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Kong SJ, Nam G, Boggu PR, Park GM, Kang JE, Park HJ, Jung YH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N-benzyltriazolyl-hydroxamate derivatives as selective histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 79:117154. [PMID: 36645952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) regulate post-translational acetylation and the inhibition of these enzymes has emerged as an intriguing disease therapeutic. Among them, class IIb HDAC6 has the unique characteristic of mainly deacetylating cytoplasmic proteins, suggesting clinical applications for neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cancer. In this study, we designed a novel N-benzyltriazolyl-hydroxamate scaffold based on the known HDAC6 inhibitors nexturastat A and tubastatin A. Among the 27 derivatives, 3-fluoro-4-((3-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamide 4u (HDAC6 IC50 = 7.08 nM) showed nanomolar HDAC6 inhibitory activity with 42-fold selectivity over HDAC1. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) and computational docking studies were conducted to optimize the triazole capping group. Docking analysis revealed that the capping group aligned with the conserved L1 pocket of HDAC6 and was associated with subtype selectivity. Overall, our study explored the triazole-based biaryl capping group and its substitution and orientation, suggesting a rationale for the design of HDAC6-selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ju Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gibeom Nam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pulla Reddy Boggu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Min Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Kaur S, Rajoria P, Chopra M. HDAC6: A unique HDAC family member as a cancer target. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:779-829. [PMID: 36036883 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HDAC6, a structurally and functionally distinct member of the HDAC family, is an integral part of multiple cellular functions such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, DNA damage and genomic stability, all of which when deregulated contribute to carcinogenesis. Among several HDAC family members known so far, HDAC6 holds a unique position. It differs from the other HDAC family members not only in terms of its subcellular localization, but also in terms of its substrate repertoire and hence cellular functions. Recent findings have considerably expanded the research related to the substrate pool, biological functions and regulation of HDAC6. Studies in HDAC6 knockout mice highlighted the importance of HDAC6 as a cell survival player in stressful situations, making it an important anticancer target. There is ample evidence stressing the importance of HDAC6 as an anti-cancer synergistic partner of many chemotherapeutic drugs. HDAC6 inhibitors have been found to enhance the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs such as DNA damaging agents, proteasome inhibitors and microtubule inhibitors, thereby highlighting the importance of combination therapies involving HDAC6 inhibitors and other anti-cancer agents. CONCLUSIONS Here, we present a review on HDAC6 with emphasis on its role as a critical regulator of specific physiological cellular pathways which when deregulated contribute to tumorigenesis, thereby highlighting the importance of HDAC6 inhibitors as important anticancer agents alone and in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. We also discuss the synergistic anticancer effect of combination therapies of HDAC6 inhibitors with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Kaur
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Anticancer Drug Development, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Prerna Rajoria
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Anticancer Drug Development, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Madhu Chopra
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Anticancer Drug Development, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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3
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Liu A, He J, Yu Y, Wang C, Mei H, Han J. Arylsulfonylation-Triggered Cyclization of 3-Alkenyl Indoles Enabling Synthesis of Tetrahydro-γ-carboline. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11469-11477. [PMID: 35969019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light promoted cyclization reaction of 3-alkenyl indole derivatives with arylsulfonyl chlorides as coupling partners has been developed, which afforded functionalized tetrahydro-γ-carbolines in good chemical yields. The reaction used 3-alkenyl indoles as radical acceptors and proceeded via the sequence of sulfonylation and intramolecular cyclization. The reaction was carried out under mild conditions and tolerated a wide range of substrates, which provides an efficient strategy for the synthesis of tetrahydro-γ-carboline derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jingrui He
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yingjie Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chengting Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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4
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Sharma R, Chatterjee E, Mathew J, Sharma S, Rao NV, Pan CH, Lee SB, Dhingra A, Grewal AS, Liou JP, Guru SK, Nepali K. Accommodation of ring C expanded deoxyvasicinone in the HDAC inhibitory pharmacophore culminates into a tractable anti-lung cancer agent and pH-responsive nanocarrier. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114602. [PMID: 35858522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A fragment recruitment process was conducted to pinpoint a suitable fragment for installation in the HDAC inhibitory template to furnish agents endowed with the potential to treat lung cancer. Resultantly, Ring C expanded deoxyvasicinone was selected as an appropriate surface recognition part that was accommodated in the HDAC three-component model. Delightfully, fused quinazolinone 6 demonstrating a magnificent anticancer profile against KRAS and EGFR mutant lung cancer cell lines (IC50 = 0.80-0.96 μM) was identified. Results of the mechanistic studies confirmed that the cell growth inhibitory effects of compound 6 stems for HDAC6 (IC50 = 12.9 nM), HDAC1 (IC50 = 49.9 nM) and HDAC3 inhibition (IC50 = 68.5 nM), respectively. Compound 6 also suppressed the colony formation ability of A549 cells, induced apoptosis, and increased autophagic flux. Key interactions of HDAC inhibitor 6 within the active site of HDAC isoforms were figured out through molecular modeling studies. Furthermore, a pH-responsive nanocarrier (Hyaluronic acid - fused quinazolinone 6 nanoparticles) was designed and assessed using a dialysis bag approach under both normal and acidic circumstances that confirmed the pH-sensitive nature of NPs. Delightfully, the nanoparticles demonstrated selective cell viability reduction potential towards the lung cancer cell lines (A549 lung cancer cell lines) and were found to be largely devoid of cell growth inhibitory effects under normal settings (L929, mouse fibroblast cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110031, Taiwan
