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Abu-Hashem AA, Hakami O, El-Shazly M, El-Nashar HAS, Yousif MNM. Caffeine and Purine Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review on the Chemistry, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthesis-Related Reactions, Biomedical Prospectives and Clinical Applications. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400050. [PMID: 38719741 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Caffeine and purine derivatives represent interesting chemical moieties, which show various biological activities. Caffeine is an alkaloid that belongs to the family of methylxanthine alkaloids and it is present in food, beverages, and drugs. Coffee, tea, and some other beverages are a major source of caffeine in the human diet. Caffeine can be extracted from tea or coffee using hot water with dichloromethane or chloroform and the leftover is known as decaffeinated coffee or tea. Caffeine and its derivatives were synthesized via different procedures on small and large scales. It competitively antagonizes the adenosine receptors (ARs), which are G protein-coupled receptors largely distributed in the human body, including the heart, vessels, brain, and kidneys. Recently, many reports showed the effect of caffeine derivatives in the treatment of many diseases such as Alzheimer's, asthma, parkinsonism, and cancer. Also, it is used as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hypocholesterolemic agent. The present review article discusses the synthesis, reactivity, and biological and pharmacological properties of caffeine and its derivatives. The biosynthesis and biotransformation of caffeine in coffee and tea leaves and the human body were summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameen A Abu-Hashem
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 45142 and 2097, Jazan, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Hakami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 45142 and 2097, Jazan, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud N M Yousif
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Marx D, Alnouri MW, Clemens S, Gedschold R, Riedel Y, Al Hamwi G, Pillaiyar T, Hockemeyer J, Namasivayam V, Müller CE. Discovery of Potent Agonists for the Predominant Variant of the Orphan MAS-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor X4 (MRGPRX4). J Med Chem 2023; 66:15674-15698. [PMID: 37967029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The MAS-related Gq protein-coupled receptor X4 (MRGPRX4) is poorly investigated. MRGPRX4 has been proposed to be involved in pain transmission, itch, inflammation, wound healing, and cancer. However, so far only a few moderately potent, nonselective MRGPRX4 agonists have been described, most of which appear to preferably activate the minor receptor variant MRGPRX4-83L but not the main variant 83S. In the present study, we discovered a xanthine derivative bearing a phosphate substituent that activates the main variant of MRGPRX4. Optimization resulted in analogs with high potency and metabolic stability. The best compounds of the present series include 8-(m-methoxyphenethyl)-1-propargylxanthine substituted with a butyl linker in the 3-position containing a terminal phosphonate (30d, PSB-22034, EC50 Ca2+ assay/β-arrestin assay, 11.2 nM/32.0 nM) and its N7-methyl derivative 31d (PSB-22040, EC50, 19.2/30.0 nM) showing high selectivity versus all other MRGPRX subtypes. They present promising tool compounds for exploring the potential of MRGPRX4 as a future drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marx
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Brühler Straße 7, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohamed Wessam Alnouri
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Brühler Straße 7, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sophie Clemens
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Brühler Straße 7, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Robin Gedschold
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Brühler Straße 7, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yvonne Riedel
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Brühler Straße 7, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ghazl Al Hamwi
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Brühler Straße 7, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Brühler Straße 7, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Hockemeyer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Brühler Straße 7, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Brühler Straße 7, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Brühler Straße 7, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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3
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Recent Advances in the Biological Significance of Xanthine and its Derivatives: A Review. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Filatov VE, Iuzabchuk DA, Tafeenko VA, Grishin YK, Roznyatovsky VA, Lukianov DA, Fedotova YA, Sukonnikov MA, Skvortsov DA, Zyk NV, Beloglazkina EK. Dispirooxindole-β-Lactams: Synthesis via Staudinger Ketene-Imine Cycloaddition and Biological Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126666. [PMID: 35743110 PMCID: PMC9223813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present the first synthesis of dispirooxindole-β-lactams employing optimized methodology of one-pot Staudinger ketene-imine cycloaddition with N-aryl-2-oxo-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acids as the ketene source. Spiroconjugation of indoline-2-one with β-lactams ring is considered to be able to provide stabilization and wide scope of functionalization to resulting scaffolds. The dispipooxindoles obtained demonstrated medium cytotoxicity in the MTT test on A549, MCF7, HEK293, and VA13 cell lines, and one of the compounds demonstrated antibacterial activity against E. coli strain LPTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim E. Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.F.); (D.A.I.); (V.A.T.); (Y.K.G.); (V.A.R.); (D.A.L.); (Y.A.F.); (M.A.S.); (D.A.S.); (N.V.Z.)
