compounds play a unique role in the synthesis of drugs and pharmaceutically oriented molecules. This field of organic chemistry continues to be in demand and relevant. A significant number of papers are published annually on new general methods for the synthesis of nitrodrugs and related biomolecules. This review is an analysis of the literature on methods for the synthesis of both new and already-known aromatic and heteroaromatic nitrodrugs covering the period from 2010 to the present.
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Functionalized Nitroimidazole Scaffold Construction and Their Pharmaceutical Applications: A 1950–2021 Comprehensive Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050561. [PMID: 35631389 PMCID: PMC9144801 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazole represents one of the most essential and unique scaffolds in drug discovery since its discovery in the 1950s. It was K. Maeda in Japan who reported in 1953 the first nitroimidazole as a natural product from Nocardia mesenterica with antibacterial activity, which was later identified as Azomycin 1 (2-nitroimidazole) and remained in focus until now. This natural antibiotic was the starting point for synthesizing numerous analogs and regio-isomers, leading to several life-saving drugs and clinical candidates against a number of diseases, including infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) and cancers, as well as imaging agents in medicine/diagnosis. In the present decade, the nitroimidazole scaffold has again been given two life-saving drugs (Delamanid and Pretomanid) used to treat MDR (multi-drug resistant) tuberculosis. Keeping in view the highly successful track-record of the nitroimidazole scaffold in providing breakthrough therapeutic drugs, this comprehensive review focuses explicitly on presenting the activity profile and synthetic chemistry of functionalized nitroimidazole (2-, 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles as well as the fused nitroimidazoles) based drugs and leads published from 1950 to 2021. The present review also presents the miscellaneous examples in each class. In addition, the mutagenic profile of nitroimidazole-based drugs and leads and derivatives is also discussed.
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Wu C, Bian Q, Ding T, Tang M, Zhang W, Xu Y, Liu B, Xu H, Li HB, Fu H. Photoinduced Iron-Catalyzed ipso-Nitration of Aryl Halides via Single-Electron Transfer. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cunluo Wu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qilong Bian
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | | | - Mingming Tang
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Baoying Liu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai-Bei Li
- School of Ocean, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Hua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic/microaerophilic protist parasite which causes trichomoniasis, one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. T. vaginalis not only is important as a human pathogen but also is of great biological interest because of its peculiar cell biology and metabolism, in earlier times fostering the erroneous notion that this microorganism is at the root of eukaryotic evolution. This review summarizes the major advances in the last five years in the T. vaginalis field with regard to genetics, molecular biology, ecology, and pathogenicity of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Leitsch
- Department of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Metronidazole-conjugates: A comprehensive review of recent developments towards synthesis and medicinal perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112994. [PMID: 33234343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitroimidazoles based compounds remain a hot topic of research in medicinal chemistry due to their numerous biological activities. Moreover, many clinical candidates based on this chemical core have been reported to be valuable in the treatment of human diseases. Metronidazole (MTZ) derived conjugates demonstrated a potential application in medicinal chemistry research over the last decade. In this review, we summarize the synthesis, key structure-activity-relationship (SAR) and associated biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV and anti-parasitic (Anti-trichomonas, antileishmanial, antiamoebic and anti-giardial) of explored MTZ-conjugates. The molecular docking analysis is also presented simultaneously, which will assist in developing an understanding towards designing of new MTZ-conjugates for target-based drug discovery against multiple disease areas.
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Kumar S, Saini A, Legac J, Rosenthal PJ, Raj R, Kumar V. Amalgamating Isatin/Indole/Nitroimidazole with 7‐chloroquinolines
via
azide‐alkyne cycloaddition: Synthesis, anti‐plasmodial, and cytotoxic evaluation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:1355-1361. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
| | - Anu Saini
- Department of Chemistry DAV College Amritsar India
| | - Jenny Legac
- Department of Medicine University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Raghu Raj
- Department of Chemistry DAV College Amritsar India
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
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7
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Daraji DG, Prajapati NP, Patel HD. Synthesis and Applications of 2‐Substituted Imidazole and Its Derivatives: A Review. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drashti G. Daraji
- Department of Chemistry, School of SciencesGujarat University Navarangpura Ahmedabad Gujarat India
| | - Neelam P. Prajapati
- Department of Chemistry, School of SciencesGujarat University Navarangpura Ahmedabad Gujarat India
| | - Hitesh D. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of SciencesGujarat University Navarangpura Ahmedabad Gujarat India
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8
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Synthesis and crystal structure of fused imidazooxazolidine systems. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Veríssimo GC, Menezes Dutra EF, Teotonio Dias AL, de Oliveira Fernandes P, Kronenberger T, Gomes MA, Maltarollo VG. HQSAR and random forest-based QSAR models for anti-T. vaginalis activities of nitroimidazoles derivatives. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 90:180-191. [PMID: 31100677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, a highly prevalent sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Nitroimidazole drugs, such as metronidazole and tinidazole, are the only recommended treatment, but cases of resistance represent at least 5%. In case of resistance or therapeutic failure, posology with higher doses is used, culminating in the increase of the toxic effects of the treatment. In this context, the development of new drugs becomes an eminent necessity. Hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR) models using nitroimidazole derivatives were generated to discover the relationship between the different chemical structures and the activity against cells and the selectivity against susceptible and resistant strains. One model of each strain was chosen for interpretation, both showed good internal coefficient (q2LOO values: 0.607 for susceptible strain and 0.646 for resistant strain subsets) and great values in other internal and external validations metrics. From the contribution of fragments to HQSAR models, several differences between the most and least potent compounds were found: 5-nitroimidazole contributes positively while 4-nitroimidazole negatively. QSAR models employing random forest (RF-QSAR) machine learning technique were also built and a robust model was obtained from resistant strain activity prediction (q2LOO equals to 0.618). The constructed HQSAR and RF-QSAR models were employed to predict the activity of three newly planned nitroimidazole derivatives in the design of new drugs candidates against T. vaginalis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Corrêa Veríssimo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Francisco Menezes Dutra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Anna Letícia Teotonio Dias