| | - Esha Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jacob Mathew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan
| | - Sachin Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110031, Taiwan
| | - N Vijayakameswara Rao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106335, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Pan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110031, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Bau Lee
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Master Program in Clinical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ashwani Dhingra
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Near Guru Nanak Khalsa College, Yamuna Nagar, 135001, Haryana, India
| | - Ajmer S Grewal
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Near Guru Nanak Khalsa College, Yamuna Nagar, 135001, Haryana, India
| | - Jing Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110031, Taiwan
| | - Santosh K Guru
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110031, Taiwan.
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5
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Mehndiratta S, Chen MC, Chao YH, Lee CH, Liou JP, Lai MJ, Lee HY. Effect of 3-subsitution of quinolinehydroxamic acids on selectivity of histone deacetylase isoforms. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:74-84. [PMID: 33161799 PMCID: PMC7655065 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1839446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 3-subsituted quinolinehydroxamic acids has been synthesised and evaluated for their effect on human lung cancer cell line (A549), human colorectal cancer cell line (HCT116) and HDAC isoforms 1, 2, 6, and 8. The results indicated that substitution at C3 of quinoline is favoured for HDAC6 selectivity. Two compounds (25 and 26) were also found to be potent anti-proliferative compounds with IC50 values ranging from 1.29 to 2.13 µM against A549 and HCT116 cells. These compounds displayed remarkable selectivity for HDAC6 over other HDAC isoforms with nanomolar IC50 values. Western blot analysis revealed that compounds of this series activate apoptotic caspase pathway as indicated by cleavage of caspase 3, 8, and 9 and also increase phosphorylated H2AX thus inducing DNA double strand fragmentation in a concentration dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis also displayed a dose dependent increase of cell population in sub G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mehndiratta
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Hsuan Chao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jung Lai
- Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Singh A, Chang TY, Kaur N, Hsu KC, Yen Y, Lin TE, Lai MJ, Lee SB, Liou JP. CAP rigidification of MS-275 and chidamide leads to enhanced antiproliferative effects mediated through HDAC1, 2 and tubulin polymerization inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113169. [PMID: 33588178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study focuses on the prudent design and synthesis of anilide type class I HDAC inhibitors employing a functionalized pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine skeleton as the surface recognition part. Utilization of the bicyclic aromatic ring to fabricate the target compounds was envisioned to confer rigidity to the chemical architecture of MS-275 and chidamide. In-vitro enzymatic and cellular assays led to the identification of compound 7 as a potent inhibitor of HDAC1 and 2 isoform that exerted substantial cell growth inhibitory effects against human breast MDA-MB-231, cervical HeLa, breast MDA-MB-468, colorectal DLD1, and colorectal HCT116 cell lines with an IC50 values of 0.05-0.47 μM, better than MS-275 and chidamide. In addition, the anilide 7 was also endowed with a superior antiproliferative profile than MS275 and chidamide towards the human cutaneous T cell lymphoma (HH and HuT78), leukemia (HL60 and KG-1), and HDACi sensitive/resistant gastric cell lines (YCC11 and YCC3/7). Exhaustive exploration of the construct 7 confirmed it to be a microtubule-targeting agent that could trigger the cell-cycle arrest in mitosis. In pursuit of extracting the benefits of evidenced microtubule-destabilizing activity of the anilide 7, it was further evaluated against non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines as well as the multiple-drug resistant uterine cancer cell line (MES-SA/Dx5) and overwhelmingly positive results in context of inhibitory effects were attained. Furthermore, molecular modelling studies were performed and some key interactions of the anilide 7 with the amino acid residues of the active site of HDAC1 isoform and tubulin were figured out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshdeep Singh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chang
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Navdeep Kaur
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yun Yen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Tony Eight Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jung Lai
- Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Bau Lee
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
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7