| | - Dmitrii A. Iuzabchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.F.); (D.A.I.); (V.A.T.); (Y.K.G.); (V.A.R.); (D.A.L.); (Y.A.F.); (M.A.S.); (D.A.S.); (N.V.Z.)
| | - Viktor A. Tafeenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.F.); (D.A.I.); (V.A.T.); (Y.K.G.); (V.A.R.); (D.A.L.); (Y.A.F.); (M.A.S.); (D.A.S.); (N.V.Z.)
| | - Yuri K. Grishin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.F.); (D.A.I.); (V.A.T.); (Y.K.G.); (V.A.R.); (D.A.L.); (Y.A.F.); (M.A.S.); (D.A.S.); (N.V.Z.)
| | - Vitaly A. Roznyatovsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.F.); (D.A.I.); (V.A.T.); (Y.K.G.); (V.A.R.); (D.A.L.); (Y.A.F.); (M.A.S.); (D.A.S.); (N.V.Z.)
| | - Dmitrii A. Lukianov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.F.); (D.A.I.); (V.A.T.); (Y.K.G.); (V.A.R.); (D.A.L.); (Y.A.F.); (M.A.S.); (D.A.S.); (N.V.Z.)
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143028 Skolkovo, Russia
| | - Yulia A. Fedotova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.F.); (D.A.I.); (V.A.T.); (Y.K.G.); (V.A.R.); (D.A.L.); (Y.A.F.); (M.A.S.); (D.A.S.); (N.V.Z.)
| | - Maxim A. Sukonnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.F.); (D.A.I.); (V.A.T.); (Y.K.G.); (V.A.R.); (D.A.L.); (Y.A.F.); (M.A.S.); (D.A.S.); (N.V.Z.)
| | - Dmitry A. Skvortsov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.F.); (D.A.I.); (V.A.T.); (Y.K.G.); (V.A.R.); (D.A.L.); (Y.A.F.); (M.A.S.); (D.A.S.); (N.V.Z.)
| | - Nikolai V. Zyk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.F.); (D.A.I.); (V.A.T.); (Y.K.G.); (V.A.R.); (D.A.L.); (Y.A.F.); (M.A.S.); (D.A.S.); (N.V.Z.)
| | - Elena K. Beloglazkina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.F.); (D.A.I.); (V.A.T.); (Y.K.G.); (V.A.R.); (D.A.L.); (Y.A.F.); (M.A.S.); (D.A.S.); (N.V.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Saini A, Patel R, Gaba S, Singh G, Gupta GD, Monga V. Adenosine receptor antagonists: Recent advances and therapeutic perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113907. [PMID: 34695776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine-based nucleoside expressed nearly in all body tissues. It regulates various body functions by activating four G-protein coupled receptors, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. These receptors are widely acknowledged as drug targets for treating different neurological, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. Although numerous adenosine receptor inhibitors have been developed worldwide, achieving target selectivity is still a big hurdle in drug development. However, the identification of specific radioligands-based affinity assay, fluorescent ligands, and MS-based ligand assay have contributed to the development of selective and potent adenosine ligands. In recent years various small heterocyclic-based molecules have shown some promising results. Istradefylline has been approved for treating Parkinson's in Japan, while preladenant, tozadenant, CVT-6883, MRS-1523, and many more are under different phases of clinical development. The present review is focused on the quest to develop potent and selective adenosine inhibitors from 2013 to early 2021 by various research groups. The review also highlights their biological activity, selectivity, structure-activity relationship, molecular docking, and mechanistic studies. A special emphsesis on drug designing strategies has been also given the manuscript. The comprehensive compilation of research work carried out in the field will provide inevitable scope for designing and developing novel adenosine inhibitors with improved selectivity and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Saini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rajiv Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sobhi Gaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - G D Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
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6
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Matthee C, Terre'Blanche G, Legoabe LJ, Janse van Rensburg HD. Exploration of chalcones and related heterocycle compounds as ligands of adenosine receptors: therapeutics development. Mol Divers 2021; 26:1779-1821. [PMID: 34176057 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are ubiquitously distributed throughout the mammalian body where they are involved in an extensive list of physiological and pathological processes that scientists have only begun to decipher. Resultantly, AR agonists and antagonists have been the focus of multiple drug design and development programmes within the past few decades. Considered to be a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry, the chalcone framework has attracted a substantial amount of interest in this regard. Due to the potential liabilities associated with its structure, however, it has become necessary to explore other potentially promising compounds, such as heterocycles, which have successfully been obtained from chalcone precursors in the past. This review aims to summarise the emerging therapeutic importance of adenosine receptors and their ligands, especially in the central nervous system (CNS), while highlighting chalcone and heterocyclic derivatives as promising AR ligand lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrisna Matthee
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, North West, South Africa
| | - Gisella Terre'Blanche
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, North West, South Africa.,Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, North West, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, North West, South Africa
| | - Helena D Janse van Rensburg
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, North West, South Africa.
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7
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Abstract