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Philipe de Oliveira Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, DE72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria Aparecida Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Gonçalves Maltarollo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Zhang T, Lv Y, Lei Y, Liu D, Feng Y, Zhao J, Chen S, Meng F, Wang S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4-pyridyl-1H-imidazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:668-677. [PMID: 29407989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported a series of 1-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives that presented excellent in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory potency. As a continuation study, a series of 1-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole derivatives containing a pyridine moiety (4a-g and 5a-g) at the 4-position was designed and synthesized. Evaluation of in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibition demonstrated that the 4a-g series was more potent than the 5a-g series. Compound 4f was the most promising derivative in the series with an IC50 value of 0.64 μM. A Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that compound 4f acted as a mixed-type xanthine oxidase inhibitor. An iso-pentyloxy group at the 4'-position improved the inhibitory potency. More interestingly, structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the pyridine para-N atom played a crucial role in the inhibition. Molecular modeling provided a reasonable explanation for the structure-activity relationships observed in this study. In addition, a three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships model which possessed reasonable statistics (q2 = 0.885 and r2 = 0.993) was conducted to further understand the structural basis of these compounds as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. These compounds, especially compound 4f, have good potential for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yunying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shaolei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fanhao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
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11
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Mandalapu D, Kushwaha B, Gupta S, Krishna S, Srivastava N, Shukla M, Singh P, Chauhan BS, Goyani R, Maikhuri JP, Sashidhara KV, Kumar B, Tripathi R, Shukla PK, Siddiqi MI, Lal J, Gupta G, Sharma VL. Substituted carbamothioic amine-1-carbothioic thioanhydrides as novel trichomonicidal fungicides: Design, synthesis, and biology. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:632-645. [PMID: 29216562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases like trichomoniasis along with opportunistic fungal infections like candidiasis are major global health burden in female reproductive health. In this context a novel non-nitroimidazole class of substituted carbamothioic amine-1-carbothioic thioanhydride series was designed, synthesized, evaluated for trichomonacidal and fungicidal activities, and was found to be more active than the standard drug Metronidazole (MTZ). Compounds were trichomonicidal in the MIC ranges of 4.77-294.1 μM and 32.46-735.20 μM against MTZ-susceptible and -resistant strains, respectively. Further, compounds inhibited the growth of at least two out of ten fungal strains tested at MIC of 7.50-240.38 μM. The most active compound (20) of this series was 3.8 and 9.5 fold more active than the MTZ against the two Trichomonas strains tested. Compound 20 also significantly inhibited the sulfhydryl groups present over Trichomonas vaginalis and was found to be more active than the MTZ in vivo. Further, a docking analysis carried out with cysteine proteases supported their thiol inhibiting ability and preliminary pharmacokinetic study has shown good distribution and systemic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanaraju Mandalapu
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Bhavana Kushwaha
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Shagun Krishna
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- Pharmacokinetic & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Pratiksha Singh
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Bhavana S Chauhan
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ravi Goyani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli 229 010, India
| | - Jagdamba P Maikhuri
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Koneni V Sashidhara
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Renu Tripathi
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Praveen K Shukla
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mohammad I Siddiqi
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- Pharmacokinetic & Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vishnu L Sharma
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India.
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12
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Bala V, Chhonker YS. Recent developments in anti-Trichomonas research: An update review. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:232-243. [PMID: 29175675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a major non-viral sexually-transmitted infection resulted into serious obstetrical and gynecological troubles. The increasing resistance to nitroimidazole therapy and recurrence makes it crucial to develop new drugs against trichomoniasis. Over the past few years, a large number of research articles highlighting the synthetic and natural product research to combat Trichomonas vaginalis have been published. Electronic databases were searched to collect all data from the year 2006 through June 2017 for anti-Trichomonas activity potential of synthetic and natural products. This review article put together the synthetic and natural product research to find out an effective metronidazole alternative to cure trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Bala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India.
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, USA.
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