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Hydroxamic acid hybrids as the potential anticancer agents: An Overview. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Morgen M, Steimbach RR, Géraldy M, Hellweg L, Sehr P, Ridinger J, Witt O, Oehme I, Herbst‐Gervasoni CJ, Osko JD, Porter NJ, Christianson DW, Gunkel N, Miller AK. Design and Synthesis of Dihydroxamic Acids as HDAC6/8/10 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1163-1174. [PMID: 32348628 PMCID: PMC7335359 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and evaluation of a class of selective multitarget agents for the inhibition of HDAC6, HDAC8, and HDAC10. The concept for this study grew out of a structural analysis of the two selective inhibitors Tubastatin A (HDAC6/10) and PCI-34051 (HDAC8), which we recognized share the same N-benzylindole core. Hybridization of the two inhibitor structures resulted in dihydroxamic acids with benzyl-indole and -indazole core motifs. These substances exhibit potent activity against HDAC6, HDAC8, and HDAC10, while retaining selectivity over HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3. The best substance inhibited the viability of the SK-N-BE(2)C neuroblastoma cell line with an IC50 value similar to a combination treatment with Tubastatin A and PCI-34051. This compound class establishes a proof of concept for such hybrid molecules and could serve as a starting point for the further development of enhanced HDAC6/8/10 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Morgen
- Cancer Drug Development GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Raphael R. Steimbach
- Cancer Drug Development GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesUniversity of Heidelberg69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Magalie Géraldy
- Cancer Drug Development GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lars Hellweg
- Cancer Drug Development GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Peter Sehr
- Chemical Biology Core FacilityEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)69117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Johannes Ridinger
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ)69120HeidelbergGermany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)69120HeidelbergGermany
- Department of Pediatric OncologyHematology and ImmunologyUniversity Hospital Heidelberg69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ)69120HeidelbergGermany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)69120HeidelbergGermany
- Department of Pediatric OncologyHematology and ImmunologyUniversity Hospital Heidelberg69120HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ina Oehme
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ)69120HeidelbergGermany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)69120HeidelbergGermany
- Department of Pediatric OncologyHematology and ImmunologyUniversity Hospital Heidelberg69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Corey J. Herbst‐Gervasoni
- Roy and Diana Vagelos LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104-6323USA
| | - Jeremy D. Osko
- Roy and Diana Vagelos LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104-6323USA
| | - Nicholas J. Porter
- Roy and Diana Vagelos LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104-6323USA
| | - David W. Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104-6323USA
| | - Nikolas Gunkel
- Cancer Drug Development GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- Cancer Drug Development GroupGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Im Neuenheimer Feld 28069120HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)69120HeidelbergGermany
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9
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Nepali K, Chang TY, Lai MJ, Hsu KC, Yen Y, Lin TE, Lee SB, Liou JP. Purine/purine isoster based scaffolds as new derivatives of benzamide class of HDAC inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 196:112291. [PMID: 32325365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors containing purine/purine isoster as a capping group and an N-(2-aminophenyl)-benzamide unit. In vitro cytotoxicity studies reveal that benzamide 14 suppressed the growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 (IC50 = 1.48 μM), MDA-MB-468 (IC50 = 0.65 μM), and liver cancer cells HepG2 (IC50 = 2.44 μM), better than MS-275 (5) and Chidamide (6). Compared to the well-known HDAC inhibitor SAHA, 14 showed a higher toxicity (IC50 = 0.33 μM) in three leukemic cell lines, K-562, KG-1 and THP-1. Moreover, 14 was found to be equally virulent in the HDAC-sensitive and -resistant gastric cell lines, YCC11 and YCC3/7, respectively, indicating the potential of 14 to overcome HDACi resistance. Furthermore, substantial inhibitory effects more pronounced than MS-275 (5) and Chidamide (6) were displayed by 14 towards HDAC1, 2 and 3 isoforms with IC50 values of 0.108, 0.585 and 0.563 μM respectively. Compound 14 also exhibited a potent antitumor efficacy in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenograft mouse model, providing a potential lead for the development of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chang
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jung Lai
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; TMU Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yun Yen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Tony Eight Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Bau Lee
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; TMU Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Sultana F, Manasa KL, Shaik SP, Bonam SR, Kamal A. Zinc Dependent Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Cancer Therapeutics: Recent Update. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7212-7280. [PMID: 29852860 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180530094120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are an important class of enzymes that play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression that modifies the terminal of core histones leading to remodelling of chromatin topology and thereby controlling gene expression. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) counter this action and can result in hyperacetylation of histones, thereby inducing an array of cellular consequences such as activation of apoptotic pathways, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle arrest and autophagy. Hence, there is a growing interest in the potential clinical use of HDAC inhibitors as a new class of targeted cancer therapeutics. Methodology and Result: Several research articles spanning between 2016 and 2017 were reviewed in this article and presently offer critical insights into the important strategies such as structure-based rational drug design, multi-parameter lead optimization methodologies, relevant SAR studies and biology of various class of HDAC inhibitors, such as hydroxamic acids, benzamides, cyclic peptides, aliphatic acids, summarising the clinical trials and results of various combination drug therapy till date. CONCLUSION This review will provide a platform to the synthetic chemists and biologists to cater the needs of both molecular targeted therapy and combination drug therapy to design and synthesize safe and selective HDAC inhibitors in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faria Sultana