The purine alkaloid caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant drug in the world and has multiple beneficial pharmacological activities, for example, in neurodegenerative diseases. However, despite being an extensively studied bioactive natural product, the mechanistic understanding of caffeine's pharmacological effects is incomplete. While several molecular targets of caffeine such as adenosine receptors and phosphodiesterases have been known for decades and inspired numerous medicinal chemistry programs, new protein interactions of the xanthine are continuously discovered providing potentially improved pharmacological understanding and a molecular basis for future medicinal chemistry. In this Perspective, we gather knowledge on the confirmed protein interactions, structure activity relationship, and chemical biology of caffeine on well-known and upcoming targets. The diversity of caffeine's molecular activities on receptors and enzymes, many of which are abundant in the CNS, indicates a complex interplay of several mechanisms contributing to neuroprotective effects and highlights new targets as attractive subjects for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Faudone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Silvia Arifi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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8
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Turky A, Sherbiny FF, Bayoumi AH, Ahmed HEA, Abulkhair HS. Novel 1,2,4-triazole derivatives: Design, synthesis, anticancer evaluation, molecular docking, and pharmacokinetic profiling studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000170. [PMID: 32893368 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three novel series of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives were designed and synthesized as potential adenosine A2B receptor antagonists. The design of the new compounds depended on a virtual screening of a previously constructed library of compounds targeting the human adenosine A2B protein. Spectroscopic techniques including 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13 C NMR, and infrared and mass spectroscopy were used to confirm the structures of the synthesized compounds. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation was carried out against a human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231) using the MTT assay, and the obtained results were compared with doxorubicin as a reference anticancer agent. In addition, in silico studies to propose how the two most active compounds interact with the adenosine A2B receptor as a potential target were performed. Furthermore, a structure-activity relationship analysis was performed, and the pharmacokinetic profile to predict the oral bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic properties was also explained. Four of our designed derivatives showed promising cytotoxic effects against the selected cancer cell line. Compound 15 showed the highest activity with an IC50 value of 3.48 µM. Also, compound 20 revealed an equipotent activity with the reference cytotoxic drug, with an IC50 value of 5.95 µM. The observed IC50 values were consistent with the obtained in silico docking scores. The newly designed compounds revealed promising pharmacokinetic profiles as compared with the reference marketed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Turky
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Farag F Sherbiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th October City, Egypt
| | - Ashraf H Bayoumi
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany E A Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmacy College, Taibah University, Al-Madinah, Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
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9
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Ezzat HG, Bayoumi AH, Sherbiny FF, El-Morsy AM, Ghiaty A, Alswah M, Abulkhair HS. Design, synthesis, and molecular docking studies of new [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline derivatives as potential A2B receptor antagonists. Mol Divers 2020; 25:291-306. [PMID: 32166485 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10070-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Many shreds of evidence have recently correlated A2B receptor antagonism with anticancer activity. Hence, the search for an efficient A2B antagonist may help in the development of a new chemotherapeutic agent. In this article, 23 new derivatives of [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline were designed and synthesized and its structures were confirmed by different spectral data and elemental analyses. The results of cytotoxic evaluation of these compounds showed six promising active derivatives with IC50 values ranging from 1.9 to 6.4 μM on MDA-MB 231 cell line. Additionally, molecular docking for all synthesized compounds was performed to predict their binding affinity toward the homology model of A2B receptor as a proposed mode of their cytotoxic activity. Results of molecular docking were strongly correlated with those of the cytotoxic study. Finally, structure activity relationship analyses of the new compounds were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany G Ezzat
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf H Bayoumi
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Farag F Sherbiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th October City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Morsy
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, 54001, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Adel Ghiaty
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alswah
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. .,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University - Egypt, International Costal Road, New Damietta, Egypt.