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Kesari Lakshmi Manasa
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Siddiq Pasha Shaik
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110 025, India.,School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110062, India
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11
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Wang SW, Lin MH, Hsu FC, Chen MC, Liou JP, Liu YT, Chen SS, Lee HY. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-quinolineacrylamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Chen X, Chen X, Steimbach RR, Wu T, Li H, Dan W, Shi P, Cao C, Li D, Miller AK, Qiu Z, Gao J, Zhu Y. Novel 2, 5-diketopiperazine derivatives as potent selective histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors: Rational design, synthesis and antiproliferative activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 187:111950. [PMID: 31865013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has gained popular attention for its wide participation in various pathological process recently. In this paper, a series of novel derivatives containing 2, 5-diketopiperazine (DKP) skeleton were developed as potent selective HDAC6 inhibitors (sHDAC6is). Most of these compounds exhibited low nanomolar IC50 values toward HDAC6, and the best compound was 21b (IC50 = 0.73 nM) which had 144-10941-fold selectivity over other HDAC isoforms. Western blot assay further validated these compounds to be sHDAC6is. Molecular simulation of 21b was conducted to rationalize the high binding affinity for HDAC6. In the cytotoxicity experiment, 18a, 18b and 18d gave superior or comparable influence on the growth of two multiple myeloma cells U266 and RPMI-8226 compared to ACY-1215. Moreover, the combination of 18a and adriamycin showed synergistic effect against non-small cell lung cancer cell A549. 18a and 18b also demonstrated appropriate drug metabolism in human liver microsome (HLM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Xinyang Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Raphael R Steimbach
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Biosciences Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tong Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Hongmei Li
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Wenjia Dan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Peidong Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Chenyu Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Ding Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Aubry K Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhixia Qiu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Jinming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China.
| | - Yong Zhu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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13
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Chen MC, Lin YC, Liao YH, Liou JP, Chen CH. MPT0G612, a Novel HDAC6 Inhibitor, Induces Apoptosis and Suppresses IFN-γ-Induced Programmed Death-Ligand 1 in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101617. [PMID: 31652644 PMCID: PMC6826904 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been implicated in regulating complex cellular mechanisms to influence tumor biology and immunogenicity in various types of cancer. The potential of selective inhibition of HDAC6 has been widely discussed for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. We previously identified that MPT0G612 is a novel HDAC6 inhibitor exhibiting a promising antitumor activity against several solid tumors. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility and pharmacological mechanisms of MPT0G612 as a potential therapy for CRC patients. Results revealed that MPT0G612 significantly suppresses the proliferation and viability, as well as induces apoptosis in CRC cells. Autophagy activation with LC3B-II formation and p62 degradation was observed, and the inhibition of autophagy by pharmacological inhibitor or Atg5 knockdown enhances MPT0G612-induced cell death. In addition, HDAC6 knockdown reduces MPT0G612-mediated autophagy and further potentiates apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, MPT0G612 downregulates the expression of PD-L1 induced by IFN-γ in CRC cells. These results suggest that MPT0G612 is a potent cell death inducer through inhibiting HDAC6-associated pathway, and a potential agent for combination strategy with immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chuan Chen
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Liao
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Han Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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14
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Vyalyh JV, Suzdalev KF, Lisovin AV, Kletskii ME, Burov ON, Kurbatov SV. From 3-Acyl-2-methylindoles to γ-Carbolines: Li-Promoted Cycloaddition Reaction and Its Quantum Chemical Study. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13721-13732. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia V. Vyalyh
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | | | - Anton V. Lisovin
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Mikhail E. Kletskii
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Oleg N. Burov
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Kurbatov
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
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15