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10
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García-Raso A, Terrón A, Balle B, López-Zafra A, Frontera A, Barceló-Oliver M, Fiol JJ. Crystal structures of N6-modified-amino acid nucleobase analogs( iii): adenine–valeric acid, adenine–hexanoic acid and adenine–gabapentine. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02538k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
H-bonding networks, anion–π and π–π interactions in the crystal structures of N6-modified-amino acid adenine analogs are investigated by means of DFT calculations and X-ray crystallography analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel García-Raso
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma
- Spain
| | - Angel Terrón
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma
- Spain
| | - Bartomeu Balle
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma
- Spain
| | - Adela López-Zafra
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma
- Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma
- Spain
| | | | - Juan J. Fiol
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma
- Spain
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11
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Antonioli L, Blandizzi C, Pacher P, Haskó G. The Purinergic System as a Pharmacological Target for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:345-382. [PMID: 31235653 PMCID: PMC6592405 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) encompass a wide range of seemingly unrelated conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Despite differing etiologies, these diseases share common inflammatory pathways, which lead to damage in primary target organs and frequently to a plethora of systemic effects as well. The purinergic signaling complex comprising extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides and their receptors, the P2 and P1 purinergic receptors, respectively, as well as catabolic enzymes and nucleoside transporters is a major regulatory system in the body. The purinergic signaling complex can regulate the development and course of IMIDs. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the role of purinergic signaling in controlling immunity, inflammation, and organ function in IMIDs. In addition, we discuss the possible therapeutic applications of drugs acting on purinergic pathways, which have been entering clinical development, to manage patients suffering from IMIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - Pál Pacher
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
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12
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García-Raso A, Terrón A, López-Zafra A, García-Viada A, Barta A, Frontera A, Lorenzo J, Rodríguez-Calado S, Vázquez-López EM, Fiol JJ. Crystal structures of N6-modified-amino acid related nucleobase analogs (II): hybrid adenine-β-alanine and adenine-GABA molecules. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
H-Bonding networks and anion–π interactions in the crystal structures of N6-modified-amino acid adenine analogs are investigated using X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel García-Raso
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5
- 07122 Palma (Baleares)
- Spain
| | - Angel Terrón
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5
- 07122 Palma (Baleares)
- Spain
| | - Adela López-Zafra
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5
- 07122 Palma (Baleares)
- Spain
| | | | - Agostina Barta
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5
- 07122 Palma (Baleares)
- Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5
- 07122 Palma (Baleares)
- Spain
| | - Julia Lorenzo
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular
- Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Sergi Rodríguez-Calado
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular
- Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Ezequiel M. Vázquez-López
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur/Universidade de Vigo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultade de Química
- Edificio Ciencias Experimentais
- E-36310 Vigo
| | - Juan J. Fiol
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5
- 07122 Palma (Baleares)
- Spain
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13
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Härter M, Kalthof B, Delbeck M, Lustig K, Gerisch M, Schulz S, Kast R, Meibom D, Lindner N. Novel non-xanthine antagonist of the A 2B adenosine receptor: From HTS hit to lead structure. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:763-778. [PMID: 30576906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The A2B adenosine receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that belongs to the four member family of adenosine receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, A3. While adenosine-mediated A2B receptor signaling attenuates acute inflammation, facilitates tissue adaptation to hypoxia, and induces increased ischemia tolerance under conditions of an acute insult, persistently elevated adenosine levels and A2B receptor signaling are characteristics of a number of chronic disease states. In this report we describe the discovery of certain thienouracils (thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones) as antagonists of the A2B adenosine receptor by high-throughput screening from our corporate substance collection. The structure optimization of the initial screening hits led to BAY-545, an A2B receptor antagonist that was suitable for in vivo testing. The structure optimization work, SAR that was derived from there, as well as the properties of BAY-545 are also described. In vivo efficacy of BAY-545 was demonstrated in two models of lung fibrosis and data is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Härter
- Small Molecules Innovation, Research & Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Bernd Kalthof
- Small Molecules Innovation, Research & Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Martina Delbeck
- Preclinical Research, Research & Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Klemens Lustig
- Translational Sciences, Research & Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Gerisch
- Translational Sciences, Research & Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Simone Schulz
- Translational Sciences, Research & Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Raimund Kast
- Preclinical Research, Research & Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel Meibom
- Small Molecules Innovation, Research & Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Niels Lindner
- Small Molecules Innovation, Research & Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
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14
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Figueiredo P, Costa M, Pontes O, Baltazar F, Proença F. Adenine Derivatives: Promising Candidates for Breast Cancer Treatment. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Figueiredo
- Chemistry Department; University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar Braga Portugal
| | - Marta Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS); University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Olívia Pontes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS); University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS); University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Fernanda Proença
- Chemistry Department; University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar Braga Portugal
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15
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Tritium-labeled agonists as tools for studying adenosine A 2B receptors. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:223-233. [PMID: 29752618 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A selective agonist radioligand for A2B adenosine receptors (A2BARs) is currently not available. Such a tool would be useful for labeling the active conformation of the receptors. Therefore, we prepared BAY 60-6583, a potent and functionally selective A2BAR (partial) agonist, in a tritium-labeled form. Despite extensive efforts, however, we have not been able to establish a radioligand binding assay using [3H]BAY 60-6583. This is probably due to its high non-specific binding and its moderate affinity, which had previously been overestimated based on functional data. As an alternative, we evaluated the non-selective A2BAR agonist [3H]NECA for its potential to label A2BARs. [3H]NECA showed specific, saturable, and reversible binding to membrane preparations of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) or human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably expressing human, rat, or mouse A2BARs. In competition binding experiments, the AR agonists 2-chloroadenosine (CADO) and NECA displayed significantly higher affinity when tested versus [3H]NECA than versus the A2B-antagonist radioligand [3H]PSB-603 while structurally diverse AR antagonists showed the opposite effects. Although BAY 60-6583 is an A2BAR agonist, it displayed higher affinity versus [3H]PSB-603 than versus [3H]NECA. These results indicate that nucleoside and non-nucleoside agonists are binding to very different conformations of the A2BAR. In conclusion, [3H]NECA is currently the only useful radioligand for determining the affinity of ligands for an active A2BAR conformation.