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Géraldy M, Morgen M, Sehr P, Steimbach RR, Moi D, Ridinger J, Oehme I, Witt O, Malz M, Nogueira MS, Koch O, Gunkel N, Miller AK. Selective Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase 10: Hydrogen Bonding to the Gatekeeper Residue is Implicated. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4426-4443. [PMID: 30964290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of isozyme-selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is critical for understanding the biological functions of individual HDACs and for validating HDACs as drug targets. The isozyme HDAC10 contributes to chemotherapy resistance and has recently been described to be a polyamine deacetylase, but no studies toward selective HDAC10 inhibitors have been published. Using two complementary assays, we found Tubastatin A, an HDAC6 inhibitor, to potently bind HDAC10. We synthesized Tubastatin A derivatives and found that a basic amine in the cap group was required for strong HDAC10 binding. HDAC10 inhibitors mimicked knockdown by causing dose-dependent accumulation of acidic vesicles in a neuroblastoma cell line. Furthermore, docking into human HDAC10 homology models indicated that a hydrogen bond between a cap group nitrogen and the gatekeeper residue Glu272 was responsible for potent HDAC10 binding. Taken together, our data provide an optimal platform for the development of HDAC10-selective inhibitors, as exemplified with the Tubastatin A scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Sehr
- Chemical Biology Core Facility , European Molecular Biology Laboratory , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Ridinger
- Biosciences Faculty , University of Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ) , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology , University Hospital Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Ina Oehme
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ) , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ) , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology , University Hospital Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | | | - Mauro S Nogueira
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Oliver Koch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Nikolas Gunkel
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Aubry K Miller
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
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16
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1-Arylsulfonyl indoline-benzamides as a new antitubulin agents, with inhibition of histone deacetylase. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:612-630. [PMID: 30476825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report structure-activity relationships of 1-arylsulfonyl indoline based benzamides. The benzamide (9) exhibits striking tubulin inhibition with an IC50 value of 1.1 μM, better than that of combretastain A-4 (3), and substantial antiproliferative activity against a variety of cancer cells, including MDR-positive cell lines with an IC50 value of 49 nM (KB), 79 nM (A549), 63 nM (MKN45), 64 nM (KB-VIN10), 43 nM (KB-S15), and 46 nM (KB-7D). Dual inhibitory potential of compound 9 was found as it demonstrated significant inhibitory potential against HDAC1, 2 and 6 in comparison to MS-275 (6). Some key interactions of 9 with the amino acid residues of the active site of tubulin and with amino acid residues of HDAC 1 isoform have been figured out by molecular modeling. Compound 9 also demonstrated significant in vivo efficacy in the human non-small cell lung cancer A549 xenograft model as well as B-cell lymphoma BJAB xenograft tumor model.
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17
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Lajarín-Cuesta R, Arribas RL, Nanclares C, García-Frutos EM, Gandía L, de los Ríos C. Design and synthesis of multipotent 3-aminomethylindoles and 7-azaindoles with enhanced protein phosphatase 2A-activating profile and neuroprotection. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:294-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Dai J, Dan W, Zhang Y, Wang J. Recent developments on synthesis and biological activities of γ-carboline. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:447-461. [PMID: 30103193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
γ-Carboline alkaloids are a family of natural and synthetic agents that have diverse bioactivities including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, neuropharmacological activities and so on. They constitute an important class of pharmacologically active scaffolds that exhibit biological activity via diverse mechanisms. This review provides an update on the recent developments (2010-2017) in the synthesis and biological activities of these compounds. In cases where sufficient information is available, the mechanism and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of biological activity are presented, and based on our expertise in the field and careful analysis of the recent literature, for the potential of γ-carboline alkaloids as medicinal drugs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangkun Dai
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjia Dan
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junru Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, 201203, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Lernoux M, Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich M. Anti-cancer effects of naturally derived compounds targeting histone deacetylase 6-related pathways. Pharmacol Res 2017; 129:337-356. [PMID: 29133216 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of the epigenetic machinery, affecting multiple biological functions, represent a major hallmark enabling the development of tumors. Among epigenetic regulatory proteins, histone deacetylase (HDAC)6 has emerged as an interesting potential therapeutic target towards a variety of diseases including cancer. Accordingly, this isoenzyme regulates many vital cellular regulatory processes and pathways essential to physiological homeostasis, as well as tumor multistep transformation involving initiation, promotion, progression and metastasis. In this review, we will consequently discuss the critical implications of HDAC6 in distinct mechanisms relevant to physiological and cancerous conditions, as well as the anticancer properties of synthetic, natural and natural-derived compounds through the modulation of HDAC6-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Lernoux
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, 9, Edward Steichen Street, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, 9, Edward Steichen Street, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, 9, Edward Steichen Street, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, South Korea.
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