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16
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Goulding J, May LT, Hill SJ. Characterisation of endogenous A 2A and A 2B receptor-mediated cyclic AMP responses in HEK 293 cells using the GloSensor™ biosensor: Evidence for an allosteric mechanism of action for the A 2B-selective antagonist PSB 603. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 147:55-66. [PMID: 29106905 PMCID: PMC5770336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous adenosine A2B receptors (A2BAR) mediate cAMP accumulation in HEK 293 cells. Here we have used a biosensor to investigate the mechanism of action of the A2BAR antagonist PSB 603 in HEK 293 cells. The A2A agonist CGS 21680 elicited a small response in these cells (circa 20% of that obtained with NECA), suggesting that they also contain a small population of A2A receptors. The responses to NECA and adenosine were antagonised by PSB 603, but not by the selective A2AAR antagonist SCH 58261. In contrast, CGS 21680 responses were not antagonised by high concentrations of PSB 603, but were sensitive to inhibition by SCH 58261. Analysis of the effect of increasing concentrations of PSB 603 on the response to NECA indicated a non-competitive mode of action yielding a marked reduction in the NECA EMAX with no significant effect on EC50 values. Kinetics analysis of the effect of PSB 603 on the A2BAR-mediated NECA responses confirmed a saturable effect that was consistent with an allosteric mode of antagonism. The possibility that PSB 603 acts as a negative allosteric modulator of A2BAR suggests new approaches to the development of therapeutic agents to treat conditions where adenosine levels are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Goulding
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Lauren T May
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.
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17
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Basu S, Barawkar DA, Ramdas V, Patel M, Waman Y, Panmand A, Kumar S, Thorat S, Naykodi M, Goswami A, Reddy BS, Prasad V, Chaturvedi S, Quraishi A, Menon S, Paliwal S, Kulkarni A, Karande V, Ghosh I, Mustafa S, De S, Jain V, Banerjee ER, Rouduri SR, Palle VP, Chugh A, Mookhtiar KA. Design and synthesis of novel xanthine derivatives as potent and selective A 2B adenosine receptor antagonists for the treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 134:218-229. [PMID: 28415011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine induces bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in asthmatics through activation of A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAdoR). Selective antagonists have been shown to attenuate airway reactivity and improve inflammatory conditions in pre-clinical studies. Hence, the identification of novel, potent and selective A2BAdoR antagonist may be beneficial for the potential treatment of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Towards this effort, we explored several prop-2-ynylated C8-aryl or heteroaryl substitutions on xanthine chemotype and found that 1-prop-2-ynyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl moiety was better tolerated at the C8 position. Compound 59, exhibited binding affinity (Ki) of 62 nM but was non-selective for A2BAdoR over other AdoRs. Incorporation of substituted phenyl on the terminal acetylene increased the binding affinity (Ki) significantly to <10 nM. Various substitutions on terminal phenyl group and different alkyl substitutions on N-1 and N-3 were explored to improve the potency, selectivity for A2BAdoR and the solubility. In general, compounds with meta-substituted phenyl provided better selectivity for A2BAdoR compared to that of para-substituted analogs. Substitutions such as basic amines like pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine or cycloalkyls with polar group were tried on terminal acetylene, keeping in mind the poor solubility of xanthine analogs in general. However, these substitutions led to a decrease in affinity compared to compound 59. Subsequent SAR optimization resulted in identification of compound 46 with high human A2BAdoR affinity (Ki = 13 nM), selectivity against other AdoR subtypes and with good pharmacokinetic properties. It was found to be a potent functional A2BAdoR antagonist with a Ki of 8 nM in cAMP assay in hA2B-HEK293 cells and an IC50 of 107 nM in IL6 assay in NIH-3T3 cells. Docking study was performed to rationalize the observed affinity data. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies also led to identification of compound 36 as a potent A2BAdoR antagonist with Ki of 1.8 nM in cAMP assay and good aqueous solubility of 529 μM at neutral pH. Compound 46 was further tested for in vivo efficacy and found to be efficacious in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma model in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Basu
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India.
| | - Dinesh A Barawkar
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Vidya Ramdas
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Meena Patel
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Yogesh Waman
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Anil Panmand
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Sachin Thorat
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Minakshi Naykodi
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Arnab Goswami
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - B Srinivasa Reddy
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Vandna Prasad
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Sandhya Chaturvedi
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Azfar Quraishi
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Suraj Menon
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Shalini Paliwal
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Abhay Kulkarni
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Vikas Karande
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Indraneel Ghosh
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Syed Mustafa
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Siddhartha De
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Ena Ray Banerjee
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Sreekanth R Rouduri
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Venkata P Palle
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Anita Chugh
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India
| | - Kasim A Mookhtiar
- Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune 411 057, India.
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